International Journal of Phytoremediation最新文献

Phytoremediation is a technique that uses plants to decontaminate polluted environments, such as soil, water and even air. Plants employ several mechanisms to remove, stabilize or degrade contaminants, depending on the nature of the pollutant and the environmental conditions. The main mechanisms include: phytoextraction, phytodegradation, phytovolatilization, phytostabilization and rhizofiltration. The uptake of heavy metals by plants is influenced by several key factors. Soil characteristics such as soil properties such as pH, organic matter content, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and texture significantly affect the mobility and bioavailability of heavy metals. For example, soil pH influences metal solubility, and acidic conditions generally increase the availability of metals. Conversely, higher organic matter and CEC can bind heavy metals, reducing their bioavailability. Different plant species and even varieties within a species exhibit varying capacities to take up and accumulate heavy metals. Some plants, known as hyperaccumulators, can tolerate and concentrate high levels of heavy metals in their tissues, making them useful for phytoremediation. In contrast, other plants may restrict the uptake or translocation of metals to aerial parts. And environmental conditions such as factors such as temperature, humidity, and the presence of other contaminants can influence the uptake of heavy metals. For example, waterlogging conditions can alter the redox state of metals, affecting their solubility and availability to plants. Furthermore, interactions with other pollutants, such as microplastics, can modify the adsorption and mobility of heavy metals in the soil-plant system. The main soil contaminants that can be treated include heavy metals (such as lead, cadmium and mercury), pesticides, solvents, hydrocarbons and explosives. In water, phytoremediation is applied to remove heavy metals, excess nutrients (such as nitrogen and phosphorus), pesticides and organic compounds. Although less common, phytoremediation can also be used to treat air pollutants, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and certain gases. These can be of anthropogenic or natural origin, the former being more evident due to industrial activities, agricultural practices and low removal efficiency of conventional treatments present in water treatment plants. This study aims to analyze the potential of using phytoremediation as a way of recovering ecosystems and ensuring a healthy environment. While nanomaterials and similar compounds can enhance phytoremediation, high doses may harm plants. Further research is needed to improve phytoremediation's efficiency and feasibility for restoring contaminated soil, water, and air.

Phytoremediation and soil washing are effective methods for the remediation of arsenic-contaminated soil. In this study, citric acid solution was utilized as a soil leaching agent for in-situ leaching of arsenic-contaminated soil via drip irrigation, aiming to explore the migration and distribution of arsenic in the soil. Hydroponic experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of citric acid on plant absorption and translocation of arsenic. Finally, intercropping of Brassica rapa L. ssp. chinensis and Zea mays L. was carried out under drip irrigation, to explore the effectiveness of citric acid as a soil leaching agent in phytoremediation of arsenic-contaminated soil. The results indicated that after drip irrigation with citric acid solution, the arsenic in the soil undergoes directional migration and exhibits differentiated distribution. Citric acid significantly affected the absorption and transport of arsenic in Brassica rapa L. ssp. chinensis and Zea mays L. Notably, the lowest arsenic content in Brassica rapa L. ssp. chinensis was observed at a citric acid concentration of 2 mmol·L^-1. After drip irrigation with 2 mmol·L^-1 citric acid solution, the arsenic content in Zea mays L. (remediation plant) increased by 23.34%, while the arsenic content in Brassica rapa L. ssp. chinensis decreased by 10.70%. As a soil leaching agent, citric acid effectively enhanced the phytoremediation of arsenic-contaminated soil.

Tannery solid waste poses significant environmental challenges owing to its high metal content, especially Cr. Converting this waste into value-added byproduct i.e., biochar offers a sustainable management approach to reducing the waste load on landfill sites and also guarding the nearby fauna, flora and water bodies. This study aimed to develop metal-resistant microbial consortium loaded biochar (MCLB) by inoculating tannery solid waste biochar (BC) with consortium of ten Bacillus and/or five Trichoderma strains and their effect was evaluated on the morphological and biochemical attributes of sunflowers including metals immobilization. The soil amendment with BC at 2% rate improved the shoot height, dry biomass, and chlorophyll content in sunflowers but not in higher doses. However, the application of MCLB even at its highest concentration i.e., 10% dose showed a significant increase in shoot length (61.2%) and dry weight (656.9%) over BC only. The findings of metal bioavailability indicated that the application of MCLB having metal-resistant strains decreased the mobility of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn into the sunflower tissues compared to BC. Moreover, MCLB enhanced the uptake of Fe and Mg which are beneficial to the plant. In addition to that, the results for phenolic and proline content demonstrated a considerable decrease by MCLB indicating less stress response as compared to BC. Therefore, these findings highlight the potential of MCLB as a sustainable soil amendment for improving the growth attributes of oil-yielding sunflower varieties by using tannery solid waste biochar while decreasing the uptake of nonessential metals. By pyrolyzing the tannery solid waste into biochar, this approach contributes to a circular economy and environmental remediation practices.

