Pub Date : 2024-08-11DOI: 10.1007/s40962-024-01424-3
Muhamad Jalu Purnomo, Yu-Xin Hsu, Ing-Song Yu, Chao-Yu Lee
This study investigates the influence of magnetic fields on the microstructure and mechanical properties for the investment casting A356 Al–Si alloy. A356, known for its significant application in aerospace, defense, and automotive industries, was subjected to various intensities of magnetic fields generated by Helmholtz coils during the investment casting process. Additionally, the alloy was modified with the addition of Al–5Ti–B master alloy, and samples were subjected to T6 heat treatment. The aim was to explore the combined effects of magnetic field, grain refiner, and heat treatment on the alloy’s microstructural evolution and mechanical properties. The characterizations of A356 alloy included tensile strength, Vickers hardness, metallography, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry. The results indicated that magnetic fields applied during the casting process significantly influence the grain refinement of α-Al and the spheroidization of the eutectic silicon, leading to improve its mechanical properties. The study also examined the effects of magnetic fields on the distribution and morphology of eutectic silicon and Mg2Si phases after T6 heat treatment. The findings of this research provide valuable insights in optimizing investment casting processes and enhancing the material properties of A356 alloy, which will offer potential applications in improving the quality and performance of cast components in various industrial sectors.
{"title":"The Effect of Al–5Ti–B Addition and Applying Helmholtz Coils Magnetic Field for Increasing Mechanical Properties of Investment Casting A356 Al–Si Alloys","authors":"Muhamad Jalu Purnomo, Yu-Xin Hsu, Ing-Song Yu, Chao-Yu Lee","doi":"10.1007/s40962-024-01424-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-024-01424-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigates the influence of magnetic fields on the microstructure and mechanical properties for the investment casting A356 Al–Si alloy. A356, known for its significant application in aerospace, defense, and automotive industries, was subjected to various intensities of magnetic fields generated by Helmholtz coils during the investment casting process. Additionally, the alloy was modified with the addition of Al–5Ti–B master alloy, and samples were subjected to T6 heat treatment. The aim was to explore the combined effects of magnetic field, grain refiner, and heat treatment on the alloy’s microstructural evolution and mechanical properties. The characterizations of A356 alloy included tensile strength, Vickers hardness, metallography, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry. The results indicated that magnetic fields applied during the casting process significantly influence the grain refinement of α-Al and the spheroidization of the eutectic silicon, leading to improve its mechanical properties. The study also examined the effects of magnetic fields on the distribution and morphology of eutectic silicon and Mg<sub>2</sub>Si phases after T6 heat treatment. The findings of this research provide valuable insights in optimizing investment casting processes and enhancing the material properties of A356 alloy, which will offer potential applications in improving the quality and performance of cast components in various industrial sectors.</p>","PeriodicalId":14231,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Metalcasting","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141939886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-10DOI: 10.1007/s40962-024-01423-4
Kaoru Yamamoto, S. Inthidech, Y. Yokomizo, N. Sasaguri, Y. Matsubara
{"title":"Effect of Combined Addition of Molybdenum and Tungsten on Continuous Cooling Transformation Behavior of High Chromium Cast Iron","authors":"Kaoru Yamamoto, S. Inthidech, Y. Yokomizo, N. Sasaguri, Y. Matsubara","doi":"10.1007/s40962-024-01423-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-024-01423-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14231,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Metalcasting","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141920176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Due to severe acoustic attenuation, the effectiveness of single-source ultrasonic vibration (SUV) in dispersing reinforcement particles within Al matrix composites is limited, particularly when dealing with high weight fractions. In this study, a short-spacing multi-source ultrasonic vibration (MUV) technique, specifically quad-source ultrasonic vibration (QUV), was introduced to prepare SiCp/A356 composites with a high weight fraction of 15wt.% SiC particles. The characteristic of acoustic streaming and the dispersion of particles were systematically investigated through numerical simulations and physical experiments. The results reveal that QUV mitigates acoustic attenuation and expands the potential cavitation region (exceeding the cavitation threshold of 1.1 MPa) compared to single-source ultrasonic vibration (SUV). The synergistic effect of multiple ultrasonic waves not only elevates cavitation intensity but also enriches the structures of acoustic streaming, significantly reducing agglomeration and improving the dispersion of SiC particles within the Al matrix. Without ultrasonic treatment, only a small proportion of SiC particles are embedded in the Al matrix, with an SSiC/St ratio of merely 2.23%. However, as the number of ultrasonic sources increases, the agglomeration of SiC particles was relieved, and the resultant holes diminish. Remarkably, under QUV treatment, the holes in the composites virtually disappear, and the SSiC/St ratio increases to 9.82%. Additionally, the composites exhibit superior mechanical properties, with a tensile strength of 200 MPa and an elongation of 7.0%, which are 10.5% and 38.5% higher than those achieved using SUV, respectively.
