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Effect of Heat Treatment and Zn Addition on Microstructure and Properties of Al–Si–Cu–Mg–Cr–B Alloy 热处理和添加锌对 Al-Si-Cu-Mg-Cr-B 合金微观结构和性能的影响
IF 2.6 3区 材料科学 Q2 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2024-08-05 DOI: 10.1007/s40962-024-01420-7
Jiale Zheng, Xiaodong Du

Zinc-modified hypoeutectic Al–Si–Cu–Mg–Cr–B alloy underwent a two-stage solution treatment at 520 °C for two hours and 550 °C for half an hour, followed by a two-stage aging treatment at 100 °C for three hours and 180 °C for eight hours. The impact of heat treatment and Zn addition on the eutectic Si phase, alloy compounds, and mechanical properties of the hypoeutectic Al–Si–Cu–Mg–Cr–B alloy was systematically investigated using an optical microscope, X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscope, energy spectrum analysis, and mechanical properties test. The findings revealed that heat treatment and Zn addition improved the size, morphology, quantity, and types of eutectic silicon phases and alloy compounds, as well as their mechanical properties. After heat treatment, the alloy displayed optimal characteristics with the addition of 0.3 wt% Zn. The eutectic Si phase of the alloy exhibited the most favorable morphology, the greatest variety of alloy compounds, the most favorable morphology and size, and the largest Q index, which is utilized to evaluate the overall tensile properties of the alloy. This indicates superior mechanical properties.

锌改性的低共晶铝-硅-铜-镁-铬-B 合金在 520 ℃ 溶液处理两小时和 550 ℃ 溶液处理半小时,然后在 100 ℃ 时效处理三小时和 180 ℃ 时效处理八小时。利用光学显微镜、X 射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、能谱分析和力学性能测试,系统研究了热处理和锌添加对低共晶 Al-Si-Cu-Mg-Cr-B 合金共晶硅相、合金化合物和力学性能的影响。研究结果表明,热处理和锌的添加改善了共晶硅相和合金化合物的尺寸、形态、数量和类型,并提高了它们的力学性能。热处理后,添加 0.3 wt% Zn 的合金显示出最佳特性。合金的共晶硅相表现出最有利的形态、最丰富的合金化合物、最有利的形态和尺寸,以及最大的 Q 指数(用于评估合金的整体拉伸性能)。这表明合金具有优异的机械性能。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of Mn, Ni, and Zr Addition on the Tensile Properties and Precipitation Behavior of Sr-Modified Al–Si–Cu–Mg-Based Alloys 添加锰、镍和锆对锶改性铝硅铜镁基合金拉伸性能和沉淀行为的影响
IF 2.6 3区 材料科学 Q2 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2024-08-05 DOI: 10.1007/s40962-024-01414-5
E. Samuel, G. H. Garza-Elizondo, M. H. Abdelaziz, H. W. Doty, F. H. Samuel

The current study is aimed to enhance the tensile performance of Al–Si–Cu–Mg cast alloys at both ambient and elevated temperatures. The investigation is focused on incorporating zirconium (Zr) as a primary alloying element, alongside nickel (Ni) and manganese (Mn), to assess their suitability for automotive engine applications. In Mn-containing alloys, tensile strength improvement was observed due to the precipitation of compacted α-Al15(Fe, Mn)3Si2 and Al6Mn phases. Meanwhile, Ni-bearing phases such as Al3CuNi and Al3Ni in Ni-containing alloys were found to inhibit crack propagation, thereby enhancing tensile properties. Results indicated that the addition of 0.75 wt.% Mn yielded comparable strength values to alloys containing 2–4 wt.% Ni at ambient temperature. Additionally, the presence of 0.25% Zr facilitated the precipitation of fine metastable L12-Al3Zr particles, contributing to improved alloy strength. However, the introduction of 4% Ni resulted in the formation of Al–Cu–Ni particles rather than Al2Cu, leading to a decrease in alloy strength upon aging.

