Pub Date : 2023-09-23DOI: 10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i5831
Sumeir Walia
The experiment aimed at establishing a link between the varying concentration of the electrolyte in one half-cell of a concentration cell and the resulting EMF generated across the cell. Further, it also drew a connection between this variation and the change in Gibbs free energy for the electrochemical reaction. The change in Gibbs free energy calculated for the electrochemical reaction for each C2 value indicated a decreasing trend with an increasing C2 concentration. It was thus observed that as C2 increased, or the difference in concentrations of the two electrolytes decreased, the spontaneity of the reaction decreased. Reduction occurs at the negatively charged cathode and oxidation occurs at the positively charged anode. Here, aqueous NaCl is undergoing electrolysis – where the Cl-1 ions are attracted to the positive anode and get oxidized due to the loss of electrons and emerge as chlorine Cl2 gas.
{"title":"Correlation between EMF and Gibbs Free Energy, and the Relative Concentration of Electrolytes in a Concentration Cell","authors":"Sumeir Walia","doi":"10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i5831","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i5831","url":null,"abstract":"The experiment aimed at establishing a link between the varying concentration of the electrolyte in one half-cell of a concentration cell and the resulting EMF generated across the cell. Further, it also drew a connection between this variation and the change in Gibbs free energy for the electrochemical reaction. The change in Gibbs free energy calculated for the electrochemical reaction for each C2 value indicated a decreasing trend with an increasing C2 concentration. It was thus observed that as C2 increased, or the difference in concentrations of the two electrolytes decreased, the spontaneity of the reaction decreased. Reduction occurs at the negatively charged cathode and oxidation occurs at the positively charged anode. Here, aqueous NaCl is undergoing electrolysis – where the Cl-1 ions are attracted to the positive anode and get oxidized due to the loss of electrons and emerge as chlorine Cl2 gas.","PeriodicalId":14371,"journal":{"name":"International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135958971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-22DOI: 10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i5830
João Rufino de Freitas Filho, Jucleiton José Rufino de Freitas, Pedro Ramos de Souza Neto, Fabrícia Aparecida Marques de Souza, Adiel Soares Ferreira, Anne Gabrielle Marques da Silva, Francisco Antonio Mabson Henrique Lopes, Marcilio Martins de Moraes, Clécio Souza Ramos, Ronaldo Nascimentos de Oliveira
The anomeric effect in carbohydrate chemistry is known as the interaction between the OHd substituent at the anomeric position to favor an axial orientation rather than an equatorial one, despite the increased 1,3-diaxial interactions. In the anomeric effect, a sugar ring is stabilized by an electronegative substituent at the C1 carbon, also known as the anomeric carbon. The stabilization is thought to result from interactions between lone electron pairs on oxygen and a C1 antibonding orbital. On the other hand, the anomeric effect can be of two types: endo-anomeric and exo-anomeric. The effect is called endo-anomeric when the lone pair comes from the oxygen atom in the sugar ring and exo-anomeric when the lone pair comes from oxygen in a substituent on C1. Several factors influence the anomeric effect. In this way, this review aims to describe the recent advances in main theories, observations, and advances achieved in the last decades related to the anomeric effect.
GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
{"title":"Recent Advances Related to Anomeric and Exo-anomeric Effects in Carbohydrate Chemistry","authors":"João Rufino de Freitas Filho, Jucleiton José Rufino de Freitas, Pedro Ramos de Souza Neto, Fabrícia Aparecida Marques de Souza, Adiel Soares Ferreira, Anne Gabrielle Marques da Silva, Francisco Antonio Mabson Henrique Lopes, Marcilio Martins de Moraes, Clécio Souza Ramos, Ronaldo Nascimentos de Oliveira","doi":"10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i5830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i5830","url":null,"abstract":"The anomeric effect in carbohydrate chemistry is known as the interaction between the OHd substituent at the anomeric position to favor an axial orientation rather than an equatorial one, despite the increased 1,3-diaxial interactions. In the anomeric effect, a sugar ring is stabilized by an electronegative substituent at the C1 carbon, also known as the anomeric carbon. The stabilization is thought to result from interactions between lone electron pairs on oxygen and a C1 antibonding orbital. On the other hand, the anomeric effect can be of two types: endo-anomeric and exo-anomeric. The effect is called endo-anomeric when the lone pair comes from the oxygen atom in the sugar ring and exo-anomeric when the lone pair comes from oxygen in a substituent on C1. Several factors influence the anomeric effect. In this way, this review aims to describe the recent advances in main theories, observations, and advances achieved in the last decades related to the anomeric effect.
 GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
","PeriodicalId":14371,"journal":{"name":"International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136060767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-22DOI: 10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i5829
Iwekumo E. Agbozu, Omatosan P. Wategire
Oilfield Produced Water is one of the amplest wastes resulting from oil and gas operations and it’s of great industrial concern due to its quantity, concentration, and cost of treatment; thus, it needs cheaper and more available options. Peat being an option is a renewable brown deposit resembling soil, formed as a result of an accumulation of organic matter, also known to have a rich carbon content. This research work aims to comparatively synthesize peat soil with ZnCl2 and H3PO4, carbonize, characterize, and determine the efficiency of heavy metal adsorption in Oilfield Produced Water. The peat samples were collected from Warri City commonly referred to as Oil City in southern Nigeria and were impregnated with ZnCl2 (PAC-ZC); H3PO4 (PAC-HP); ZnCl2 and H3PO4 at a ratio of 1:1 (PAC-ZC+HP) and with De-ionized water as control (PAC-D). After activation, peat was carbonized at 400oC for 1 hour. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analysis showed all five samples have a strong silicate ion peak between 998.9 - 1028.7cm-1, the presence of Vincy C-H group at 909.5cm-1, broad shaped polar O-H bond between 369.5 – 3623.0cm-1 and an adsorption peak between 2929.7 – 2012.8cm-1 which disappeared after activation and carbonization. Scanning Electron Microscopy micrograph shows a surface enhancement after activation and carbonization. The heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Ni, Zn & Fe) level in the Oilfield Produced Water was analyzed before and after treatment with Peat Activated Carbon using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Four dosages (1,2,3, and 4g) of each Peat Activated Carbon were used to treat 100ml of Oilfield Produced Water. PAC-ZC and PAC-ZC+HP showed 100% efficiency in the removal of turbidity, Pb, Cu, Ni, and Fe. However, the overall efficiency trend of the adsorption capacity of the Peat Activated Carbon was PAC-ZC > PAC-ZC+HP > PAC-HP > PAC-D. With the experimental result, PAC-ZC and PAC-ZC+HP can be used as treatment options for Oilfield Produced Water.
{"title":"Comparative Carbon Synthesis of Peat using ZnCl2 and H3PO4 for Heavy Metal Adsorption in Oilfield Produced Water","authors":"Iwekumo E. Agbozu, Omatosan P. Wategire","doi":"10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i5829","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i5829","url":null,"abstract":"Oilfield Produced Water is one of the amplest wastes resulting from oil and gas operations and it’s of great industrial concern due to its quantity, concentration, and cost of treatment; thus, it needs cheaper and more available options. Peat being an option is a renewable brown deposit resembling soil, formed as a result of an accumulation of organic matter, also known to have a rich carbon content. This research work aims to comparatively synthesize peat soil with ZnCl2 and H3PO4, carbonize, characterize, and determine the efficiency of heavy metal adsorption in Oilfield Produced Water. The peat samples were collected from Warri City commonly referred to as Oil City in southern Nigeria and were impregnated with ZnCl2 (PAC-ZC); H3PO4 (PAC-HP); ZnCl2 and H3PO4 at a ratio of 1:1 (PAC-ZC+HP) and with De-ionized water as control (PAC-D). After activation, peat was carbonized at 400oC for 1 hour. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analysis showed all five samples have a strong silicate ion peak between 998.9 - 1028.7cm-1, the presence of Vincy C-H group at 909.5cm-1, broad shaped polar O-H bond between 369.5 – 3623.0cm-1 and an adsorption peak between 2929.7 – 2012.8cm-1 which disappeared after activation and carbonization. Scanning Electron Microscopy micrograph shows a surface enhancement after activation and carbonization. The heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Ni, Zn & Fe) level in the Oilfield Produced Water was analyzed before and after treatment with Peat Activated Carbon using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Four dosages (1,2,3, and 4g) of each Peat Activated Carbon were used to treat 100ml of Oilfield Produced Water. PAC-ZC and PAC-ZC+HP showed 100% efficiency in the removal of turbidity, Pb, Cu, Ni, and Fe. However, the overall efficiency trend of the adsorption capacity of the Peat Activated Carbon was PAC-ZC > PAC-ZC+HP > PAC-HP > PAC-D. With the experimental result, PAC-ZC and PAC-ZC+HP can be used as treatment options for Oilfield Produced Water.","PeriodicalId":14371,"journal":{"name":"International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136011279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-20DOI: 10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i5828
Matthew Onyema Agu, Blessing Ifeyinwa Tabugbo, Vincent Nwalieji Okafor, Maryjane Onyinyechi Ikeji
Hops (Humulus lulpulus) give beer its brewing qualities (iso-alpha acid and essential oil). Hop acid is responsible for bitterness while hop essential oil is responsible for aroma and palate fullness. The aim of the study is to investigate the potentiality of substituting hop oil with neem (Azadrichta indica) oil in beer brewing. The oils were analyzed using Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic technique after extracting the oil by solvent extraction. Hydrocarbon and Sulphur contents were also investigated using their standard methods. FTIR results show that both oils contain similar functional groups. It was observed that some hydrocarbons (myrcene, ocimene and α and β-pinene) present in essential oil of hop were also present in neem leaf oil. Volatile sulphur compounds such as dimethyl sulphide, dimethyl disulphide and dimethyl trisulphide present in hop oil were also found in neem oil. This study revealed that neem oil could be used as a substitute for hop oil in aroma enhancement in beer.
{"title":"Comparative Analysis of the Essential Oil Contents of Azadrichta indica and Humulus lulpulus: Could Azadrichta indica Substitute Humulus lulpulus in Beer Brewing?","authors":"Matthew Onyema Agu, Blessing Ifeyinwa Tabugbo, Vincent Nwalieji Okafor, Maryjane Onyinyechi Ikeji","doi":"10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i5828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i5828","url":null,"abstract":"Hops (Humulus lulpulus) give beer its brewing qualities (iso-alpha acid and essential oil). Hop acid is responsible for bitterness while hop essential oil is responsible for aroma and palate fullness. The aim of the study is to investigate the potentiality of substituting hop oil with neem (Azadrichta indica) oil in beer brewing. The oils were analyzed using Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic technique after extracting the oil by solvent extraction. Hydrocarbon and Sulphur contents were also investigated using their standard methods. FTIR results show that both oils contain similar functional groups. It was observed that some hydrocarbons (myrcene, ocimene and α and β-pinene) present in essential oil of hop were also present in neem leaf oil. Volatile sulphur compounds such as dimethyl sulphide, dimethyl disulphide and dimethyl trisulphide present in hop oil were also found in neem oil. This study revealed that neem oil could be used as a substitute for hop oil in aroma enhancement in beer.","PeriodicalId":14371,"journal":{"name":"International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136312995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-16DOI: 10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i5827
Jin-Won Park
Urease was covalently immobilized on the magnetic particles without and with polymer between the urease and the particle. The polymer insertion enhanced the conversion from urea to bicarbonate. The ureases were immobilized on the magnetic microparticles through covalent bonds. 150 μL of stock solution of 3 μm diameter particles was washed three times with 20 mM MES rubbing solution at pH 6.0. The results of this study seem to be useful in designing a reactor for recycling wastewater generated in the semiconductor process.
