Pub Date : 2023-01-16DOI: 10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i1799
Justin Nnaemeka Okorondu, L. Izunobi, Sylvester Ifunanya Okorondu, Joseph Ikechukwu Nwachukwu, S. Abrakasa
There have been several remediation techniques for oil spill-impacted soil in the Nigerian Niger Delta which has not given the much-desired results as the methods used were either inappropriate for the environment or ineffective for the different soil types in the Niger Delta. Bioremediation is a cost-effective and environmentally friendly technology that exploits the capabilities of microorganisms to degrade organic pollutants leading to complete mineralization. It has become the most preferred technique for oil spill remediation on soil in Nigeria. This study is aimed at developing a biodegradation model using biodegradation ratios of a biostimulated biodegradation experiment on crude oil polluted/spiked soil. The model design criteria involve inoculating varying amounts of nutrients (N.P.K fertilizer) into a soil media impacted with crude oil at a ratio of 10kg/kg (10% w/w). The medium for the presentation of the nutrient was water and the volume of water used varied from 30% to 80% saturation. Samples were taken at an interval of about three months to monitor the changes in diagnostic ratios (nC17/Pr, nC18/Ph, (nC17+nC18)/(Pr+Ph) using gas chromatography (GC-FID). Results obtained were used to develop a biostimulated biodegradation model to forecast/predict the rate of bioremediation assuming the design considerations are consistent. The model adopted was constrained to the diagnostic ratio (nC17+nC18)/(Pr+Ph) which describes the biostimulated biodegradation for all the sample sets. A linear regression model equation, y=c+bx was employed in the model.
{"title":"Forecasting the Rate of Biostimulated Bioremediation Using Biodegradation Models","authors":"Justin Nnaemeka Okorondu, L. Izunobi, Sylvester Ifunanya Okorondu, Joseph Ikechukwu Nwachukwu, S. Abrakasa","doi":"10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i1799","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i1799","url":null,"abstract":"There have been several remediation techniques for oil spill-impacted soil in the Nigerian Niger Delta which has not given the much-desired results as the methods used were either inappropriate for the environment or ineffective for the different soil types in the Niger Delta. Bioremediation is a cost-effective and environmentally friendly technology that exploits the capabilities of microorganisms to degrade organic pollutants leading to complete mineralization. It has become the most preferred technique for oil spill remediation on soil in Nigeria. This study is aimed at developing a biodegradation model using biodegradation ratios of a biostimulated biodegradation experiment on crude oil polluted/spiked soil. The model design criteria involve inoculating varying amounts of nutrients (N.P.K fertilizer) into a soil media impacted with crude oil at a ratio of 10kg/kg (10% w/w). The medium for the presentation of the nutrient was water and the volume of water used varied from 30% to 80% saturation. Samples were taken at an interval of about three months to monitor the changes in diagnostic ratios (nC17/Pr, nC18/Ph, (nC17+nC18)/(Pr+Ph) using gas chromatography (GC-FID). Results obtained were used to develop a biostimulated biodegradation model to forecast/predict the rate of bioremediation assuming the design considerations are consistent. The model adopted was constrained to the diagnostic ratio (nC17+nC18)/(Pr+Ph) which describes the biostimulated biodegradation for all the sample sets. A linear regression model equation, y=c+bx was employed in the model.","PeriodicalId":14371,"journal":{"name":"International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79846512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-05DOI: 10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i1798
J. R. D. F. Filho, J. C. R. Freitas, J. Freitas, C. Ramos, F. A. M. D. Souza, Jaqueline Ferreira Ramos, Ricarte Tavares, Drielly Emanoele Tomé Barros De Oliveira
Oxadiazoles are heterocyclic compounds that belong azole class which contain two nitrogen atoms and one oxygen, forming a five-membered heterocyclic ring. Four isomers of oxadiazoles are described in the literature. Among these, 1,2,4-oxadiazole, 1,2,5-oxadiazole, and 1,3,4-oxadiazole have several applications biological. Compounds of this type have been used in the treatment of various diseases in both humans and animals.Among the immense class of heterocycle compounds with important biological activities already identified, the 1,2,5-oxadiazoles have stood out for the wide variety of applications in medicinal chemistry, in material, and agricultural chemistry. In this work, the main synthesis methods and advances for obtaining 1,2,5-oxadiazoles and their derivatives reported in the literature over the years are reviewed, as well as the applications of these compounds in several branches of chemistry and their biological activities discovered until the moment.