由于声衰减严重,单源超声振动(SUV)在铝基复合材料中分散增强粒子的效果有限,尤其是在处理高重量分数时。在本研究中,引入了一种短间距多源超声振动(MUV)技术,特别是四源超声振动(QUV),用于制备 SiCp/A356 复合材料,其中 SiC 颗粒的重量分数高达 15wt.%。通过数值模拟和物理实验系统地研究了声流特性和颗粒的分散性。结果表明,与单源超声振动(SUV)相比,QUV 可减轻声衰减并扩大潜在空化区域(超过 1.1 MPa 的空化阈值)。多个超声波的协同效应不仅提高了空化强度,还丰富了声流结构,显著减少了团聚,改善了碳化硅颗粒在铝基体中的分散。在未进行超声波处理的情况下,只有一小部分 SiC 颗粒嵌入铝基体中,SSiC/St 比率仅为 2.23%。然而,随着超声源数量的增加,SiC 颗粒的聚集现象得到缓解,由此产生的孔洞也随之减少。值得注意的是,在 QUV 处理过程中,复合材料中的孔洞几乎消失,SSiC/St 比率增加到 9.82%。此外,复合材料还具有优异的机械性能,抗拉强度达到 200 兆帕,伸长率为 7.0%,分别比使用 SUV 时提高了 10.5%和 38.5%。
{"title":"Enhanced Particle Dispersion in Aluminum Melts Using Multi-source Ultrasonic Vibration: Simulation and Experiments","authors":"Yeliang Zhu, Xiaogang Fang, Shulin Lv, Shusen Wu, Shifeng Luo, Siliang Yan, Jiguang Liu, Youwen Yang, Yiqing Chen","doi":"10.1007/s40962-024-01419-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-024-01419-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Due to severe acoustic attenuation, the effectiveness of single-source ultrasonic vibration (SUV) in dispersing reinforcement particles within Al matrix composites is limited, particularly when dealing with high weight fractions. In this study, a short-spacing multi-source ultrasonic vibration (MUV) technique, specifically quad-source ultrasonic vibration (QUV), was introduced to prepare SiC<sub>p</sub>/A356 composites with a high weight fraction of 15wt.% SiC particles. The characteristic of acoustic streaming and the dispersion of particles were systematically investigated through numerical simulations and physical experiments. The results reveal that QUV mitigates acoustic attenuation and expands the potential cavitation region (exceeding the cavitation threshold of 1.1 MPa) compared to single-source ultrasonic vibration (SUV). The synergistic effect of multiple ultrasonic waves not only elevates cavitation intensity but also enriches the structures of acoustic streaming, significantly reducing agglomeration and improving the dispersion of SiC particles within the Al matrix. Without ultrasonic treatment, only a small proportion of SiC particles are embedded in the Al matrix, with an S<sub>SiC</sub>/S<sub>t</sub> ratio of merely 2.23%. However, as the number of ultrasonic sources increases, the agglomeration of SiC particles was relieved, and the resultant holes diminish. Remarkably, under QUV treatment, the holes in the composites virtually disappear, and the S<sub>SiC</sub>/S<sub>t</sub> ratio increases to 9.82%. Additionally, the composites exhibit superior mechanical properties, with a tensile strength of 200 MPa and an elongation of 7.0%, which are 10.5% and 38.5% higher than those achieved using SUV, respectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":14231,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Metalcasting","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141939888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-05DOI: 10.1007/s40962-024-01420-7
Jiale Zheng, Xiaodong Du
Zinc-modified hypoeutectic Al–Si–Cu–Mg–Cr–B alloy underwent a two-stage solution treatment at 520 °C for two hours and 550 °C for half an hour, followed by a two-stage aging treatment at 100 °C for three hours and 180 °C for eight hours. The impact of heat treatment and Zn addition on the eutectic Si phase, alloy compounds, and mechanical properties of the hypoeutectic Al–Si–Cu–Mg–Cr–B alloy was systematically investigated using an optical microscope, X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscope, energy spectrum analysis, and mechanical properties test. The findings revealed that heat treatment and Zn addition improved the size, morphology, quantity, and types of eutectic silicon phases and alloy compounds, as well as their mechanical properties. After heat treatment, the alloy displayed optimal characteristics with the addition of 0.3 wt% Zn. The eutectic Si phase of the alloy exhibited the most favorable morphology, the greatest variety of alloy compounds, the most favorable morphology and size, and the largest Q index, which is utilized to evaluate the overall tensile properties of the alloy. This indicates superior mechanical properties.
