Eastman Kodak has combined an Abrasive Water Jet (AWJ) and a three axis robot to provide the capability to cut lightweight mirror cores. An overview of the AWJ process will be given and mirror core design flexibility resulting from this process will be shown. This process can be used for high accuracy machining of mirror cores or lower accuracy - lower cost cores. Insights into machining these types of cores will be discussed and results will be presented.
{"title":"Abrasive Water Jet Cutting of Mirror Cores","authors":"M. Baumler","doi":"10.1364/oft.1992.thc4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1992.thc4","url":null,"abstract":"Eastman Kodak has combined an Abrasive Water Jet (AWJ) and a three axis robot to provide the capability to cut lightweight mirror cores. An overview of the AWJ process will be given and mirror core design flexibility resulting from this process will be shown. This process can be used for high accuracy machining of mirror cores or lower accuracy - lower cost cores. Insights into machining these types of cores will be discussed and results will be presented.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132271335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wm. I. Kordonsky, I. Prokhorov, B. Kashevsky, S. Jacobs, B. Puchebner, Y. Hsu, D. Pietrowski, D. Strafford
A pre-prototype magnetorheological (MR) finishing machine has been constructed at the Center for Optics Manufacturing. It consists of an electromagnet, a trough for MR fluid containment and a work spindle (see Figures 1 and 2). A glass part is mounted on the spindle, positioned within the trough and above the magnet pole pieces. Polishing occurs on the surface of the glass as a function of the movement of polishing abrasives through a zone of high pressure, created by the action of the magnetic field on the MR suspension[1]. Polishing slurry in the zone of high pressure is continually refreshed by the rotation of the trough. By rotating the work spindle, an annular ring is polished out on the part (see Figure 3). The entire lens surface is polished out by adjusting spindle tilt (theta, in Figure 2) and dwell time.
{"title":"Glass Polishing Experiments Using Magnetorheological Fluids","authors":"Wm. I. Kordonsky, I. Prokhorov, B. Kashevsky, S. Jacobs, B. Puchebner, Y. Hsu, D. Pietrowski, D. Strafford","doi":"10.1364/oft.1994.otub2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1994.otub2","url":null,"abstract":"A pre-prototype magnetorheological (MR) finishing machine has been constructed at the Center for Optics Manufacturing. It consists of an electromagnet, a trough for MR fluid containment and a work spindle (see Figures 1 and 2). A glass part is mounted on the spindle, positioned within the trough and above the magnet pole pieces. Polishing occurs on the surface of the glass as a function of the movement of polishing abrasives through a zone of high pressure, created by the action of the magnetic field on the MR suspension[1]. Polishing slurry in the zone of high pressure is continually refreshed by the rotation of the trough. By rotating the work spindle, an annular ring is polished out on the part (see Figure 3). The entire lens surface is polished out by adjusting spindle tilt (theta, in Figure 2) and dwell time.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130496046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There are many challenges associated with the design and construction of telescopes to have diffraction limited performance over the range from 400 to 900nm. The general applications of the system described are for television, film, and visual observation of objects from 300 meters to infinity with a 300mm aperture and focal lengths of 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000mm. The systems are designed to perform well at temperatures from -20 to 40 degrees Celsius and maintain high boresight stability when used as a tracking telescope. A sealed and purged instrument is essential for long term durability of the perforamnce. The figure shows the optical schematic of the system.
