Pub Date : 2023-08-23DOI: 10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i5821
Ebenezer Babatunde Ajayi, Eezkiel Gbadebo Adeyeni, Bibiana Letura Igereh, J. T. Bamgbose, O. N. Majolagbe, Ezediuno Louis Odinakaose
Aims: Justicia secunda is a widely distributed plant that is used in the traditional improvement of well-being and treatment of several illnesses and diseases, including anemia. There is limited research on the effect of extracts of the plant on body and organ weights and their effects on organ architecture. Study Design: This was a laboratory-based study. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at the Chemistry and Biochemistry Resources Research Laboratory of the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry of Hallmark University, Ijebu-IItele, Ogun State, Nigeria, from July 2021 to September 2022. Methodology: This research therefore investigated the toxicity of an aqueous extract of J. secunda leaf on selected organs in male Wistar rats. Mature male rats (15) were divided into three groups (n = 5): Group I (the negative control) received distilled water; Group II and Group III received 200 and 300 mg/Kg doses of the extract, respectively, via oral route, once daily for 14 days. The rats were weighed before being sacrificed; the weights of the kidneys, liver, heart, and spleen were also determined, and histological analysis was carried out on the heart, kidneys, and liver. Results: There was significant (p<0.001) concentration-dependent reduction in body weights with hepatomegaly in the extract-administered rats. The kidneys of Group III rats were significantly (p<0.05) larger than those of the negative control group. Histology revealed severe vascular congestion and edema in the liver of Group III rats and inflammation in the hearts of Group II rats. Conclusion: This study shows that repeated usage of the aqueous extract of Justicia secunda leaf should be done with caution due to its negative effects on the liver and the heart in rats. Keywords: Justicia secunda, Hepatomegaly, vascular congestion, weight-reduction, extract inflammatory, toxicity.
{"title":"Organotoxic Effect of Aqueous Extract of Justicia secunda Vahl. Leaf in Wistar Rats","authors":"Ebenezer Babatunde Ajayi, Eezkiel Gbadebo Adeyeni, Bibiana Letura Igereh, J. T. Bamgbose, O. N. Majolagbe, Ezediuno Louis Odinakaose","doi":"10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i5821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i5821","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: Justicia secunda is a widely distributed plant that is used in the traditional improvement of well-being and treatment of several illnesses and diseases, including anemia. There is limited research on the effect of extracts of the plant on body and organ weights and their effects on organ architecture. \u0000Study Design: This was a laboratory-based study. \u0000Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at the Chemistry and Biochemistry Resources Research Laboratory of the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry of Hallmark University, Ijebu-IItele, Ogun State, Nigeria, from July 2021 to September 2022. \u0000Methodology: This research therefore investigated the toxicity of an aqueous extract of J. secunda leaf on selected organs in male Wistar rats. Mature male rats (15) were divided into three groups (n = 5): Group I (the negative control) received distilled water; Group II and Group III received 200 and 300 mg/Kg doses of the extract, respectively, via oral route, once daily for 14 days. The rats were weighed before being sacrificed; the weights of the kidneys, liver, heart, and spleen were also determined, and histological analysis was carried out on the heart, kidneys, and liver. \u0000Results: There was significant (p<0.001) concentration-dependent reduction in body weights with hepatomegaly in the extract-administered rats. The kidneys of Group III rats were significantly (p<0.05) larger than those of the negative control group. Histology revealed severe vascular congestion and edema in the liver of Group III rats and inflammation in the hearts of Group II rats. \u0000Conclusion: This study shows that repeated usage of the aqueous extract of Justicia secunda leaf should be done with caution due to its negative effects on the liver and the heart in rats. \u0000Keywords: Justicia secunda, Hepatomegaly, vascular congestion, weight-reduction, extract inflammatory, toxicity.","PeriodicalId":14371,"journal":{"name":"International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88187924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-22DOI: 10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i5820
Denis Magero, Victor Meng’wa, K. O. Ondoo, Antony M. S. Pembere, S. Wanakai
This study's objective is to determine how polluted the Ndambuk River in Busia County, Kenya, is with heavy metals and other physico-chemical parameters throughout both the dry and wet seasons. In every test point during the dry and wet seasons, turbidity was greater than the WHO-recommended threshold of 5 NTU. At sampling points 5, 6, and 7 during both seasons, pH was over the WHO-recommended limit of 6.5 to 8.5; this can be attributed to mining activities along the Kenya-Uganda border. All the sampling stations during the dry and wet seasons had levels of Lead, Cadmium, Cobalt, Nickel, and Iron that were higher than the WHO-recommended limits. At sampling points 1, 2, and 4 during the dry season and at sampling point 2 during the wet season, Chromium concentrations were, however, below the WHO standards. The significant correlation between the heavy metals suggests that metal-metal complexes are present in solution. The strong correlation between the metals, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids and turbidity suggests that anthropogenic activities have increased, particularly in the downstream agricultural and mining areas. This study suggests further research into the relationship between land use and heavy metal pollution, regulation of mining activities along the Kenya-Uganda border and correct agricultural practices to prevent soil erosion.