目前的研究旨在提高铝-硅-铜-镁铸造合金在常温和高温下的拉伸性能。研究重点是将锆(Zr)与镍(Ni)和锰(Mn)一起作为主要合金元素,以评估它们在汽车发动机应用中的适用性。在含锰合金中,由于α-Al15(Fe, Mn)3Si2 和 Al6Mn 相的紧密析出,拉伸强度得到了提高。同时还发现,含镍合金中的 Al3CuNi 和 Al3Ni 等含镍相可抑制裂纹扩展,从而提高拉伸性能。结果表明,在环境温度下,添加 0.75 重量%的锰可获得与含 2-4 重量%镍的合金相当的强度值。此外,0.25% Zr 的存在促进了 L12-Al3Zr 晶粒的析出,从而提高了合金强度。然而,引入 4% 的 Ni 会形成 Al-Cu-Ni 颗粒,而不是 Al2Cu 颗粒,从而导致合金老化后强度下降。
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引用次数: 0
Thermal Analysis and Gas Generation Measurement of Foundry Sand Mixtures 铸造砂混合物的热分析和气体生成测量
IF 2.6 3区 材料科学 Q2 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2024-08-02 DOI: 10.1007/s40962-024-01417-2
Dinesh Sundaram, József Tamás Svidró, Attila Diószegi

Gas generation from molding materials creates a complex atmosphere in the mold–metal interface and is one of the primary causes of defects in cast components. Moisture, crystalline water, and decomposing binders are significant gas sources. The presence of volatiles and decomposing binder in the mold also affects the rate of heat absorption from the solidifying metal during the casting process. This work presents a measurement methodology to evaluate the rate and volume of gases generated from sand mixtures in combination with the temperature distribution and applied thermal analysis. The presented results show high reproducibility of the method. The thermal analysis results provide the start and end temperature of the binder decomposition reactions and the corresponding heat absorbed in this interval. The results obtained from the presented methodology can be used to validate the models/simulation tools developed to predict the gas evolution and related transport phenomena in the sand casting process.

成型材料产生的气体会在模具-金属界面形成一种复杂的气氛,是造成铸件缺陷的主要原因之一。水分、结晶水和分解粘合剂是重要的气体来源。模具中挥发物和分解粘合剂的存在还会影响铸造过程中凝固金属的吸热速度。这项研究提出了一种测量方法,结合温度分布和应用热分析,评估砂型混合物产生气体的速率和体积。结果表明该方法具有很高的可重复性。热分析结果提供了粘合剂分解反应的开始和结束温度,以及在此区间内吸收的相应热量。从所介绍的方法中获得的结果可用于验证为预测砂型铸造过程中的气体演变和相关传输现象而开发的模型/模拟工具。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of Bismuth on Microstructure and Properties of Ductile Iron 铋对球墨铸铁微观结构和性能的影响
IF 2.6 3区 材料科学 Q2 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2024-07-31 DOI: 10.1007/s40962-024-01421-6
S. Boonmee, W. Waenthongkham, K. Worakhut

This study explores the effect of bismuth on ductile iron to enhance its mechanical properties and to prevent the formation of chunky graphite. Various heats of ductile iron were produced with varying bismuth (0.000–0.010 wt%Bi). Microscopic examinations, Brinell hardness tests, and tension tests were conducted to characterize the samples. The results indicate that Bi influences the microstructure, nodule count, hardness, and tensile strength of the ductile iron, with optimal amount of Bi (0.005–0.007 wt%Bi) depending on section thickness. Bi prevented the carbide formation and increased the nodule count, leading to improved mechanical properties. In addition, the study demonstrated that Ce/Bi values of 1.29–1.60 were corresponding levels that showed optimal microstructure and properties. Thermal analysis demonstrated the inoculation effect of Bi addition by shifting TElow and TEhigh toward the stable eutectic temperature. Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA) results showed that Bi oxide and sulfide were found at the graphite cores as heterogeneous nucleation sites during solidification.