{"title":"Synthesis, Biological Activity and Applications of 1,2,5-Oxadiazol: A Brief Review","authors":"J. R. D. F. Filho, J. C. R. Freitas, J. Freitas, C. Ramos, F. A. M. D. Souza, Jaqueline Ferreira Ramos, Ricarte Tavares, Drielly Emanoele Tomé Barros De Oliveira","doi":"10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i1798","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/irjpac/2023/v24i1798","url":null,"abstract":"Oxadiazoles are heterocyclic compounds that belong azole class which contain two nitrogen atoms and one oxygen, forming a five-membered heterocyclic ring. Four isomers of oxadiazoles are described in the literature. Among these, 1,2,4-oxadiazole, 1,2,5-oxadiazole, and 1,3,4-oxadiazole have several applications biological. Compounds of this type have been used in the treatment of various diseases in both humans and animals.Among the immense class of heterocycle compounds with important biological activities already identified, the 1,2,5-oxadiazoles have stood out for the wide variety of applications in medicinal chemistry, in material, and agricultural chemistry. In this work, the main synthesis methods and advances for obtaining 1,2,5-oxadiazoles and their derivatives reported in the literature over the years are reviewed, as well as the applications of these compounds in several branches of chemistry and their biological activities discovered until the moment.","PeriodicalId":14371,"journal":{"name":"International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82884770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This work was initiated with the aim of evaluating the mercury content in crabs Callinectes amnicola at three sites in the Ebrié lagoon. The crabs were taken from the landing sites in the different areas. A total of ninety (90) crabs were graded to obtain a representative sample of all landings. The analyzes focused on the levels of total mercury and methyl mercury in the Callinectes amnicola crabs. The analysis of variance showed that the site with the highest mercury content is the most urban site, namely the Boulay Island site in Abobodoumé. The results obtained showed that the total mercury content varies according to the mass and size of the crab. Furthermore, mercury, at all the sites of our study presents concentrations well below the threshold values set by the WHO and the EU. The determination of mercury levels in crabs from different landing sites in the Ebrié lagoon makes it possible to assess the risks of contamination of the food chain, incurred by the top predator at the end of the chain, which is human beings, the main consumer of seafood products.
{"title":"Determination of Total Mercury (THg) and Methylmercury (MeHg) in Samples of Crabs (Callinecte amnicola)","authors":"Diabagate Dangui, Ouffoué Koffi Sébastien, Akpa Sagne Jacques, Traoré Mamadou, Mel Hayo Vianey, Ouattara Lassiné","doi":"10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i7797","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i7797","url":null,"abstract":"This work was initiated with the aim of evaluating the mercury content in crabs Callinectes amnicola at three sites in the Ebrié lagoon. The crabs were taken from the landing sites in the different areas. A total of ninety (90) crabs were graded to obtain a representative sample of all landings. The analyzes focused on the levels of total mercury and methyl mercury in the Callinectes amnicola crabs. The analysis of variance showed that the site with the highest mercury content is the most urban site, namely the Boulay Island site in Abobodoumé. The results obtained showed that the total mercury content varies according to the mass and size of the crab. Furthermore, mercury, at all the sites of our study presents concentrations well below the threshold values set by the WHO and the EU. The determination of mercury levels in crabs from different landing sites in the Ebrié lagoon makes it possible to assess the risks of contamination of the food chain, incurred by the top predator at the end of the chain, which is human beings, the main consumer of seafood products.","PeriodicalId":14371,"journal":{"name":"International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"96 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88998584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-17DOI: 10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i7796
Y. Misganu
This review study concerned to survey traditional use and scientific reports for four Dalbergia species namely: Dalbergia sisso, Dalbergia melanoxylon, Dalbergia odorifera and Dalbergia lactea vatke. Genus Dalbergia (Fabaceae or Leguminosae) is an important plant in traditional use. For example, in different part of the world these plants have been used traditionally for the treatment of blood diseases, syphilis, stomach problems, dysentery, nose disorders, ulcers, skin diseases, abdominal pains and anthelmintic. Phytochemical studies on different parts of these plants have indicated the presences of varieties secondary metabolites except Dalbergia lactea vatke. The widely reported are flavonoids, Cinnamyl flavan, terpenoids, and benzofuran among other things. On the other hand the bioassay studies on crude extracts and pure isolates have shown significant anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, anti-diabetic and anti-analgesic activities. However there is no literature survey performed on Dalbergia lactea vatke.