将脲酶共价固定在磁性颗粒上，脲酶与磁性颗粒之间有聚合物和无聚合物。聚合物的加入促进了尿素向碳酸氢盐的转化。这些酶通过共价键固定在磁性微粒上。取粒径为3 μm的原液150 μL，用20 mM MES摩擦液在pH 6.0下洗涤3次。这项研究的结果似乎对设计用于回收半导体过程中产生的废水的反应器有用。
{"title":"Polymer-insertion Effect on Urea Conversion Kinetics via Enzymes Immobilized on Magnetic Microparticles","authors":"Jin-Won Park","doi":"10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i5827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i5827","url":null,"abstract":"Urease was covalently immobilized on the magnetic particles without and with polymer between the urease and the particle. The polymer insertion enhanced the conversion from urea to bicarbonate. The ureases were immobilized on the magnetic microparticles through covalent bonds. 150 μL of stock solution of 3 μm diameter particles was washed three times with 20 mM MES rubbing solution at pH 6.0. The results of this study seem to be useful in designing a reactor for recycling wastewater generated in the semiconductor process.","PeriodicalId":14371,"journal":{"name":"International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135306784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-13DOI: 10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i5826
A. B. Fawehinmi, Hassan Lawal, E. U. Chimezie, T. I. Fasan, A. T. Ola-Adedoyin
In rural communities of the poor developing economies, dermatophytic infections have become pandermic with about 20-25% of the population affected. The present study was carried out to produce medicinal soaps with antibacterial and antifungal activities using leaf extracts of Acalypha wilkesiana. We compared the antimicrobial properties of different concentrations of the extract of the plant in soap production and the chemical parameters of the produced soap were determined. The soap containing 15% Acalypha wilkesiana showed more activities against clinical strains of Candida albicans and Staphyloccocus aureus at all concentrations with zones of inhibition between 6 – 18 mm compared to values obtained against Proteus mirabilis and pseudomonas aeruginosa. However, soap containing 10% of the medicinal plant was not active against all the test microorganisms at lower concentrations of 10 and 100 µg/mL but the activity increased with increased concentration of the active ingredient in the soap to 1000 and 10,000 µg/mL. However, the soap containing 5% medicinal plant was not active at any of the concentrations. The chemical parameters determined indicated that Total fatty matter (TFM) 47% is within the acceptable limit. The values obtained for Matter insoluble in water (18%), matter insoluble in alcohol (0.5%), Total free acidity (0.7%), Moisture content (7%), pH(10.5) and % Free alkali as Na2O (6.19%) were all within acceptable limit. The Foam stability was determined to be 3.98 mins. It is therefore obvious that the soap containing 15% Acalypha wilkesiana is more effective against the test microorganisms compared to 10% and could be utilized for the management of skin infections.
{"title":"Antibacterial Properties and Chemical Parameters Determination of Medicinal Soap Produced with Acalypha wilkesiana Plant Extracts","authors":"A. B. Fawehinmi, Hassan Lawal, E. U. Chimezie, T. I. Fasan, A. T. Ola-Adedoyin","doi":"10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i5826","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i5826","url":null,"abstract":"In rural communities of the poor developing economies, dermatophytic infections have become pandermic with about 20-25% of the population affected. The present study was carried out to produce medicinal soaps with antibacterial and antifungal activities using leaf extracts of Acalypha wilkesiana. We compared the antimicrobial properties of different concentrations of the extract of the plant in soap production and the chemical parameters of the produced soap were determined. The soap containing 15% Acalypha wilkesiana showed more activities against clinical strains of Candida albicans and Staphyloccocus aureus at all concentrations with zones of inhibition between 6 – 18 mm compared to values obtained against Proteus mirabilis and pseudomonas aeruginosa. However, soap containing 10% of the medicinal plant was not active against all the test microorganisms at lower concentrations of 10 and 100 µg/mL but the activity increased with increased concentration of the active ingredient in the soap to 1000 and 10,000 µg/mL. However, the soap containing 5% medicinal plant was not active at any of the concentrations. The chemical parameters determined indicated that Total fatty matter (TFM) 47% is within the acceptable limit. The values obtained for Matter insoluble in water (18%), matter insoluble in alcohol (0.5%), Total free acidity (0.7%), Moisture content (7%), pH(10.5) and % Free alkali as Na2O (6.19%) were all within acceptable limit. The Foam stability was determined to be 3.98 mins. It is therefore obvious that the soap containing 15% Acalypha wilkesiana is more effective against the test microorganisms compared to 10% and could be utilized for the management of skin infections.","PeriodicalId":14371,"journal":{"name":"International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135740584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-11DOI: 10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i5825