{"title":"Assessment of Water Quality and Heavy Metal Pollution in River Ndambuk, Busia County, Kenya","authors":"Denis Magero, Victor Meng’wa, K. O. Ondoo, Antony M. S. Pembere, S. Wanakai","doi":"10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i5820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i5820","url":null,"abstract":"This study's objective is to determine how polluted the Ndambuk River in Busia County, Kenya, is with heavy metals and other physico-chemical parameters throughout both the dry and wet seasons. In every test point during the dry and wet seasons, turbidity was greater than the WHO-recommended threshold of 5 NTU. At sampling points 5, 6, and 7 during both seasons, pH was over the WHO-recommended limit of 6.5 to 8.5; this can be attributed to mining activities along the Kenya-Uganda border. All the sampling stations during the dry and wet seasons had levels of Lead, Cadmium, Cobalt, Nickel, and Iron that were higher than the WHO-recommended limits. At sampling points 1, 2, and 4 during the dry season and at sampling point 2 during the wet season, Chromium concentrations were, however, below the WHO standards. The significant correlation between the heavy metals suggests that metal-metal complexes are present in solution. The strong correlation between the metals, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids and turbidity suggests that anthropogenic activities have increased, particularly in the downstream agricultural and mining areas. This study suggests further research into the relationship between land use and heavy metal pollution, regulation of mining activities along the Kenya-Uganda border and correct agricultural practices to prevent soil erosion.","PeriodicalId":14371,"journal":{"name":"International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84577861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-19DOI: 10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i4819
B. Traoré, T. Seck, M. L. Sall, Antoine Blaise Kama, O. Diouf, I. Thiam, M. Gaye
Complexes of nickel (II) and iron (III) are easily synthetized using the symmetrical ligand 1,5-bis(1-(pyridin-2-yl)ethylidene)carbonohydrazide) (H2L) and metal nitrate salts. Square [2x2] grids structure of one tetranuclear iron and one tetranuclear nickel complex were isolated. X ray diffraction analysis reveals that the crystal structures of the two complexes are similar. The asymmetric unit of each complex consists of four cationic ligand molecules and four metal ions. Each ligand acts in its monodeprotonated form through five coordination sites such as two pyridine nitrogen atoms, two azomethine nitrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. Each of the four ligand molecules acts as a bridge between two metal ions yielding a square 2 x 2 grid structure. Each of the metal ion is hexacoordinated and is situated in a N4O2 core and the environment is best described as a severely distorted square bipyramidal geometry. Electrochemical studies show two electrons process for complex 1 and one electron process for complex 2. Variable temperature magnetic study shows that antiferromagnetic coupling is stronger in the nickel(II) than in the iron(II) complex. Perfect correlation between the magnetic properties and the crystallographic data are observed in both complexes.