Remediation of heavy metal pollution is essential for safeguarding ecological integrity and public health. The present work aimed to prepare a novel biochar from Eucalyptus Camaldulensis leaves (EC-biochar) for the effective removal of Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺ cations, as representative heavy metals, from aqueous solutions. The adsorption performance of Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺ cations by EC-biochar was assessed by varying different operating parameters (e.g. pH, temperature, EC-biochar dose, adsorption time, and adsorbate concentration). The maximum removal efficiencies of Pb²⁺ (83.8%) and Cd²⁺ (89.6%) ions were achieved at pH 4.5. The pseudo-second order and Langmuir isotherm models satisfactorily predict the adsorption of Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ cations onto EC-biochar. The negative values of ΔG° and ΔH° demonstrated that the adsorption process is spontaneously feasible and exothermic. It is also worth pointing out that the regeneration/reuse study revealed that the as-prepared EC-biochar maintained an excellent adsorption performance after five reuse cycles, demonstrating its suitable reusability. These findings demonstrate that the EC-biochar can serve as an inexpensive, effective and recyclable adsorbent for treating heavy metal-laden effluents.

The discharge of wastewater containing toxic pollutants, such as lead [Pb(II)] and cadmium [Cd(II)], into water bodies is one of the most critical challenges nowadays. Apart from this, the daily generation of organic waste like vegetable, fruit, and flower waste in cities is increasing constantly. Therefore, a novel approach was adopted in this study that used flower waste (Tagetes erecta L. marigold) for the metal removal from polluted water with a view to manage flower waste and metal contaminants simultaneously. The characterization of prepared waste of T. erecta flowers and its biosorption capacity for Cd and Pb were investigated through various techniques viz., atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), and Fourier transform infrared analysis (FTIR). Experiments for adsorption isotherm were carried out at the room temperature and the performance was determined using Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models. Equilibrium data was confirmed to follow pseudo second order kinetics. The maximum adsorption capacities of flower waste for Cd(II) and Pb(II) were 52.6 and 21.74 mg g^-1, respectively. The study findings indicated that the optimum pH and time for the most effective elimination were pH 6 and 150 min, respectively, for Pb (80%) and Cd (91.8%).

This study investigates the potential of Citrus paradisi peel (CP) as biosorbent for the elimination of Rhodamine B (RhD B) from wastewater. The study used FTIR, SEM and EDX to determine the structure of CP. It was shown that 1.4 and 2.0 g were the optimal biosorbent doses for plain and treated peels, respectively. A number of factors were optimized in order to examine the sorbent efficiency for Rhodamine-B dye. Simple and acid-modified biosorbents were employed in batch mode processing to remove hazardous basic dyes such as rhodamine-B. Adsorption equilibrium was achieved within 60 min, and treated grapefruit peels (TTCP) were found to be more effective than untreated grapefruit peels (UCP). Kinetic studies outcomes showed that the pseudo-second-order kinetics form fit more with an R2 of ≥ 0.916 and ≥ 0.932 for UCP and TTCP respectively. The adsorption isotherm of Langmuir was used to describe equilibrium for TTCP, with highest sorption ability of 321.507 µg/g. The study also discovered that 1 M HCl and NaOH may be used to regenerate CP, with recovery rates of RhD B reaching up to 98% and 85%, respectively indicating CP is a potential biosorbent for removing RhD B from aqueous solutions.