本研究探讨了铋对球墨铸铁的影响,以提高其机械性能并防止形成块状石墨。使用不同的铋(0.000-0.010 wt%铋)生产了不同加热温度的球墨铸铁。对样品进行了显微镜检查、布氏硬度测试和拉力测试,以确定其特性。结果表明,铋会影响球墨铸铁的微观结构、结核数量、硬度和抗拉强度,最佳铋含量(0.005-0.007 wt%Bi)取决于截面厚度。Bi 阻止了碳化物的形成并增加了结核数量,从而改善了机械性能。此外,研究还表明,Ce/Bi 值为 1.29-1.60 的相应水平可显示出最佳的微观结构和性能。热分析表明,加入 Bi 后,TElow 和 TEhigh 向稳定共晶温度移动,从而产生了接种效应。电子探针显微分析(EPMA)结果表明,在凝固过程中,氧化 Bi 和硫化物作为异质成核点出现在石墨芯上。
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引用次数: 0
Improving Mechanical and Tribological Characteristics of Cast Elektron 21 Alloy by Reinforcing its Surface with Al0.3Cu0.3Ni0.1Si0.1W0.2 High Entropy Alloy via Friction Stir Processing Route 通过摩擦搅拌加工工艺用 Al0.3Cu0.3Ni0.1Si0.1W0.2 高熵合金强化铸态 Elektron 21 合金表面,改善其机械和摩擦学特性
IF 2.6 3区 材料科学 Q2 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2024-07-30 DOI: 10.1007/s40962-024-01415-4
R. Soundararajan, A. Sathishkumar, S. Sivasankaran, Abdullah Alhomidan

The primary objective of this investigation is to strengthen the mechanical and tribological properties of the cast Elektron 21 alloy (UNS M12310) by reinforcing its surface with a high entropy alloy (HEA) consisting of 0.3 wt% aluminum, 0.3 wt% copper, 0.1 wt% nickel, 0.1 wt% silicon, and 0.2 wt% tungsten fabricated by friction stir processing (FSP). The resulting Elektron 21/HEA surface composites (SCs) processed through casting followed by FSP were compared to the cast followed by FSPed Elektron 21 alloy, exhibiting significant enhancements in mechanical properties and wear resistance. The surface of the Elektron 21 matrix, which underwent casting followed by FSP, showed a homogeneous dispersion of HEA particles. These particles served as precipitates, creating geometrically necessary dislocations that hindered movement under applied force. The bonding between the HEA and the Elektron 21 alloy at the interface was excellent, and differential thermal contraction resulted in a strain misfit. Consequently, the microhardness, yield stress, and ultimate tensile stress of the FSPed Elektron 21/HEA SCs improved by 38%, 37%, and 32%, respectively, compared to the FSPed Elektron 21 alloy, although ductility decreased by 33%. Furthermore, the FSPed Elektron 21/HEA SCs showed a 33% enhancement in wear resistance and a 27% reduction in frictional force generation compared to the FSPed Elektron 21 alloy. The worn surfaces of the FSPed specimens showed that the FSPed Elektron 21 alloy revealed deep grooves, pits, micro-cutting, micro-grooving, and ploughing, while these features were absent in the FSPed Elektron 21/HEA SCs. These outcomes make it better suited for use in the aviation and automotive sectors.