Ugochukwu. B. Amadi, Martin. O. C. Ogwuegbu, Conrad. K. Enenebeaku, Gerald. O. Onyedika
Hydrazinecarbothioamides are important intermediates with biological activities in organic chemistry synthesis, especially in the synthesis of biologically active heterocyclic scaffolds and compounds. The uniqueness in of synthesis and a wild range of pharmaceutical, medicinal biological potentials and properties, their preferred application as building brick in and the synthesis of heterocyclic and other important organic compounds and nonlinear optical (NLO) materials have made them attractive derivatives of thiosemicarbazides in the recent years. In this review, a detailed account in terms of synthesis and applications of their hydrazone derivatives and their lanthanide complexes are presented .Further, the biological and analytical applications of newly reported ligands and their complexes are reported. The wide investigation of the lanthanide (III) coordination complexes with organic ligands are mainly due to their structures and strong potential biological and pharmacological properties of hydrazones as derivatives of hydrazinecarbothioamides possess sites that play important roles in the formation of heterocyclics and other biologically active scaffolds.
{"title":"A Review on Synthesis, Lanthanide Complexes and Biological Activites of Hydrazone Derivatives of Hydrazinecarbothioamides","authors":"Ugochukwu. B. Amadi, Martin. O. C. Ogwuegbu, Conrad. K. Enenebeaku, Gerald. O. Onyedika","doi":"10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i5825","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i5825","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrazinecarbothioamides are important intermediates with biological activities in organic chemistry synthesis, especially in the synthesis of biologically active heterocyclic scaffolds and compounds. The uniqueness in of synthesis and a wild range of pharmaceutical, medicinal biological potentials and properties, their preferred application as building brick in and the synthesis of heterocyclic and other important organic compounds and nonlinear optical (NLO) materials have made them attractive derivatives of thiosemicarbazides in the recent years. In this review, a detailed account in terms of synthesis and applications of their hydrazone derivatives and their lanthanide complexes are presented .Further, the biological and analytical applications of newly reported ligands and their complexes are reported. The wide investigation of the lanthanide (III) coordination complexes with organic ligands are mainly due to their structures and strong potential biological and pharmacological properties of hydrazones as derivatives of hydrazinecarbothioamides possess sites that play important roles in the formation of heterocyclics and other biologically active scaffolds.","PeriodicalId":14371,"journal":{"name":"International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135979458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-02DOI: 10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i5824
N. V. L. Suvarchala, Reddy V a, M. G. Raju, Keerthana Edunoori, Jyothi Papani
Around the world, 50 million people suffer with epilepsy; it significantly burdens society in terms of finances, society, and health. Our comprehension of the pathophysiological processes causing the illness and the factors affecting its prognosis has significantly advanced during the last ten years. Around a third of patients are still resistive to medical intervention, despite the fact that the number of antiepileptic drugs has expanded dramatically over the past 20 years. The ability of nanotech-based anti-epileptic drug (AED) administration methods to cross the blood brain barrier, increase specificity, and have the capacity for extended brain administration of drugs have lately attracted interest. Nanotechnology appears to be a promising and innovative development in this area. Nano emulsions have a mean droplet size of 20 to 200 nm and remain kinetically stable dispersions of two incompatible liquids with the assistance of an emulsifier or emulsifiers. The effectiveness of NEs as a delivery system for Central Nervous System-active medications used in effective regimens against difficult-to-treat CNS conditions.