{"title":"Synthesis, Crystal Structure Determination and Magnetic Study of a New [2 × 2] Grid Tetranuclear Fe(II) and Ni(II) Complexes Derived from the Ligand 1, 5-Bis(1-(Pyridin-2-Yl) Ethylidene) Carbonohydrazide)","authors":"B. Traoré, T. Seck, M. L. Sall, Antoine Blaise Kama, O. Diouf, I. Thiam, M. Gaye","doi":"10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i4819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i4819","url":null,"abstract":"Complexes of nickel (II) and iron (III) are easily synthetized using the symmetrical ligand 1,5-bis(1-(pyridin-2-yl)ethylidene)carbonohydrazide) (H2L) and metal nitrate salts. Square [2x2] grids structure of one tetranuclear iron and one tetranuclear nickel complex were isolated. X ray diffraction analysis reveals that the crystal structures of the two complexes are similar. The asymmetric unit of each complex consists of four cationic ligand molecules and four metal ions. Each ligand acts in its monodeprotonated form through five coordination sites such as two pyridine nitrogen atoms, two azomethine nitrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. Each of the four ligand molecules acts as a bridge between two metal ions yielding a square 2 x 2 grid structure. Each of the metal ion is hexacoordinated and is situated in a N4O2 core and the environment is best described as a severely distorted square bipyramidal geometry. Electrochemical studies show two electrons process for complex 1 and one electron process for complex 2. Variable temperature magnetic study shows that antiferromagnetic coupling is stronger in the nickel(II) than in the iron(II) complex. Perfect correlation between the magnetic properties and the crystallographic data are observed in both complexes.","PeriodicalId":14371,"journal":{"name":"International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75493461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-14DOI: 10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i4818
Ravi Manne
Dyes are complex class of organic compound having wide range of applications in textile and food industries and a large amount of dyes are wasted, which get mixed in natural water resources, and pollute environment. Mixing of dyes in water resources must be prohibited for the safety of natural ecosystem. Dyes are used for coloring textiles, wool, leather, paper and fibers. Natural dyes like indigo have been in use for over 5000 years. Natural dyes are replaced by synthetic dyes because of their low cost and vast range of new colors. Today, there are more than 10,000 dyes with different chemical structures available commercially. The natural and modified adsorbents are being successfully used for the adsorption of dyes from wastewater. Importance of several adsorbents like industrial waste, agricultural waste and clay adsorbents of both raw and modified for adsorption of dyes from textile wastewater has been highlighted in this review article. In this review we cover the regeneration capacity and adsorption efficiency of different adsorbents for the treatment of industrial dyes to control water pollution. We also reviewed wide variety of techniques and materials that have been used to remove organic pollutants from water. some adsorption techniques are cost-effective, ecofriendly, clay-supported adsorbents are widely because if their simplicity and good efficiency. Graphical Abstract:
{"title":"Recent Trends and Advances in the Removal of Dyes from Industrial Wastewater Using Low Cost Adsorbents","authors":"Ravi Manne","doi":"10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i4818","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i4818","url":null,"abstract":"Dyes are complex class of organic compound having wide range of applications in textile and food industries and a large amount of dyes are wasted, which get mixed in natural water resources, and pollute environment. Mixing of dyes in water resources must be prohibited for the safety of natural ecosystem. Dyes are used for coloring textiles, wool, leather, paper and fibers. Natural dyes like indigo have been in use for over 5000 years. Natural dyes are replaced by synthetic dyes because of their low cost and vast range of new colors. Today, there are more than 10,000 dyes with different chemical structures available commercially. The natural and modified adsorbents are being successfully used for the adsorption of dyes from wastewater. Importance of several adsorbents like industrial waste, agricultural waste and clay adsorbents of both raw and modified for adsorption of dyes from textile wastewater has been highlighted in this review article. In this review we cover the regeneration capacity and adsorption efficiency of different adsorbents for the treatment of industrial dyes to control water pollution. We also reviewed wide variety of techniques and materials that have been used to remove organic pollutants from water. some adsorption techniques are cost-effective, ecofriendly, clay-supported adsorbents are widely because if their simplicity and good efficiency. \u0000 Graphical Abstract: \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":14371,"journal":{"name":"International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82145773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-09DOI: 10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i4817
Mahdee Muhammad Nafee, Umme Sarmeen Akhtar, Md. Sagirul Islam, M. E. Halim, M. G. Mostafa, Imdadul Haque
The research explores the synthesis and characterization of sodium gluconate as a retarding admixture for Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and its impact on cement properties. The study found that sodium gluconate prolonged OPC's setting time, enhancing workability. Sodium gluconate was synthesized through a simple chemical process involving the reaction of gluconic acid with sodium hydroxide. The synthesized product was characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The results showed that the synthesized sodium gluconate had a characteristic absorption peak at 3205 cm1.The variations were investigated for setting time, compressive strength, and porosity. However, higher dosages led to prolong the setting time, increased the workability, reduced compressive strength and improved porosity. The study emphasizes the importance of balancing sodium gluconate dosage with other locally available admixtures for desired retardation effects without compromising strength. Further research is needed to optimize dosage and explore long-term effects on cement properties.