{"title":"Traditional Use, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities of Four Dalbergia Species (Dalbergia Sissoo, Dalbergia Odorifera, Dalbergia Melanoxylon and Dalbergia Lactea Vatke): A Review","authors":"Y. Misganu","doi":"10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i7796","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i7796","url":null,"abstract":"This review study concerned to survey traditional use and scientific reports for four Dalbergia species namely: Dalbergia sisso, Dalbergia melanoxylon, Dalbergia odorifera and Dalbergia lactea vatke. Genus Dalbergia (Fabaceae or Leguminosae) is an important plant in traditional use. For example, in different part of the world these plants have been used traditionally for the treatment of blood diseases, syphilis, stomach problems, dysentery, nose disorders, ulcers, skin diseases, abdominal pains and anthelmintic. \u0000Phytochemical studies on different parts of these plants have indicated the presences of varieties secondary metabolites except Dalbergia lactea vatke. The widely reported are flavonoids, Cinnamyl flavan, terpenoids, and benzofuran among other things. On the other hand the bioassay studies on crude extracts and pure isolates have shown significant anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, anti-diabetic and anti-analgesic activities. However there is no literature survey performed on Dalbergia lactea vatke.","PeriodicalId":14371,"journal":{"name":"International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84473244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study was carried out to isolate the major constituents of stem of Equisetum Ramosissmum. The dimethyl ether extract was isolated by column chromatography to give one pure compound. The compound was identified as Isophthalic acid 1-(5- methyl-hexyl) ester 3-pentyl ester. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by means of 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and DEPT-135 spectral data and comparison with literature reports.
{"title":"Structure Determination of Compounds from the Stem of Equisetum Ramosissmum","authors":"Diriba Borena Hunde, Dominic Ravichandran, Zelalem Abdisa, Chaltu File, Desalegn Borena","doi":"10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i6795","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i6795","url":null,"abstract":"This study was carried out to isolate the major constituents of stem of Equisetum Ramosissmum. The dimethyl ether extract was isolated by column chromatography to give one pure compound. The compound was identified as Isophthalic acid 1-(5- methyl-hexyl) ester 3-pentyl ester. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by means of 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and DEPT-135 spectral data and comparison with literature reports.","PeriodicalId":14371,"journal":{"name":"International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74194508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-15DOI: 10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i6794
Momath Kébé, B. Traoré, Mbossé Ndiaye-Guèye, I. Thiam, P. Retailleau, M. Gaye
The present investigation describes the synthesis of the ligand 2-((2-hydroxyethylimino)methyl)-6-methoxyphenol (H2L) and its complex of Mn(III) cation. The structure of the compound was elucidated by spectroscopic study and X-ray diffraction for the complex formulated as [{Mn(μ–HL)2}(C2N3)]n. The complex crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n with the following unit cell parameters: a = 5.8172 (3) Å, b = 11.8695 (7) Å, c = 17.2616 (11) Å, b = 96.565 (6)°, V = 1178.57 (12) Å3, Z = 2, R1 = 0.0603 and wR2 = 0.1516. For this compound, the structure reveals that two monodeprotonated ligand interact with one Mn(III) in bidentate fashion while the third coordination site of the ligand interact with another Mn(III) of a neighboring unit. Thus, a polymeric coordination complex is obtained. The Mn(III) is hexacoordinated and the coordination environment can be described as slightly distorted octahedral geometry. Numerous hydrogen bonds link the molecules into three-dimensional network.