Graphical Abstract

本研究的主要目的是通过使用高熵合金 (HEA) 强化铸造 Elektron 21 合金(UNS M12310)的表面,从而增强其机械性能和摩擦学性能。高熵合金由 0.3 wt% 的铝、0.3 wt% 的铜、0.1 wt% 的镍、0.1 wt% 的硅和 0.2 wt% 的钨组成,通过摩擦搅拌加工 (FSP) 制成。通过铸造后再进行 FSP 加工的 Elektron 21/HEA 表面复合材料 (SC) 与铸造后再进行 FSP 加工的 Elektron 21 合金进行了比较,结果表明两者的机械性能和耐磨性都有显著提高。经过铸造和 FSP 处理的 Elektron 21 基体表面显示出 HEA 颗粒的均匀分散。这些颗粒作为沉淀物,产生了几何上必要的位错,阻碍了在外力作用下的运动。HEA 与 Elektron 21 合金在界面上的结合非常好,不同的热收缩导致了应变错位。因此,与 FSPed Elektron 21 合金相比,FSPed Elektron 21/HEA SC 的显微硬度、屈服应力和极限拉伸应力分别提高了 38%、37% 和 32%,但延展性降低了 33%。此外,与 FSPed Elektron 21 合金相比,FSPed Elektron 21/HEA SC 的耐磨性提高了 33%,摩擦力降低了 27%。FSPed 试样的磨损表面显示,FSPed Elektron 21 合金出现了深沟、凹坑、微切削、微挖槽和犁沟,而 FSPed Elektron 21/HEA SCs 则没有这些特征。这些结果使其更适合用于航空和汽车领域。
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引用次数: 0
Thermal Properties of 3D-Printed Molds for Light Metal Casting 用于轻金属铸造的 3D 打印模具的热性能
IF 2.6 3区 材料科学 Q2 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2024-07-29 DOI: 10.1007/s40962-024-01411-8
Robert Kleinhans, Manuel Pintore, Patricia Erhard, Ralph Renz, Johanna Tesfu

Binder Jetting technology is well established for the production of sand molds and cores for foundry use, owing to its flexibility and expansive design capabilities. A wide array of sand, aggregate, and binder combinations is commercially available. Utilizing these types of refractory materials in the casting process presents both technical and economic benefits and drawbacks. For intricate cast components, foundry technologists must assess the thermophysical properties of the mold material systems. With this knowledge, specialized high-performance material combinations may be employed in specific areas of the mold, while more economically viable systems are used for shaping the external mold support. This study primarily focuses on determining the heat capacity and thermal diffusivity and consequently the thermal conductivity using a specially developed analytical method. It investigates three different fundamental aggregates: silica, cerabeads®, and chromite. The result’s range provides an overview of relevant characteristics for the selected material systems. Given that the properties of sand affect heat flow during casting and solidification, these newly determined values can be utilized in future simulations. Consequently, these findings aid in maintaining and enhancing the quality of critically stressed cast parts.

粘结剂喷射技术因其灵活性和广泛的设计能力,在铸造用砂模和型芯的生产中得到了广泛的应用。市场上有多种砂型、骨料和粘结剂组合可供选择。在铸造过程中使用这些类型的耐火材料,在技术和经济上都有其优点和缺点。对于复杂的铸造部件,铸造技术人员必须评估模具材料系统的热物理性能。有了这些知识,就可以在模具的特定区域采用专门的高性能材料组合,同时使用更经济可行的系统来塑造外部模具支撑。本研究的主要重点是利用专门开发的分析方法确定热容量和热扩散率,进而确定热导率。它研究了三种不同的基本集料:二氧化硅、陶瓷珠® 和铬铁矿。结果范围概述了所选材料系统的相关特性。鉴于砂的特性会影响铸造和凝固过程中的热流,这些新确定的值可用于未来的模拟。因此,这些发现有助于保持和提高严重受力铸件的质量。
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引用次数: 0
Synergistic Effects of Minor Be and Zr Contents on Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of A356 Cast Alloy 少量 Be 和 Zr 含量对 A356 铸造合金微观结构和力学性能的协同效应
IF 2.6 3区 材料科学 Q2 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2024-07-28 DOI: 10.1007/s40962-024-01416-3
O. A. B. Camargo, G. S. Padilha, F. C. Pinto, W. R. Osório, E. Poloni, A. D. Bortolozo
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引用次数: 0
Microstructure, Tensile, and Low-Stress Abrasive Wear Properties of a New High Silicon Dual-Phase Cast Steel 新型高硅双相铸钢的微观结构、拉伸和低应力磨料磨损性能
IF 2.6 3区 材料科学 Q2 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2024-07-25 DOI: 10.1007/s40962-024-01412-7
Amene Vahidian, Majid Abbasi