{"title":"Nano Emulsion: The Targeted Drug Delivery in the Therapy of Epilepsy","authors":"N. V. L. Suvarchala, Reddy V a, M. G. Raju, Keerthana Edunoori, Jyothi Papani","doi":"10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i5824","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i5824","url":null,"abstract":"Around the world, 50 million people suffer with epilepsy; it significantly burdens society in terms of finances, society, and health. Our comprehension of the pathophysiological processes causing the illness and the factors affecting its prognosis has significantly advanced during the last ten years. Around a third of patients are still resistive to medical intervention, despite the fact that the number of antiepileptic drugs has expanded dramatically over the past 20 years. The ability of nanotech-based anti-epileptic drug (AED) administration methods to cross the blood brain barrier, increase specificity, and have the capacity for extended brain administration of drugs have lately attracted interest. Nanotechnology appears to be a promising and innovative development in this area. Nano emulsions have a mean droplet size of 20 to 200 nm and remain kinetically stable dispersions of two incompatible liquids with the assistance of an emulsifier or emulsifiers. The effectiveness of NEs as a delivery system for Central Nervous System-active medications used in effective regimens against difficult-to-treat CNS conditions.","PeriodicalId":14371,"journal":{"name":"International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75007129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-29DOI: 10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i5823
A. Fall, Ndiouga Fall, T. Seck, I. Thiam, O. Diouf, M. Gaye
The unsymmetric monocarbonohydrazide Schiff base (H5L1) (1) and the symmetric dicarbonohydrazone (H4L2) (2) were prepared from a monocondensation reaction between carbonohydrazide and 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde, respectively, in 1/1 and 1/2 ratio. The compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, 1H and 13C NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. The NMR and FTIR data analysis revealed that compounds (1) and (2) are in the amide form in the solid state as well as in DMSO solution. The molecular structure of each Schiff base compound has been elucidated by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Compound H5L1 (1) crystallizes in the monoclinic system in P21/c space group with cell parameters: a = 17.0790(2) Å, b = 11.07410(10) Å, c = 10.56110(10) Å, b = 106.5730(10) °, V = 1914.49(3) Å3 , Z = 4, R1 = 0.0432, wR2 = 0.1275 . The compound H4L2 (2) crystallizes in the orthorhombic system in C2221 space group with cell parameters; a = 4.5494 (1) Å, b = 12.2213 (2) Å, c = 27.4001 (6) Å, V = 1523.43 (5) Å3 , Z = 4, R1 = 0.039 , wR2 = 0.125 . Both compounds exhibit inter and intramolecular hydrogen bonds which consolidate the structures into three-dimensional networks.
以羰基肼和2-羟基苯甲醛为原料，以1/1和1/2的比例进行单缩合反应，制备了非对称的单羰基肼希夫碱(H5L1)(1)和对称的二羰基肼(H4L2)(2)。通过元素分析、1H、13C NMR和FTIR光谱对化合物进行了表征。NMR和FTIR数据分析表明，化合物(1)和(2)在固体和DMSO溶液中均以酰胺形式存在。通过单晶x射线衍射分析，确定了每一种希夫碱化合物的分子结构。化合物H5L1(1)在P21/c空间群单斜晶系中结晶，晶胞参数为:a = 17.0790(2) Å， b = 11.07410(10) Å， c = 10.56110(10) Å， b = 106.5730(10)°，V = 1914.49(3) Å3, Z = 4, R1 = 0.0432, wR2 = 0.1275。化合物H4L2(2)在C2221空间群中的正交晶化;a = 4.5494 (1) Å， b = 12.2213 (2) Å， c = 27.4001 (6) Å， V = 1523.43 (5) Å3, Z = 4, R1 = 0.039, wR2 = 0.125。这两种化合物都表现出分子间和分子内的氢键，将结构巩固成三维网络。
{"title":"Synthesis of Mono and Bis-Substituted Compounds 1-(2-hydroxybenzylidene) Carbonohydrazide and 1, 5-bis(2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde) Carbohydrazone: Study Spectroscopy and X-ray Diffraction","authors":"A. Fall, Ndiouga Fall, T. Seck, I. Thiam, O. Diouf, M. Gaye","doi":"10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i5823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i5823","url":null,"abstract":"The unsymmetric monocarbonohydrazide Schiff base (H5L1) (1) and the symmetric dicarbonohydrazone (H4L2) (2) were prepared from a monocondensation reaction between carbonohydrazide and 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde, respectively, in 1/1 and 1/2 ratio. The compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, 1H and 13C NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. The NMR and FTIR data analysis revealed that compounds (1) and (2) are in the amide form in the solid state as well as in DMSO solution. The molecular structure