International journal of sports medicine最新文献

This systematic literature review assessed whether nutritional supplement, dietary and exercise interventions influence gut microbiota and subsequent exercise performance. Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, a comprehensive search was conducted across five databases (Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL Complete, Web of Science and Scopus) up to February 2025. Included studies involved healthy, active adults undergoing nutrient supplementation, dietary and/or exercise interventions with a control or placebo comparator. Outcomes included faecal bacterial composition (α-diversity, relative abundance), short-chain fatty acids, in adjunct with exercise performance (i.e., time-trial, time to exhaustion, maximal strength). Eighteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Due to methodological heterogeneity, a descriptive synthesis was performed. Changes in faecal microbiota diversity and composition were highly variable and largely minimal. Short-chain fatty acid outcomes were infrequently assessed; only one study reported a significant increase in faecal acetate concentration following yoghurt supplementation containing Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BL-99. Only seven studies examined the relationship between changes in faecal bacterial profile and performance outcomes, with limited or inconclusive findings. No consistent performance benefits were observed in relation to microbiota changes. Risk of bias and methodological limitations were common, including variation in interventions, outcome measures and microbiota analysis methods. Taken together, the current evidence base remains too limited and heterogeneous to draw firm conclusions about the efficacy of microbiota-targeted interventions for enhancing exercise performance in healthy, active adults. Future studies employing standardised methods, mechanistic outcome measures and longitudinal designs may help clarify the potential of microbiota modulation as a performance-enhancing strategy.

Preventing opponents from stealing bases is crucial to the game's outcome and to determining a catcher's effectiveness. This study aimed to compare the durations of the throwing phases between the fastest and slowest exchange durations in youth catchers. Kinematic data of 21 youth catchers (12+3 yrs, 52.7+14.8 kg, 1.57+0.15 m) were collected. Exchange duration consisted of three phases (initiation, arm-cocking, and acceleration). Total phase time and percentage of exchange duration were analyzed. Two repeated-measures Multivariate Analyses of Variance compared participants' fastest and slowest trials (α=0.05). Significant within-subject differences were observed between fast and slow trials in total time (p < 0.001) and percentage time analyses (p < 0.001). Univariate analysis revealed significantly shorter in total time of start phase (Fast: 0.74±0.22s, Slow: 1.15±0.46s, p < 0.001) and percentage time (Fast: 75.6±7.7%, Slow: 82.1±6.6%, p < 0.001) in fast compared to slow trials, whereas the arm-cocking (Fast: 18.9±6.5%, Slow: 13.9±5.2%, p < 0.001) and acceleration phases (Fast: 5.5±2.2%, Slow: 4.0±2.0%, p < 0.001) took up larger percentages of the overall time, while having no difference in total time (p > 0.705). Length of the initiation phase had the greatest effect on exchange duration, suggesting that youth catchers can train to reduce the time of this phase to increase performance.

This systematic review aims to determine whether exercise timing influences different health indicators. The search, conducted until May 2025 across PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang databases, reviewed 2,937 articles. This review included randomized controlled trials in English that explored exercise timing for various populations, excluding unspecified exercise timing, animal studies, and low-quality articles. A total of 43 studies with 3,543 participants were included. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool, and study characteristics and results were tabulated. Current evidence suggests that exercise timing may differentially impact health dimensions: afternoon exercise may improve metabolism in metabolic disorders; postdinner exercise might enhance blood glucose control for type 2 diabetes; premeal exercise could reduce appetite for overweight and obese individuals; evening exercise may improve sleep quality for sleep disorders but may negatively affect early chronotypes; morning exercise may enhance athlete performance, while afternoon exercise may promote the recovery of ordinary individuals; and morning exercise should be approached cautiously in cardiovascular risk groups. However, contradictions in some dimensions highlight the need for further rigorous research to solidify implications for exercise prescriptions. The study protocol was prospectively registered on PROSPERO (ID: CRD42024595984).