{"title":"Fabrication Challenges of Multi-focal-length Superachromatic Telescopes","authors":"R. Willey","doi":"10.1364/oft.1992.thc7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1992.thc7","url":null,"abstract":"There are many challenges associated with the design and construction of telescopes to have diffraction limited performance over the range from 400 to 900nm. The general applications of the system described are for television, film, and visual observation of objects from 300 meters to infinity with a 300mm aperture and focal lengths of 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000mm. The systems are designed to perform well at temperatures from -20 to 40 degrees Celsius and maintain high boresight stability when used as a tracking telescope. A sealed and purged instrument is essential for long term durability of the perforamnce. The figure shows the optical schematic of the system.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"GE-25 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133037620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optical shops are increasingly called upon to characterize not only the optical figure and macrodefects (scratch/dig) of their work but the microroughness as well. Whether the optical surface is for imaging or non-imaging applications (e.g., calendering rolls), performance depends upon meeting the specified surface microroughness. The challenge of measuring roughness of 100Å RMS co less than 10Å RMS has been met by a myriad of surface interogation techniques employing most known surface interaction phenomena, including light scattering.
{"title":"T.I.S. Microroughness Measurement in the Optical Shop","authors":"J. Guerra","doi":"10.1364/oft.1985.thaa2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1985.thaa2","url":null,"abstract":"Optical shops are increasingly called upon to characterize not only the optical figure and macrodefects (scratch/dig) of their work but the microroughness as well. Whether the optical surface is for imaging or non-imaging applications (e.g., calendering rolls), performance depends upon meeting the specified surface microroughness. The challenge of measuring roughness of 100Å RMS co less than 10Å RMS has been met by a myriad of surface interogation techniques employing most known surface interaction phenomena, including light scattering.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133038844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wm. I. Kordonsky, I. Prokhorov, B. Kashevsky, S. Jacobs, B. Puchebner, Y. Hsu, D. Pietrowski, D. Strafford
Magnetorheological (MR) fluids are multicomponent systems consisting of a non-colloidal magnetic-dispersed phase in a carrier liquid, which undergo rapid, sharp and reversible changes of their internal structure in an external magnetic field. As a consequence, their rheological properties, such as viscosity, plasticity and elasticity are controllably changed (for example, see Figure 1).
{"title":"Basic Properties of Magnetorheological Fluids for Optical Finishing","authors":"Wm. I. Kordonsky, I. Prokhorov, B. Kashevsky, S. Jacobs, B. Puchebner, Y. Hsu, D. Pietrowski, D. Strafford","doi":"10.1364/oft.1994.otub1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1994.otub1","url":null,"abstract":"Magnetorheological (MR) fluids are multicomponent systems consisting of a non-colloidal magnetic-dispersed phase in a carrier liquid, which undergo rapid, sharp and reversible changes of their internal structure in an external magnetic field. As a consequence, their rheological properties, such as viscosity, plasticity and elasticity are controllably changed (for example, see Figure 1).","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"124 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124200070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The AXAF observatory is the third of NASA's four planned "Great Observatories"1. It is designed to image cosmic x-rays in the energy regime of 0.1 to 10 keV (124 - 1.24 Å). The mirror assembly consists of four concentric, confocal, Wolter type I telescopes. Each telescope includes two conical grazing incidence mirrors, a paraboloid followed by a hyperboloid.
{"title":"Metrology Cross-checks - a fundamental aspect of the Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF) Optics Fabrication Program","authors":"T. E. Gordon, J. S. Patterson, P. Reid, D. Zweig","doi":"10.1364/oft.1992.thb4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1992.thb4","url":null,"abstract":"The AXAF observatory is the third of NASA's four planned \"Great Observatories\"1. It is designed to image cosmic x-rays in the energy regime of 0.1 to 10 keV (124 - 1.24 Å). The mirror assembly consists of four concentric, confocal, Wolter type I telescopes. Each telescope includes two conical grazing incidence mirrors, a paraboloid followed by a hyperboloid.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124436456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A deterministic manufacturing approach for the production of beryllium mirrors was developed; whereby, single point precision machining and sputter coating processes were optimized and validated.