{"title":"Synthesis and Characterization of Sodium Gluconate and Its Effects on the Properties of Portland Cement","authors":"Mahdee Muhammad Nafee, Umme Sarmeen Akhtar, Md. Sagirul Islam, M. E. Halim, M. G. Mostafa, Imdadul Haque","doi":"10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i4817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i4817","url":null,"abstract":"The research explores the synthesis and characterization of sodium gluconate as a retarding admixture for Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and its impact on cement properties. The study found that sodium gluconate prolonged OPC's setting time, enhancing workability. Sodium gluconate was synthesized through a simple chemical process involving the reaction of gluconic acid with sodium hydroxide. The synthesized product was characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The results showed that the synthesized sodium gluconate had a characteristic absorption peak at 3205 cm1.The variations were investigated for setting time, compressive strength, and porosity. However, higher dosages led to prolong the setting time, increased the workability, reduced compressive strength and improved porosity. The study emphasizes the importance of balancing sodium gluconate dosage with other locally available admixtures for desired retardation effects without compromising strength. Further research is needed to optimize dosage and explore long-term effects on cement properties.","PeriodicalId":14371,"journal":{"name":"International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"143 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75087323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-27DOI: 10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i4816
A. Akpakpan, E. Inam, B. Ita, U. Akpabio
Lignin, an amorphous biopolymer is one of the major components of wood. In this study, lignin was extracted from Gmelina arborea wood using Soda and Kraft pulping processes. The lignin was characterized using Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR), UV/visible spectrometer, electrospray ionization mass spectrometer and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results revealed that G. arborea wood lignins contained several chemical functional groups. Kraft lignin (KL) contain carboxyl and thiol group in addition to other functional groups such as methoxyl, alcohols and phenolic. UV/ visible spectroscopy results revealed that Soda lignin (SL) absorbed at higher wavelength than Kraft lignin. The concentrations of both conjugated and non-conjugated phenolic group were higher in Kraft lignin than Soda lignin. ESI-MS spectra revealed that the composition of the monomers was higher in Kraft lignin while dimers composition was higher in Soda lignin. The surface morphology of both lignins were heterogeneous with uneven particle size. These physicochemical properties of lignin will enhance their applications as adsorbents, corrosion inhibitors and in the production of some industrial chemical intermediates.
{"title":"Physicochemical Properties of Soda and Kraft Lignin Extracted from Gmelina arborea Wood","authors":"A. Akpakpan, E. Inam, B. Ita, U. Akpabio","doi":"10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i4816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i4816","url":null,"abstract":"Lignin, an amorphous biopolymer is one of the major components of wood. In this study, lignin was extracted from Gmelina arborea wood using Soda and Kraft pulping processes. The lignin was characterized using Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR), UV/visible spectrometer, electrospray ionization mass spectrometer and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results revealed that G. arborea wood lignins contained several chemical functional groups. Kraft lignin (KL) contain carboxyl and thiol group in addition to other functional groups such as methoxyl, alcohols and phenolic. UV/ visible spectroscopy results revealed that Soda lignin (SL) absorbed at higher wavelength than Kraft lignin. The concentrations of both conjugated and non-conjugated phenolic group were higher in Kraft lignin than Soda lignin. ESI-MS spectra revealed that the composition of the monomers was higher in Kraft lignin while dimers composition was higher in Soda lignin. The surface morphology of both lignins were heterogeneous with uneven particle size. These physicochemical properties of lignin will enhance their applications as adsorbents, corrosion inhibitors and in the production of some industrial chemical intermediates.","PeriodicalId":14371,"journal":{"name":"International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83648919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-24DOI: 10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i4815
Lamija Kolarević, E. Horozić, Z. Ademovic, Ermina Cilović Kozarević
In this research, the antioxidant activity and its correlation with the polyphenolic content in pumpkin leaf extracts (Cucurbita pepo L.) were examined. Dried and pulverized pumpkin leaves were used as extraction material. Various solvents (water, methanol, ethanol, acetone) and their mixtures, in a ratio of 50:50 (v/v) (water: methanol, water: ethanol, water: acetone) were used for extraction. The solid-to-solvent ratio was 1:10. The influence of solvents on phenolic extraction, as well as the effect of ultrasonic extraction was investigated. The samples were subjected to ultrasound for 15 minutes. The total phenolic content was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and the antioxidant activity of the extracts by FRAP and DPPH methods. The obtained results indicate the importance of choosing an adequate extraction solvent for phenolic isolation from plant material. Mixtures of organic solvents and water, especially a mixture of water and acetone, are the most suitable for the extraction of phenolic compounds. At the same time, a positive correlation was established between the content of total phenols and the antioxidant activity of the extracts. This suggests that phenols contribute significantly to the antioxidant properties of pumpkin leaves. The results showed the potential medicinal properties of pumpkin leaves but further studies are needed to identify, characterize and isolate different bioactive components, which could be used as a basis for obtaining new drugs for the treatment of various diseases.