A dual-phase cast steel with high silicon content has been developed to resist low-stress abrasive wear. The alloy is composed of Fe–0.3C–2.5Si–0.5Cr–0.3Mo–0.1Nb, and the Y block was produced using an investment casting process with an induction melting furnace. Following casting, the block was homogenized and subjected to intercritical annealing heat treatments at 825, 850, and 875 °C before being tempered at 350 °C. The microstructure of the specimens was studied by using optical (OM) and scanning electron microscopy equipped with image analysis software and an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analyzer. Mechanical properties were evaluated using Vickers hardness and tensile tests at room temperature. The tribological behavior of the specimens was determined using the pin-on-disk wear test method with abrasive paper at a force of 20 N (0.6 MPa). The results showed that the microstructure of the intercritical annealed steels consisted of polygonal and acicular ferrites and tempered martensite accompanied by niobium carbide. The martensite volume fraction, hardness, and yield strength increased with increasing IA temperatures, but the tensile strength remained relatively stable. Additionally, the tribological investigation indicated that the optimal wear resistance was achieved at 850 °C, and micro-cutting was the primary wear mechanism.

我们开发了一种高硅含量的双相铸钢,用于抵抗低应力磨料磨损。这种合金的成分是 Fe-0.3C-2.5Si-0.5Cr-0.3Mo-0.1Nb,Y 型铸块是用感应熔炉通过熔模铸造工艺生产的。浇铸后,块体经过均匀化处理,并在 825、850 和 875 ℃ 下进行临界退火热处理,然后在 350 ℃ 下进行回火。使用配备图像分析软件的光学(OM)和扫描电子显微镜以及能量色散 X 射线光谱分析仪对试样的微观结构进行了研究。室温下的维氏硬度和拉伸试验评估了机械性能。试样的摩擦学性能是通过使用砂纸在 20 牛(0.6 兆帕)的力下进行针盘磨损测试法测定的。结果表明,临界退火钢的微观结构由多边形和针状铁素体、回火马氏体以及碳化铌组成。马氏体体积分数、硬度和屈服强度随着 IA 温度的升高而增加,但抗拉强度保持相对稳定。此外,摩擦学研究表明,850 ℃ 时达到了最佳耐磨性,微切削是主要的磨损机制。
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引用次数: 0
Contribution to the Fracture Mechanics Characterization of Repair Welding of Thick-Walled Ductile Cast Iron Components 对厚壁球墨铸铁部件修复焊接的断裂力学特征描述的贡献
IF 2.6 3区 材料科学 Q2 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2024-07-24 DOI: 10.1007/s40962-024-01404-7
Peter Trubitz, Steffen Grützner, Lutz Krüger

For the spheroidal graphite cast iron materials, also known as ductile cast iron (DCI), EN-GJS-400-18-LT and EN-GJS-450-18, different welding procedures were examined for potential repair welding. A repair weld was performed on thick cast iron plates using the optimum procedure in each case. The weld was evaluated for all areas of the welded joint (weld metal, fusion line/heat-affected zone and base metal). In addition to the metallographic microstructural analysis, the characterization of the repair weld was carried out by means of hardness distribution measurements, static tensile testing and notched bar impact testing as well as fracture mechanics investigations under static and under cyclic loading in a wide load ratio range. On this basis, a generalized description of cyclic crack growth could be made according to the NASGRO® MODEL. NASGRO® is a fracture mechanics and fatigue crack growth software. In accordance with the possible operating conditions of repair-welded, thick-walled components, the static and impact tests were performed in the temperature range down to (-)40 ({}^{circ }text {C}).