本文研究了配体2-((2-羟乙基)甲基)-6-甲氧基苯酚(H2L)及其Mn(III)阳离子配合物的合成。分子式为[{Mn(μ-HL)2}(C2N3)]n的配合物通过光谱学研究和x射线衍射证实了化合物的结构。该配合物在单斜空间群P21/n中结晶，晶胞参数为:a = 5.8172 (3) Å， b = 11.8695 (7) Å， c = 17.2616 (11) Å， b = 96.565(6)°，V = 1178.57 (12) Å3, Z = 2, R1 = 0.0603, wR2 = 0.1516。对于该化合物，结构揭示了两个单去质子化配体以双齿方式与一个Mn(III)相互作用，而配体的第三个配位位点与相邻单元的另一个Mn(III)相互作用。这样，就得到了聚合物配位配合物。Mn(III)是六配位的，其配位环境可以描述为轻微畸变的八面体几何。无数的氢键将分子连接成三维网络。
{"title":"Syntheses, Characterization, and X-ray Crystal Structure of Mn(III) Coordination Polymer of 2-((2-Hydroxyethylimino) Methyl)-6-Methoxyphenol","authors":"Momath Kébé, B. Traoré, Mbossé Ndiaye-Guèye, I. Thiam, P. Retailleau, M. Gaye","doi":"10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i6794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i6794","url":null,"abstract":"The present investigation describes the synthesis of the ligand 2-((2-hydroxyethylimino)methyl)-6-methoxyphenol (H2L) and its complex of Mn(III) cation. The structure of the compound was elucidated by spectroscopic study and X-ray diffraction for the complex formulated as [{Mn(μ–HL)2}(C2N3)]n. The complex crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n with the following unit cell parameters: a = 5.8172 (3) Å, b = 11.8695 (7) Å, c = 17.2616 (11) Å, b = 96.565 (6)°, V = 1178.57 (12) Å3, Z = 2, R1 = 0.0603 and wR2 = 0.1516. For this compound, the structure reveals that two monodeprotonated ligand interact with one Mn(III) in bidentate fashion while the third coordination site of the ligand interact with another Mn(III) of a neighboring unit. Thus, a polymeric coordination complex is obtained. The Mn(III) is hexacoordinated and the coordination environment can be described as slightly distorted octahedral geometry. Numerous hydrogen bonds link the molecules into three-dimensional network.","PeriodicalId":14371,"journal":{"name":"International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82213961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-14DOI: 10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i6793
Hussaini Y., Henry M. U., Yakubu M. T., A. A., Sirajo A., A. N. Thliza
This research is aimed at analyzing the flavonoid content of ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract fraction of Acassia sieberiana through Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and testing its radical scavenging activity on DPPH. The stem bark of the plant was collected from Pankshin local government area of Plateau state. It was made into fine powder and macerated in methanol. The concentrated extract was fractionated in EtOAc and water. The EtOAc fraction was concentrated using rotary evaporator. The concentrated EtOAc extract fraction was subjected into phytochemical screening which revealed the presence of cardiac glycosides, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, phenolic compounds and terpenes. The components of the EtOAc fraction were separated by TLC using solvents mixture of n-hex:EtOAc in the ratio 3:1 and n-hex:EtOAc:MeOH in the ratio 5:1:1. Flavonols, aurones, flavones, flavonones and catechines were indicated. The GC-MS showed the presence of Ergosta–5,22-dien-3-01-acetate(93β,22E), 4H-Benzopyran-4-one,5,6,7-trimethoxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl), Ethyliso-allocholate, 3,9- epoxypreg-16-en-14-ol-20-one-11,18-diacetoxy-3-methoxy and 10-Octadecnoicacidmethyl ester at retention times 30.038, 31.685, 32.057, 34.148 and 38.780min respectively. The antioxidant activity of the EtOAc extract fraction was appreciable in the sense that it has IC50 of 57.18ug/ml though less than that of ascorbic acid which was found to be 52.04ug/ml.