of each Schiff base compound has been elucidated by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Compound H5L1 (1) crystallizes in the monoclinic system in P21/c space group with cell parameters: a = 17.0790(2) Å, b = 11.07410(10) Å, c = 10.56110(10) Å, b = 106.5730(10) °, V = 1914.49(3) Å3 , Z = 4, R1 = 0.0432, wR2 = 0.1275 . The compound H4L2 (2) crystallizes in the orthorhombic system in C2221 space group with cell parameters; a = 4.5494 (1) Å, b = 12.2213 (2) Å, c = 27.4001 (6) Å, V = 1523.43 (5) Å3 , Z = 4, R1 = 0.039 , wR2 = 0.125 . Both compounds exhibit inter and intramolecular hydrogen bonds which consolidate the structures into three-dimensional networks.","PeriodicalId":14371,"journal":{"name":"International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89136971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-28DOI: 10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i5822
Victor Enearepuadoh. Orodu, O. Benson
The levels of sulphate, nitrate, and phosphate in soil samples taken from farmlands in Kaiama and Imiringi communities in Bayelsa State Nigeria, have been determined. Soil samples were taken from various depths using hand auger and analyzed for the above mentioned plant nutrients content. For the month of September, both Kaiama and Imiringi control sites had values for nitrate and phosphate greater than those in the farmlands at all depths. In contrast, the values of sulphate in the farmlands were greater than those in the control. In October, the values for sulphate and phosphate were greater in the control in all cases while nitrates were greater in the farmlands. Comparatively, the November results had all values greater in the control soil than in the farmlands in Imiringi while Kaiama showed higher values for only phosphate and sulphate in the control but lower values for nitrates in the control than in the farmlands, at all depths. When soil depths are compared, values of phosphate and sulphate increased with increasing depth in the control and the farmlands in both communities. Conversely, the opposite trend was observed for nitrates during the study period. The statistical analysis showed significant differences in the means of nitrate, sulphate, and phosphate levels between the control and farmland at all depths and months except the nitrate level in November at 10 cm, which showed no significant difference (p = 0.28) in the means between the control and farmland.
{"title":"Comparative Analysis of Nitrates, Sulphates and Phosphates Levels in Soil from Selected Farmlands in Kaiama and Imiringi in Bayelsa State, Nigeria","authors":"Victor Enearepuadoh. Orodu, O. Benson","doi":"10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i5822","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i5822","url":null,"abstract":"The levels of sulphate, nitrate, and phosphate in soil samples taken from farmlands in Kaiama and Imiringi communities in Bayelsa State Nigeria, have been determined. Soil samples were taken from various depths using hand auger and analyzed for the above mentioned plant nutrients content. For the month of September, both Kaiama and Imiringi control sites had values for nitrate and phosphate greater than those in the farmlands at all depths. In contrast, the values of sulphate in the farmlands were greater than those in the control. In October, the values for sulphate and phosphate were greater in the control in all cases while nitrates were greater in the farmlands. Comparatively, the November results had all values greater in the control soil than in the farmlands in Imiringi while Kaiama showed higher values for only phosphate and sulphate in the control but lower values for nitrates in the control than in the farmlands, at all depths. When soil depths are compared, values of phosphate and sulphate increased with increasing depth in the control and the farmlands in both communities. Conversely, the opposite trend was observed for nitrates during the study period. The statistical analysis showed significant differences in the means of nitrate, sulphate, and phosphate levels between the control and farmland at all depths and months except the nitrate level in November at 10 cm, which showed no significant difference (p = 0.28) in the means between the control and farmland.","PeriodicalId":14371,"journal":{"name":"International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91234426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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