对于球墨铸铁材料(也称为球墨铸铁 (DCI))EN-GJS-400-18-LT 和 EN-GJS-450-18,对不同的焊接程序进行了潜在的修补焊接试验。在每种情况下,都使用最佳焊接程序对铸铁厚板进行了修复焊接。对焊缝的所有区域(焊缝金属、熔合线/热影响区和母材)都进行了评估。除金相显微结构分析外,还通过硬度分布测量、静态拉伸测试和缺口棒冲击测试,以及在较大载荷比范围内的静态和循环载荷下的断裂力学研究,对修复焊缝进行了表征。在此基础上,可根据 NASGRO® 模型对循环裂纹生长进行概括性描述。NASGRO® 是一款断裂力学和疲劳裂纹增长软件。根据修复焊接厚壁部件的可能工作条件,静态和冲击试验是在低至(-)40 ({}^{circ }text {C}) 的温度范围内进行的。
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引用次数: 0
Influence of Casting Materials on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Gray Cast Iron for Cylinder Liners 铸造材料对气缸套灰铸铁微观结构和机械性能的影响
IF 2.6 3区 材料科学 Q2 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2024-07-24 DOI: 10.1007/s40962-024-01413-6
Shouquan Du, Chaoyang Chen, Ruirun Chen, Qi Wang, Xiangyin Cui, Qiang Song

In this paper, four different casting materials were used to get gray cast iron samples, the effects of different cooling rates caused by different casting materials on graphite distribution, matrix structure and mechanical properties were investigated. The experimental results show that as the cooling rate increases, the graphite form of gray cast iron changed from coarse flake A-type graphite to rosette shaped B-type graphite, graphite increased in quantity and was more evenly distributed. The interlayer spacing of pearlite in matrix decreased with the increase of cooling rate, four different mold casting of cast iron material sample of pearlite lamellar spacing is CO2 sodium silicate bonded sand mold, 340 nm, oxide ceramic mold, 275 nm, cast iron mold, 141 nm, graphite casting mold, 135 nm, respectively. The reduction of the interlayer spacing of pearlite also significantly improves the tensile strength, compressive strength and hardness. The tensile strength of cast iron specimens cast in graphite casting molds is the highest, at 421 MPa, while the tensile strength of cast iron specimens cast in CO2 sodium silicate bonded sand molds is the lowest, at 346 MPa. The graphite cast iron sample has the highest compressive strength of 2165 MPa, and the oxide ceramic cast iron sample has the lowest compressive strength of 1115 MPa. The Brinell hardness of the samples cast in cast iron molds is the highest, at 409 HB, while the samples cast in CO2 sodium silicate bonded sand molds have the lowest Brinell hardness, at 255 HB. In addition, increasing the cooling rate inhibited the diffusion of elements in the melt, reduced the final solidification interval and also reduced the shrinkage porosity and other defects. Fracture analysis shows that cleavage fracture is the main fracture mode of castings. The higher the cooling rate, the smoother the fracture morphology.

本文采用四种不同的铸造材料得到灰铸铁试样,研究了不同铸造材料引起的不同冷却速度对石墨分布、基体结构和力学性能的影响。实验结果表明,随着冷却速度的增加,灰口铸铁的石墨形态由粗大的片状 A 型石墨转变为莲座状 B 型石墨,石墨数量增加,分布更加均匀。珠光体在基体中的层间距随冷却速度的增加而减小,四种不同模具铸造的铸铁材料样品的珠光体层间距分别为 CO2 硅酸钠结合砂模具、340 nm,氧化物陶瓷模具、275 nm,铸铁模具、141 nm,石墨铸造模具、135 nm。减小珠光体的层间距还能显著提高抗拉强度、抗压强度和硬度。用石墨铸模浇铸的铸铁试样抗拉强度最高,为 421 兆帕,而用二氧化碳硅酸钠结合砂铸模浇铸的铸铁试样抗拉强度最低,为 346 兆帕。石墨铸铁试样的抗压强度最高,为 2165 兆帕,氧化物陶瓷铸铁试样的抗压强度最低,为 1115 兆帕。用铸铁模具浇铸的试样的布氏硬度最高,为 409 HB,而用二氧化碳硅酸钠结合砂模具浇铸的试样的布氏硬度最低,为 255 HB。此外,提高冷却速度抑制了熔体中元素的扩散,缩短了最终凝固间隔,也减少了收缩气孔和其他缺陷。断裂分析表明,劈裂断裂是铸件的主要断裂模式。冷却速度越高,断口形态越平滑。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
International Journal of Metalcasting
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