{"title":"GC-MS Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of EtOAc Extract Fraction of Acassia sieberiana (Fabaceae) for the Presence of Flavonoids","authors":"Hussaini Y., Henry M. U., Yakubu M. T., A. A., Sirajo A., A. N. Thliza","doi":"10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i6793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i6793","url":null,"abstract":"This research is aimed at analyzing the flavonoid content of ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract fraction of Acassia sieberiana through Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and testing its radical scavenging activity on DPPH. The stem bark of the plant was collected from Pankshin local government area of Plateau state. It was made into fine powder and macerated in methanol. The concentrated extract was fractionated in EtOAc and water. The EtOAc fraction was concentrated using rotary evaporator. The concentrated EtOAc extract fraction was subjected into phytochemical screening which revealed the presence of cardiac glycosides, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, phenolic compounds and terpenes. The components of the EtOAc fraction were separated by TLC using solvents mixture of n-hex:EtOAc in the ratio 3:1 and n-hex:EtOAc:MeOH in the ratio 5:1:1. Flavonols, aurones, flavones, flavonones and catechines were indicated. The GC-MS showed the presence of Ergosta–5,22-dien-3-01-acetate(93β,22E), 4H-Benzopyran-4-one,5,6,7-trimethoxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl), Ethyliso-allocholate, 3,9- epoxypreg-16-en-14-ol-20-one-11,18-diacetoxy-3-methoxy and 10-Octadecnoicacidmethyl ester at retention times 30.038, 31.685, 32.057, 34.148 and 38.780min respectively. The antioxidant activity of the EtOAc extract fraction was appreciable in the sense that it has IC50 of 57.18ug/ml though less than that of ascorbic acid which was found to be 52.04ug/ml.","PeriodicalId":14371,"journal":{"name":"International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90561926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-28DOI: 10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i6792
B. A. H. Jr., L. Smentek
The phycotoxin Goniodomin A is a Dinoflagellate of the Alexandrium genus and is a macrocyclic lactone. It is found widely in sea water and is known to open slowly the lactone in water. The cleavage of the lactone is sensitive to the pH of the water. As one changes the pH from ~6 to 8 its solvolytic rate dramatically increases. Treatment of kinetic data previously published indicates that there are two competing first-order reactions, an SN1 and an intramolecular SN2, which is a pseudo first-order reaction.
{"title":"Mechanisms of the Aqueous Solvolysis of the Ring-opening of the Lactone Ring of Goniodomin A","authors":"B. A. H. Jr., L. Smentek","doi":"10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i6792","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i6792","url":null,"abstract":"The phycotoxin Goniodomin A is a Dinoflagellate of the Alexandrium genus and is a macrocyclic lactone. It is found widely in sea water and is known to open slowly the lactone in water. The cleavage of the lactone is sensitive to the pH of the water. As one changes the pH from ~6 to 8 its solvolytic rate dramatically increases. Treatment of kinetic data previously published indicates that there are two competing first-order reactions, an SN1 and an intramolecular SN2, which is a pseudo first-order reaction.","PeriodicalId":14371,"journal":{"name":"International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"76 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86483108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-23DOI: 10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i6791
M. L. Madhuri, R. Reddy
Around the world, Syzygium alternifolium is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas. This plant has traditionally been used to treat a variety of illnesses, including cancer. The current research compared the standard drug doxorubicin to the anticancer activity of methanolic extract of Syzygium alternifolium bark on human hepatocyte carcinoma (HepG2) cell line. Through DNA intercalation, inhibition of topoisomerase-II-mediated DNA repair, free radical production and consequent damage to cellular membranes, DNA, and proteins, doxorubicin exerts its anticancer activity in cancerous cells. Research on cytotoxicity have shown that Syzygium alternifolium phytoconstituents can selectively target cancer cells (IC50 = 185.585 µg/ml), while having little to no cytotoxic effects on normal cells Using Mcule docking software, molecular docking studies were performed against the human Topoisomerase-2 and CDK-2 proteins (Protein Data Bank-ID: 1ZXM and 1DI8, respectively). Seven compounds from the bioactives isolated are considered as safe inhibitors, according to in silico studies. In order to better understand the probable mechanisms of action and create more efficient and cost-effective therapies, molecular docking experiments were carried out employing phytoconstituents. This study demonstrates a significant consistency of anticancer therapeutic drug potentials of Syzygium alternifolium by in vitro and in silico approaches, leading the way for a better understanding of how integrating molecular docking and in vitro studies can improve the identification of cancer drugs.