提出了一种生产铍反射镜的确定性制造方法;据此，对单点精密加工和溅射涂层工艺进行了优化和验证。
{"title":"Deterministic Manufacturing Process for Precision Beryllium Mirrors","authors":"R. D. Seals, J. Arnold, J. Mayer","doi":"10.1364/oft.1994.otud2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1994.otud2","url":null,"abstract":"A deterministic manufacturing approach for the production of beryllium mirrors was developed; whereby, single point precision machining and sputter coating processes were optimized and validated.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116948808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The dimpling technique is widely used to measure subsurface damage SSD. The ground surface is first acid etched to open up the fractures. A dimple is polished into the surface by a sphere of a known diameter, and the diameters of the circular zones with and without visible subsurface fractures are measured to determined the damage depth. The measuring system consists of a microscope with a reticule and a linear translation stage. The diameters of the various zones are visually interpreted and measured. The dimpling technique provides a direct measurement of SSD, as opposed to other techniques where the SSD is implied from other properties such as scattering. The manual measurements associated with this technique are tedious and requires a trained operator to identify the deepest fracture.
{"title":"Machine Vision System for Measuring Subsurface Damage","authors":"J. Greivenkamp, Matthew T. Chang","doi":"10.1364/oft.1992.wb13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1992.wb13","url":null,"abstract":"The dimpling technique is widely used to measure subsurface damage SSD. The ground surface is first acid etched to open up the fractures. A dimple is polished into the surface by a sphere of a known diameter, and the diameters of the circular zones with and without visible subsurface fractures are measured to determined the damage depth. The measuring system consists of a microscope with a reticule and a linear translation stage. The diameters of the various zones are visually interpreted and measured. The dimpling technique provides a direct measurement of SSD, as opposed to other techniques where the SSD is implied from other properties such as scattering. The manual measurements associated with this technique are tedious and requires a trained operator to identify the deepest fracture.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"100 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115541508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The processes of cutting, grinding and polishing optical materials cause fractures that extend some depth below the surface. The unrelieved strain and deep cracks present below the surface can seriously affect the performance of an optical system, especially in applications requiring precision optics. Subsurface damage (SSD) can lower image contrast, cause figure instability, and contribute to catastrophic fracture in high-power lasers [1]. Different optical materials present different forms of physical damage. Techniques used to increase productivity, such as high feed rates and high lap pressures, are the most serious causes of SSD [2]. An easily employed and non-destructive SSD measurement is important for the improvement of optical fabrication techniques.
{"title":"Non-Destructive Estimation of Subsurface Glass Damage Using Fluorescent Confocal Microscopy","authors":"Warren E. Smith, T. Bui, A. Lindquist, S. Jacobs","doi":"10.1364/oft.1992.wb12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1992.wb12","url":null,"abstract":"The processes of cutting, grinding and polishing optical materials cause fractures that extend some depth below the surface. The unrelieved strain and deep cracks present below the surface can seriously affect the performance of an optical system, especially in applications requiring precision optics. Subsurface damage (SSD) can lower image contrast, cause figure instability, and contribute to catastrophic fracture in high-power lasers [1]. Different optical materials present different forms of physical damage. Techniques used to increase productivity, such as high feed rates and high lap pressures, are the most serious causes of SSD [2]. An easily employed and non-destructive SSD measurement is important for the improvement of optical fabrication techniques.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125262101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Single point diamond turning is a cost effective method of making aspheric optics for use in the infrared. Because the technique leaves fine grooves or tool marks in the surface of the turned part, diamond turned aspherics are not generally suited for use in the visible spectral region without post polishing of the turned surface. If this polishing is not done the surface exhibits a rainbow-like scattering that is objectionable in the final optical system.
{"title":"A Method for Polishing SPDT Aspheric Surfaces","authors":"Robert E. Parks","doi":"10.1364/oft.1992.tub2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1992.tub2","url":null,"abstract":"Single point diamond turning is a cost effective method of making aspheric optics for use in the infrared. Because the technique leaves fine grooves or tool marks in the surface of the turned part, diamond turned aspherics are not generally suited for use in the visible spectral region without post polishing of the turned surface. If this polishing is not done the surface exhibits a rainbow-like scattering that is objectionable in the final optical system.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124723115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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