{"title":"Effect of Heat Treatment and Zn Addition on Microstructure and Properties of Al–Si–Cu–Mg–Cr–B Alloy","authors":"Jiale Zheng, Xiaodong Du","doi":"10.1007/s40962-024-01420-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-024-01420-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Zinc-modified hypoeutectic Al–Si–Cu–Mg–Cr–B alloy underwent a two-stage solution treatment at 520 °C for two hours and 550 °C for half an hour, followed by a two-stage aging treatment at 100 °C for three hours and 180 °C for eight hours. The impact of heat treatment and Zn addition on the eutectic Si phase, alloy compounds, and mechanical properties of the hypoeutectic Al–Si–Cu–Mg–Cr–B alloy was systematically investigated using an optical microscope, X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscope, energy spectrum analysis, and mechanical properties test. The findings revealed that heat treatment and Zn addition improved the size, morphology, quantity, and types of eutectic silicon phases and alloy compounds, as well as their mechanical properties. After heat treatment, the alloy displayed optimal characteristics with the addition of 0.3 wt% Zn. The eutectic Si phase of the alloy exhibited the most favorable morphology, the greatest variety of alloy compounds, the most favorable morphology and size, and the largest Q index, which is utilized to evaluate the overall tensile properties of the alloy. This indicates superior mechanical properties.</p>","PeriodicalId":14231,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Metalcasting","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141969141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-05DOI: 10.1007/s40962-024-01414-5
E. Samuel, G. H. Garza-Elizondo, M. H. Abdelaziz, H. W. Doty, F. H. Samuel
The current study is aimed to enhance the tensile performance of Al–Si–Cu–Mg cast alloys at both ambient and elevated temperatures. The investigation is focused on incorporating zirconium (Zr) as a primary alloying element, alongside nickel (Ni) and manganese (Mn), to assess their suitability for automotive engine applications. In Mn-containing alloys, tensile strength improvement was observed due to the precipitation of compacted α-Al15(Fe, Mn)3Si2 and Al6Mn phases. Meanwhile, Ni-bearing phases such as Al3CuNi and Al3Ni in Ni-containing alloys were found to inhibit crack propagation, thereby enhancing tensile properties. Results indicated that the addition of 0.75 wt.% Mn yielded comparable strength values to alloys containing 2–4 wt.% Ni at ambient temperature. Additionally, the presence of 0.25% Zr facilitated the precipitation of fine metastable L12-Al3Zr particles, contributing to improved alloy strength. However, the introduction of 4% Ni resulted in the formation of Al–Cu–Ni particles rather than Al2Cu, leading to a decrease in alloy strength upon aging.