在世界范围内，互花合欢广泛分布于热带和亚热带地区。传统上，这种植物被用来治疗包括癌症在内的各种疾病。本研究比较了标准药物多柔比星与合藤树皮甲醇提取物对人肝癌(HepG2)细胞系的抗癌活性。阿霉素通过插入DNA、抑制拓扑异构酶ii介导的DNA修复、自由基的产生以及随后对细胞膜、DNA和蛋白质的损伤，在癌细胞中发挥其抗癌活性。细胞毒性研究表明，互花合子植物成分可以选择性靶向癌细胞(IC50 = 185.585µg/ml)，而对正常细胞几乎没有细胞毒性作用。利用Mcule对接软件，对人类拓扑异构酶-2和CDK-2蛋白(Protein Data Bank-ID: 1ZXM和1DI8)进行了分子对接研究。根据计算机研究，从生物活性物质中分离出的7种化合物被认为是安全的抑制剂。为了更好地了解其可能的作用机制，并创造更有效和更具成本效益的治疗方法，采用植物成分进行了分子对接实验。本研究通过体外和计算机方法证明了互花合欢的抗癌治疗药物潜力具有显著的一致性，为更好地理解如何将分子对接和体外研究结合起来提高癌症药物的鉴定提供了途径。
{"title":"In vitro Evaluation and Molecular Docking Analysis of Potential Anticancer Compounds from Syzygium alternifolium","authors":"M. L. Madhuri, R. Reddy","doi":"10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i6791","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i6791","url":null,"abstract":"Around the world, Syzygium alternifolium is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas. This plant has traditionally been used to treat a variety of illnesses, including cancer. The current research compared the standard drug doxorubicin to the anticancer activity of methanolic extract of Syzygium alternifolium bark on human hepatocyte carcinoma (HepG2) cell line. Through DNA intercalation, inhibition of topoisomerase-II-mediated DNA repair, free radical production and consequent damage to cellular membranes, DNA, and proteins, doxorubicin exerts its anticancer activity in cancerous cells. Research on cytotoxicity have shown that Syzygium alternifolium phytoconstituents can selectively target cancer cells (IC50 = 185.585 µg/ml), while having little to no cytotoxic effects on normal cells Using Mcule docking software, molecular docking studies were performed against the human Topoisomerase-2 and CDK-2 proteins (Protein Data Bank-ID: 1ZXM and 1DI8, respectively). Seven compounds from the bioactives isolated are considered as safe inhibitors, according to in silico studies. In order to better understand the probable mechanisms of action and create more efficient and cost-effective therapies, molecular docking experiments were carried out employing phytoconstituents. This study demonstrates a significant consistency of anticancer therapeutic drug potentials of Syzygium alternifolium by in vitro and in silico approaches, leading the way for a better understanding of how integrating molecular docking and in vitro studies can improve the identification of cancer drugs.","PeriodicalId":14371,"journal":{"name":"International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82951223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-16DOI: 10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i5790
Bamikole A. Ojo, T. Adebolu, A. Ogundare, B. Oladejo
The use of plants in the treatment of human diseases is as old as human itself. Over the years, phytomedicine has gained more attention in both developed and developing countries. This study evaluates the phytochemicals and the antioxidant properties of a formulated herbal product (FHP) made from the leaf sheath of Sorghum bicolor, rhizome of Curcuma longa, stem bark of Bridelia ferruginea and honey. The ethanolic and the aqueous extracts of the different components and the mixture were evaluated. The chemical compositions of the extracts were determined via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HP-LC) at the same time, the antioxidant properties were investigated using the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The results of the phytochemical screening of FHP and the different components used for its preparation showed the presence of alkaloids, phenols, saponins, tannins and flavonoids irrespective of the extractant used. However, the values were higher in