{"title":"Investigation of Polyphenol Content and Antioxidative Activity of Cucurbita pepo L. Leaf Extracts Obtained by Ultrasonic Extraction","authors":"Lamija Kolarević, E. Horozić, Z. Ademovic, Ermina Cilović Kozarević","doi":"10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i4815","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i4815","url":null,"abstract":"In this research, the antioxidant activity and its correlation with the polyphenolic content in pumpkin leaf extracts (Cucurbita pepo L.) were examined. Dried and pulverized pumpkin leaves were used as extraction material. Various solvents (water, methanol, ethanol, acetone) and their mixtures, in a ratio of 50:50 (v/v) (water: methanol, water: ethanol, water: acetone) were used for extraction. The solid-to-solvent ratio was 1:10. The influence of solvents on phenolic extraction, as well as the effect of ultrasonic extraction was investigated. The samples were subjected to ultrasound for 15 minutes. The total phenolic content was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and the antioxidant activity of the extracts by FRAP and DPPH methods. The obtained results indicate the importance of choosing an adequate extraction solvent for phenolic isolation from plant material. Mixtures of organic solvents and water, especially a mixture of water and acetone, are the most suitable for the extraction of phenolic compounds. At the same time, a positive correlation was established between the content of total phenols and the antioxidant activity of the extracts. This suggests that phenols contribute significantly to the antioxidant properties of pumpkin leaves. The results showed the potential medicinal properties of pumpkin leaves but further studies are needed to identify, characterize and isolate different bioactive components, which could be used as a basis for obtaining new drugs for the treatment of various diseases.","PeriodicalId":14371,"journal":{"name":"International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81250222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-20DOI: 10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i3814
N. J. Maduelosi, F. Chuku
The effects of varying concentration of Acrylamide copolymer (an effective fluid loss control additive) and temperature on fluid loss in oil well cementing was studied. The fluid loss of neat cement (Dyckerhoff Class G), fluid loss property of cement slurry with varying concentration of acrylamide copolymer, and effects of temperature in cement slurry with acrylamide copolymer were investigated at temperature range of 48-82oC bottom hole circulating temperature and pressure of 3500 psi. The concentrations of the copolymer studied were 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 percentage by weight of cement. Thickening time tests were also carried out. The fluid loss value decreased with increase in concentration of acrylamide irrespective of the temperature. At low concentration of the additive, the activity of the copolymer as a fluid loss additive was influenced by temperature. The findings from the research show that fluid loss of cement with the copolymer is a function of temperature and concentration of the copolymer.
{"title":"Effects of Acrylamide Copolymer in Fluid Loss Property on Oil Well Cementing","authors":"N. J. Maduelosi, F. Chuku","doi":"10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i3814","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i3814","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of varying concentration of Acrylamide copolymer (an effective fluid loss control additive) and temperature on fluid loss in oil well cementing was studied. The fluid loss of neat cement (Dyckerhoff Class G), fluid loss property of cement slurry with varying concentration of acrylamide copolymer, and effects of temperature in cement slurry with acrylamide copolymer were investigated at temperature range of 48-82oC bottom hole circulating temperature and pressure of 3500 psi. The concentrations of the copolymer studied were 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 percentage by weight of cement. Thickening time tests were also carried out. The fluid loss value decreased with increase in concentration of acrylamide irrespective of the temperature. At low concentration of the additive, the activity of the copolymer as a fluid loss additive was influenced by temperature. The findings from the research show that fluid loss of cement with the copolymer is a function of temperature and concentration of the copolymer.","PeriodicalId":14371,"journal":{"name":"International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81704315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aims: The general objective of this study was to evaluate heavy metals [Molybdenum (Mo), Cobalt (Co), Cadmium (Cd), Nickel (Ni), Antimony (Sb), Bismuth (Bi)] in the sediments of the Mfouati River near the area impacted by the mining operation. Study Design: The sediments were collected in the area near the abandoned plant and in the vicinity. At the