{"title":"Effect of Mn, Ni, and Zr Addition on the Tensile Properties and Precipitation Behavior of Sr-Modified Al–Si–Cu–Mg-Based Alloys","authors":"E. Samuel, G. H. Garza-Elizondo, M. H. Abdelaziz, H. W. Doty, F. H. Samuel","doi":"10.1007/s40962-024-01414-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-024-01414-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The current study is aimed to enhance the tensile performance of Al–Si–Cu–Mg cast alloys at both ambient and elevated temperatures. The investigation is focused on incorporating zirconium (Zr) as a primary alloying element, alongside nickel (Ni) and manganese (Mn), to assess their suitability for automotive engine applications. In Mn-containing alloys, tensile strength improvement was observed due to the precipitation of compacted <i>α</i>-Al<sub>15</sub>(Fe, Mn)<sub>3</sub>Si<sub>2</sub> and Al<sub>6</sub>Mn phases. Meanwhile, Ni-bearing phases such as Al<sub>3</sub>CuNi and Al<sub>3</sub>Ni in Ni-containing alloys were found to inhibit crack propagation, thereby enhancing tensile properties. Results indicated that the addition of 0.75 wt.% Mn yielded comparable strength values to alloys containing 2–4 wt.% Ni at ambient temperature. Additionally, the presence of 0.25% Zr facilitated the precipitation of fine metastable L1<sub>2</sub>-Al<sub>3</sub>Zr particles, contributing to improved alloy strength. However, the introduction of 4% Ni resulted in the formation of Al–Cu–Ni particles rather than Al<sub>2</sub>Cu, leading to a decrease in alloy strength upon aging.</p>","PeriodicalId":14231,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Metalcasting","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141969140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-02DOI: 10.1007/s40962-024-01417-2
Dinesh Sundaram, József Tamás Svidró, Attila Diószegi
Gas generation from molding materials creates a complex atmosphere in the mold–metal interface and is one of the primary causes of defects in cast components. Moisture, crystalline water, and decomposing binders are significant gas sources. The presence of volatiles and decomposing binder in the mold also affects the rate of heat absorption from the solidifying metal during the casting process. This work presents a measurement methodology to evaluate the rate and volume of gases generated from sand mixtures in combination with the temperature distribution and applied thermal analysis. The presented results show high reproducibility of the method. The thermal analysis results provide the start and end temperature of the binder decomposition reactions and the corresponding heat absorbed in this interval. The results obtained from the presented methodology can be used to validate the models/simulation tools developed to predict the gas evolution and related transport phenomena in the sand casting process.
{"title":"Thermal Analysis and Gas Generation Measurement of Foundry Sand Mixtures","authors":"Dinesh Sundaram, József Tamás Svidró, Attila Diószegi","doi":"10.1007/s40962-024-01417-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-024-01417-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Gas generation from molding materials creates a complex atmosphere in the mold–metal interface and is one of the primary causes of defects in cast components. Moisture, crystalline water, and decomposing binders are significant gas sources. The presence of volatiles and decomposing binder in the mold also affects the rate of heat absorption from the solidifying metal during the casting process. This work presents a measurement methodology to evaluate the rate and volume of gases generated from sand mixtures in combination with the temperature distribution and applied thermal analysis. The presented results show high reproducibility of the method. The thermal analysis results provide the start and end temperature of the binder decomposition reactions and the corresponding heat absorbed in this interval. The results obtained from the presented methodology can be used to validate the models/simulation tools developed to predict the gas evolution and related transport phenomena in the sand casting process.</p>","PeriodicalId":14231,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Metalcasting","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141883267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-31DOI: 10.1007/s40962-024-01421-6
S. Boonmee, W. Waenthongkham, K. Worakhut
This study explores the effect of bismuth on ductile iron to enhance its mechanical properties and to prevent the formation of chunky graphite. Various heats of ductile iron were produced with varying bismuth (0.000–0.010 wt%Bi). Microscopic examinations, Brinell hardness tests, and tension tests were conducted to characterize the samples. The results indicate that Bi influences the microstructure, nodule count, hardness, and tensile strength of the ductile iron, with optimal amount of Bi (0.005–0.007 wt%Bi) depending on section thickness. Bi prevented the carbide formation and increased the nodule count, leading to improved mechanical properties. In addition, the study demonstrated that Ce/Bi values of 1.29–1.60 were corresponding levels that showed optimal microstructure and properties. Thermal analysis demonstrated the inoculation effect of Bi addition by shifting TElow and TEhigh toward the stable eutectic temperature. Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA) results showed that Bi oxide and sulfide were found at the graphite cores as heterogeneous nucleation sites during solidification.