the aqueous extracts than the ethanolic extracts for most of the phytochemicals. For instance, higher values of alkaloids (9.57±0.01 mg/g) and saponins (7.35±0.01 mg/g) were observed in the aqueous extract of FHP while higher values of phenol (0.98±0.01 mg/g), tannins (0.68±0.00 mg/g) and flavonoids (40.54±0.05mg/g) were observed in the aqueous extract of Curcuma longa. Concerning antioxidant potential, the highest FRAP power was observed in the stem bark of B. ferruginea (1956.05±15.54mgAAE/g). This was closely followed by the FRAP value observed in S. bicolor (1359.89±27.20mgAAE/g). A total of 8 compounds was identified using High performance Liquid chromatography. These compounds include Gallic acid, Catechin, Ferrulic acid, Rutin, Quercetin, P-coumaric acid, Kaempferol and Apigenin. Most of these chemicals are known to possess health beneficial and therapeutic effects. It is conceivable therefore that FHP might exert significant therapeutic effects when used to treat specific debilitating medical conditions.
{"title":"Phytochemical Profile and Antioxidant Potential of a Formulated Herbal Product from Sorghum bicolor Linn., Curcuma longa Linn., Bridelia ferruginea Benth and Honey","authors":"Bamikole A. Ojo, T. Adebolu, A. Ogundare, B. Oladejo","doi":"10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i5790","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i5790","url":null,"abstract":"The use of plants in the treatment of human diseases is as old as human itself. Over the years, phytomedicine has gained more attention in both developed and developing countries. This study evaluates the phytochemicals and the antioxidant properties of a formulated herbal product (FHP) made from the leaf sheath of Sorghum bicolor, rhizome of Curcuma longa, stem bark of Bridelia ferruginea and honey. The ethanolic and the aqueous extracts of the different components and the mixture were evaluated. The chemical compositions of the extracts were determined via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HP-LC) at the same time, the antioxidant properties were investigated using the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The results of the phytochemical screening of FHP and the different components used for its preparation showed the presence of alkaloids, phenols, saponins, tannins and flavonoids irrespective of the extractant used. However, the values were higher in the aqueous extracts than the ethanolic extracts for most of the phytochemicals. For instance, higher values of alkaloids (9.57±0.01 mg/g) and saponins (7.35±0.01 mg/g) were observed in the aqueous extract of FHP while higher values of phenol (0.98±0.01 mg/g), tannins (0.68±0.00 mg/g) and flavonoids (40.54±0.05mg/g) were observed in the aqueous extract of Curcuma longa. Concerning antioxidant potential, the highest FRAP power was observed in the stem bark of B. ferruginea (1956.05±15.54mgAAE/g). This was closely followed by the FRAP value observed in S. bicolor (1359.89±27.20mgAAE/g). A total of 8 compounds was identified using High performance Liquid chromatography. These compounds include Gallic acid, Catechin, Ferrulic acid, Rutin, Quercetin, P-coumaric acid, Kaempferol and Apigenin. Most of these chemicals are known to possess health beneficial and therapeutic effects. It is conceivable therefore that FHP might exert significant therapeutic effects when used to treat specific debilitating medical conditions.","PeriodicalId":14371,"journal":{"name":"International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80660341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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