end of the sampling, the samples were analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Place and Duration of Study: Sediments were collected in the Mfouati River near the area impacted by the mining operation, these samples were taken in September 2021. Methodology: X-ray diffraction was performed on the sediments of the Mfouati River, the physico-chemical parameters were measured with a Hanna type apparatus. The contents of heavy metals (Mo, Co, Cd, Ni, Sb, Bi) in the sediments were measured by optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The level of metallic contamination, the indices of evaluation of the contamination (FC, FE, Igeo) were calculated by using the expressions which exist in the literature. Results: The results obtained show that the physical-chemical parameters (pH, EC and TDS) measured are within the standards (WHO). Only the pH which presents a slightly acid character at the stations (S4, S5, S6). The heavy metal contents found (mg/Kg) vary between Mo: [0,05-23] ; Co:[10-39] ; Cd[0,1-63] ; Ni[7-36] ; Bi[0,164-0,169] ; Sb[1-29]. X-ray diffraction showed the presence of the following minerals: Talc and Kaolinite. The results of contamination factor showed the following order:FC(Cd)> FC(Sb) >FC(Mo) >FC(Co) >FC(Bi) >FC(Ni);enrichment factor the order is as follows: FE(Cd)>FE(Sb)>FE(Fe) >FE(Bi) >FE(Mo); geo accumulation index the order is as follows:Igeo(Ni)>Igeo(Co) >Igeo(Mo) >Igeo(Sb) >Igeo(Cd) >Igeo(Bi). Conclusion: The levels of metals Co, Cd, Ni, Sb, Mo in the sediments of the Mfouati River are higher than the concentrations in the terrestrial crust.
{"title":"Statistical Approach of Selected Heavy Metals in the Sediments of the Mfouati River (South of Congo Brazzaville)","authors":"Ifo Grace Mazel, Kouhounina Banzouzi Merline Lady, Diamouangana Mpissi Zita Flora, Tchoumou Martin","doi":"10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i3813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i3813","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: The general objective of this study was to evaluate heavy metals [Molybdenum (Mo), Cobalt (Co), Cadmium (Cd), Nickel (Ni), Antimony (Sb), Bismuth (Bi)] in the sediments of the Mfouati River near the area impacted by the mining operation. \u0000Study Design: The sediments were collected in the area near the abandoned plant and in the vicinity. At the end of the sampling, the samples were analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). \u0000Place and Duration of Study: Sediments were collected in the Mfouati River near the area impacted by the mining operation, these samples were taken in September 2021. \u0000Methodology: X-ray diffraction was performed on the sediments of the Mfouati River, the physico-chemical parameters were measured with a Hanna type apparatus. The contents of heavy metals (Mo, Co, Cd, Ni, Sb, Bi) in the sediments were measured by optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The level of metallic contamination, the indices of evaluation of the contamination (FC, FE, Igeo) were calculated by using the expressions which exist in the literature. \u0000Results: The results obtained show that the physical-chemical parameters (pH, EC and TDS) measured are within the standards (WHO). Only the pH which presents a slightly acid character at the stations (S4, S5, S6). The heavy metal contents found (mg/Kg) vary between Mo: [0,05-23] ; Co:[10-39] ; Cd[0,1-63] ; Ni[7-36] ; Bi[0,164-0,169] ; Sb[1-29]. X-ray diffraction showed the presence of the following minerals: Talc and Kaolinite. The results of contamination factor showed the following order:FC(Cd)> FC(Sb) >FC(Mo) >FC(Co) >FC(Bi) >FC(Ni);enrichment factor the order is as follows: FE(Cd)>FE(Sb)>FE(Fe) >FE(Bi) >FE(Mo); geo accumulation index the order is as follows:Igeo(Ni)>Igeo(Co) >Igeo(Mo) >Igeo(Sb) >Igeo(Cd) >Igeo(Bi). \u0000Conclusion: The levels of metals Co, Cd, Ni, Sb, Mo in the sediments of the Mfouati River are higher than the concentrations in the terrestrial crust.","PeriodicalId":14371,"journal":{"name":"International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83262166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-29DOI: 10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i3812
Falodun, Tosin Olanrewaju, Boisa Ndokiari, Ideriah Tubonimi Joseph Kio, K. J. Lelesi