本研究探讨了铋对球墨铸铁的影响,以提高其机械性能并防止形成块状石墨。使用不同的铋(0.000-0.010 wt%铋)生产了不同加热温度的球墨铸铁。对样品进行了显微镜检查、布氏硬度测试和拉力测试,以确定其特性。结果表明,铋会影响球墨铸铁的微观结构、结核数量、硬度和抗拉强度,最佳铋含量(0.005-0.007 wt%Bi)取决于截面厚度。Bi 阻止了碳化物的形成并增加了结核数量,从而改善了机械性能。此外,研究还表明,Ce/Bi 值为 1.29-1.60 的相应水平可显示出最佳的微观结构和性能。热分析表明,加入 Bi 后,TElow 和 TEhigh 向稳定共晶温度移动,从而产生了接种效应。电子探针显微分析(EPMA)结果表明,在凝固过程中,氧化 Bi 和硫化物作为异质成核点出现在石墨芯上。
{"title":"Effect of Bismuth on Microstructure and Properties of Ductile Iron","authors":"S. Boonmee, W. Waenthongkham, K. Worakhut","doi":"10.1007/s40962-024-01421-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-024-01421-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study explores the effect of bismuth on ductile iron to enhance its mechanical properties and to prevent the formation of chunky graphite. Various heats of ductile iron were produced with varying bismuth (0.000–0.010 wt%Bi). Microscopic examinations, Brinell hardness tests, and tension tests were conducted to characterize the samples. The results indicate that Bi influences the microstructure, nodule count, hardness, and tensile strength of the ductile iron, with optimal amount of Bi (0.005–0.007 wt%Bi) depending on section thickness. Bi prevented the carbide formation and increased the nodule count, leading to improved mechanical properties. In addition, the study demonstrated that Ce/Bi values of 1.29–1.60 were corresponding levels that showed optimal microstructure and properties. Thermal analysis demonstrated the inoculation effect of Bi addition by shifting TE<sub>low</sub> and TE<sub>high</sub> toward the stable eutectic temperature. Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA) results showed that Bi oxide and sulfide were found at the graphite cores as heterogeneous nucleation sites during solidification.</p>","PeriodicalId":14231,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Metalcasting","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141865300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-30DOI: 10.1007/s40962-024-01415-4
R. Soundararajan, A. Sathishkumar, S. Sivasankaran, Abdullah Alhomidan
The primary objective of this investigation is to strengthen the mechanical and tribological properties of the cast Elektron 21 alloy (UNS M12310) by reinforcing its surface with a high entropy alloy (HEA) consisting of 0.3 wt% aluminum, 0.3 wt% copper, 0.1 wt% nickel, 0.1 wt% silicon, and 0.2 wt% tungsten fabricated by friction stir processing (FSP). The resulting Elektron 21/HEA surface composites (SCs) processed through casting followed by FSP were compared to the cast followed by FSPed Elektron 21 alloy, exhibiting significant enhancements in mechanical properties and wear resistance. The surface of the Elektron 21 matrix, which underwent casting followed by FSP, showed a homogeneous dispersion of HEA particles. These particles served as precipitates, creating geometrically necessary dislocations that hindered movement under applied force. The bonding between the HEA and the Elektron 21 alloy at the interface was excellent, and differential thermal contraction resulted in a strain misfit. Consequently, the microhardness, yield stress, and ultimate tensile stress of the FSPed Elektron 21/HEA SCs improved by 38%, 37%, and 32%, respectively, compared to the FSPed Elektron 21 alloy, although ductility decreased by 33%. Furthermore, the FSPed Elektron 21/HEA SCs showed a 33% enhancement in wear resistance and a 27% reduction in frictional force generation compared to the FSPed Elektron 21 alloy. The worn surfaces of the FSPed specimens showed that the FSPed Elektron 21 alloy revealed deep grooves, pits, micro-cutting, micro-grooving, and ploughing, while these features were absent in the FSPed Elektron 21/HEA SCs. These outcomes make it better suited for use in the aviation and automotive sectors.