Batch adsorption experiments were carried out to evaluate the removal of Rhodamine B (RhB), a cationic dye, from synthetic wastewater using a multi-walled carbon nanotube/titanium dioxide (MWCNT/TiO₂)-modified biochar composite (CBTM), with pristine biochar (CCB) as a reference. The effects of solution pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage, temperature, and initial dye concentration on adsorption performance were systematically investigated. Maximum RhB removal occurred at pH 3, with equilibrium achieved after 180 min. Under these conditions, CBTM exhibited a higher adsorption capacity (31.43 mg·g^-1) than CCB (17.31 mg·g^-1) at 313 K. Equilibrium data were best described by the Freundlich isotherm, indicating multilayer adsorption on heterogeneous surfaces, while kinetic analysis showed that the pseudo-first-order model provided the most accurate fit, suggesting a physisorption-dominated process. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔG°, ΔH°, ΔS°) confirmed that the adsorption was spontaneous and endothermic. Interestingly, while CBTM demonstrated superior dye removal, antimicrobial assays revealed stronger bacterial inhibition by CCB. These results highlight the potential of CBTM for efficient dye removal and underscore the multifunctional capabilities of biochar-based adsorbents.

Pontederia cordata, Canna indica, Myriophyllum verticillatum, and Vallisneria natans were selected to investigate the effect and mechanism of plant removal of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) from simulated river water under microplastic stress through hydroponic experiments. The results showed that the four plants had good ability to remove TN, TP, PFOA, and PFOS from simulated river water under microplastic stress. The removal of TN, TP, PFOA, and PFOS by plants under microplastic stress ranged from 57.1% to 80.0%, 48.5% to 67.6%, 42.0% to 68.5%, and 48.0% to 85.3%, respectively. The best removal of TN and TP was achieved by P. cordata with 80.0% and 67.6%, respectively, while PFOA and PFOS were removed by P. cordata at a rate of 42.0% and 48.0%, respectively. M. verticillatum showed the most significant removal of PFOA and PFOS. The uptake of PFOS by plants was better than that of PFOA. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) tended to accumulate in plant roots more than PFOA in P. cordata and C. indica. Microplastic stress resulted in a decrease in plant removal of TN, TP, PFOA, and PFOS by 3.9%∼5.3%, 5.4%∼6.9%, 4.9%∼7.2%, and 2.7%∼7.2%, respectively.

This review explores the potential of natural material-derived composites to remediate toxic element contamination in terrestrial environments. It highlights innovative synthesis strategies-such as chemical modification, nanomaterial incorporation, and physical processing-that produce porous structures with high adsorption capacities. Key mechanisms including ion exchange, surface complexation, biomineralization, and photocatalysis are examined for their roles in immobilizing hazardous ions. Renewable feedstocks like agricultural residues, lignocellulosic biomass, and marine-derived polymers are evaluated as sustainable precursors. The integration of these materials with plant-assisted uptake and microbial stabilization is also discussed to enhance remediation performance. Kinetic modeling, adsorption isotherms, and regeneration studies provide insights into material efficiency, while life cycle assessments emphasize the environmental benefits of green synthesis and circular economy practices. Challenges such as scalability, feedstock variability, and long-term performance are addressed, and future research directions are proposed to optimize material design and expand real-world applications. This review bridges mechanistic insight with practical solutions, offering a foundation for sustainable technologies that mitigate environmental toxicity and support ecological resilience.

In Mexico, oil spills are primarily caused by fuel theft. These incidents have led to the degradation of agricultural soils, with adverse effects on the environment, human health, and the economic development of affected regions. Consequently, biotechnological decontamination techniques have emerged as a promising solution for the restoration of these sites. This study aimed to evaluate the phytoremediation of diesel-contaminated agricultural soils using Gypsophila paniculata and spent Pleurotus spp. substrate as a biostimulant. Additionally, the potential genetic and cellular damage caused by the contaminants present in the soil was assessed before and after the application of biological decontamination treatments. The greenhouse experiment lasted 50 days. Morphological variables of the plants and the total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) (mg/kg) were measured, alongside soil toxicity, which was assessed by evaluating the mitotic index (%) and micronucleus frequency (%) in Vicia faba cells. Plants grown with the biostimulant exhibited enhanced morphological characteristics, while the bioremediation treatments achieved diesel removal rates ranging from 29.4% to 46.1%. However, potential genotoxic and cytotoxic effects were observed across all treatments.