Aim: The aim of this study is to generate and investigate oral bioaccessibility based on the health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) in fly ash from waste tyres and petroleum products in Rivers State, Nigeria. Study Design: Crude oil, crude oil asphalt, artisanal diesel, refined diesel, waste engine oil and waste tyres samples were collected and incinerated. The different fly ash samples were analyzed with GC-MS. Place and Duration of Study: Rivers State is a state that is rich in oil in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria. The State has been experiencing the release of soot into the environment for more than five (5) years now. This soot is noticeable to all residents of Port Harcourt and its environment with soot covering both indoor and outdoor objects such as clothes, cars, houses, floors, soil, water body, etc. The five (5) petroleum products and waste tyres samples were collected and incinerated for six (6) weeks (22nd of June to 7th of August 2021). Methodology: The petroleum products and waste tyres samples were collected and incinerated. The different fly ash samples were collected after combustion daily. The total and oral bioaccessible PAH concentrations were determined using GC-MS. The oral bioaccessibility of PAHs in the fly ash was evaluated using the physiologically-based extraction test method (PBET) to determine the bioaccessible concentrations of 16 priority US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) PAHs in fly ash samples. The results obtained for PAHs were used for health risk assessment. Results: A wider range of total PAH concentrations were observed in the six (6) fly ash samples from 49.71 to 926.62 mg/kg. The PAHs concentrations were significantly higher in higher molecular weight PAHs (with benzene of 4-5-6 rings) than lower molecular weight PAHs (benzene of 2-3 rings). Naphthalene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, and fluorene with 2-3 ring structures had the highest bioaccessible concentrations in both gastric and gastrointestinal phases of all the six fly ash samples studied. Flourene had the maximum percentage bioaccessibility of 91.30 % in the gastric phase from locally refined diesel fly ash whilst acenaphthene had a maximum percentage bioaccessibility of 98.75% in the gastrointestinal phase from crude oil asphalt fly ash. Conclusion: Data obtained from this study indicated that crude oil fly ash is a potential point source of toxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with significant levels of health risk to humans.
{"title":"Oral Bioaccessibility of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Fly Ash Derived from Incineration of Petroleum Products and Waste Motor Tyres","authors":"Falodun, Tosin Olanrewaju, Boisa Ndokiari, Ideriah Tubonimi Joseph Kio, K. J. Lelesi","doi":"10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i3812","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i3812","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: The aim of this study is to generate and investigate oral bioaccessibility based on the health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) in fly ash from waste tyres and petroleum products in Rivers State, Nigeria. \u0000Study Design: Crude oil, crude oil asphalt, artisanal diesel, refined diesel, waste engine oil and waste tyres samples were collected and incinerated. The different fly ash samples were analyzed with GC-MS. \u0000Place and Duration of Study: Rivers State is a state that is rich in oil in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria. The State has been experiencing the release of soot into the environment for more than five (5) years now. This soot is noticeable to all residents of Port Harcourt and its environment with soot covering both indoor and outdoor objects such as clothes, cars, houses, floors, soil, water body, etc. The five (5) petroleum products and waste tyres samples were collected and incinerated for six (6) weeks (22nd of June to 7th of August 2021). \u0000Methodology: The petroleum products and waste tyres samples were collected and incinerated. The different fly ash samples were collected after combustion daily. The total and oral bioaccessible PAH concentrations were determined using GC-MS. The oral bioaccessibility of PAHs in the fly ash was evaluated using the physiologically-based extraction test method (PBET) to determine the bioaccessible concentrations of 16 priority US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) PAHs in fly ash samples. The results obtained for PAHs were used for health risk assessment. \u0000Results: A wider range of total PAH concentrations were observed in the six (6) fly ash samples from 49.71 to 926.62 mg/kg. The PAHs concentrations were significantly higher in higher molecular weight PAHs (with benzene of 4-5-6 rings) than lower molecular weight PAHs (benzene of 2-3 rings). Naphthalene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, and fluorene with 2-3 ring structures had the highest bioaccessible concentrations in both gastric and gastrointestinal phases of all the six fly ash samples studied. Flourene had the maximum percentage bioaccessibility of 91.30 % in the gastric phase from locally refined diesel fly ash whilst acenaphthene had a maximum percentage bioaccessibility of 98.75% in the gastrointestinal phase from crude oil asphalt fly ash. \u0000Conclusion: Data obtained from this study indicated that crude oil fly ash is a potential point source of toxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with significant levels of health risk to humans.","PeriodicalId":14371,"journal":{"name":"International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89461118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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