The aims of this research were to identify the relationships between the total genotype score and the total competition time as well as the total and relative distances covered during competition at different speed thresholds and to examine the probability of being a starter or a non-starter based on the total genotype score. A prospective pilot study was conducted with 34 professional male football players competing in the Spanish second division across three consecutive seasons. DNA samples were genotyped for six muscle performance-related polymorphisms, and the total genotype score values were calculated. The total competition time and competition distances at different speed thresholds were evaluated. A total genotype score threshold of 75.0 a.u. discriminated starters with an area under the curve of 0.689. Players with higher total genotype scores (total genotype scores: >75.0) accumulated more matches played (p=0.002), more matches played as starters (p=0.009), greater playing time (p=0.009), and higher total distances covered (p=0.009). Players above this threshold were five times more likely to be starters (odds ratio=5.00, 95% confidence interval: 1.31-19.07, and p=0.030). The total genotype score was related to the number of matches played (β=1.088 and p=0.006), matches as starters (β=1.087 and p=0.004), playing time (β=28.1 and p=0.018), and distances covered during the seasons (β=3116 and p=0.01). Genetic profiling was associated with starter status. Integrating genetic and global positioning system data provided a novel approach for player development and talent identification in elite sports.

To optimize pitching performance, pitchers must generate substantial ground reaction forces to aid pitch velocity while minimizing the forces experienced in their throwing shoulder. Extremely high shoulder forces are generally thought to be injurious for softball pitchers. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the relationship between ground reaction forces during the propulsion phase of the pitch and peak shoulder forces during the pitch. Thirty-two high school softball pitchers (1.70±0.06 m, 76.09±17.50 kg, and 15±1 y) pitched fastballs for strikes. Kinematic and kinetic data from the three fastest pitches were averaged for analysis. The relationships between ground reaction forces during pitch propulsion and peak shoulder kinetics during the propulsion and acceleration phases were examined via multiple regressions and correlations. A vertical ground reaction force was significantly associated with a peak resultant shoulder force (t=-3.176 and p=0.003). The rate of ground reaction force development was correlated with the peak shoulder distraction force (r=-0.367 and p=0.033) and the resultant force during propulsion (r=-0.439 and p=0.009). These observations underscore the potential significance of lower body contributions and kinetic chain sequencing in reducing shoulder forces during the early stages of the pitch, which may have implications for injury risk as ground reaction forces during pitch propulsion may decline with fatigue.

Maximal aerobic power and time-to-exhaustion at maximal aerobic power are critical for cycling performance, yet the role of maximal lower-body strength in enhancing these metrics across sex, category, and discipline in cyclists remains underexplored. This study investigated the relationships between 1RM, maximal aerobic power, and time-to-exhaustion at maximal aerobic power in 69 high-level and professional cyclists from the same national team, stratified by sex, category, and discipline. Cyclists underwent a 2-day protocol to assess maximal aerobic power via a graded exercise test, time-to-exhaustion at maximal aerobic power, and 1RM via a velocity-based parallel back squat test. Spearman correlations, mixed models, generalized additive models, structural equation modeling, and cluster analysis examined strength-performance relationships, adjusted for covariates. 1RM strongly predicted maximal aerobic power (r=0.73, β=0.86, p<0.001; 2.47 W increase per kg) and relative 1RM predicted maximal aerobic power relative to body mass nonlinearly (r=0.58, β=0.84, p<0.001). Time-to-exhaustion showed no significant strength association (p>0.05). Women exhibited lower maximal aerobic power (-71.67 W, p<0.001), mountain bike cyclists showed longer time-to-exhaustion (+0.61 standard deviation, p=0.049), and elite cyclists had higher maximal aerobic power (+21.51 W, p=0.030), reflecting physiological and discipline-specific differences. Clusters highlighted strength-power distinctions. These findings demonstrate that maximal strength is associated with maximal aerobic power but not time-to-exhaustion, with associations varying according to sex, discipline, and category.

This systematic review/meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effects of resistance exercise on ambulatory blood pressure (ABP). PubMed, Web of Science, Scielo, Embase, and Scopus databases were searched for crossover/controlled trials of resistance exercise in adults compared to a control group/condition from inception until May 2025. Mean differences with 95% confidence intervals were calculated (p<0.05 significant). Risk of bias was assessed by the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials. Twenty-six studies were included: 18 acute (immediate, short-term, including 351 participants) and 8 chronic (long-term, including 356 participants), with mostly unclear/high risk of bias. Acutely resistance exercises led to lower 24-hour diastolic blood pressure (BP) in subjects with chronic diseases (-1.15 mmHg;-2.08,-0.22; p=0.020), and lower daytime diastolic BP in healthy participants (-0.77 mmHg,-1.51,-0.03; p=0.040). Chronically resistance training lowered 24-hour systolic (-3.99 mmHg;-7.59,-0.39; p=0.030) and diastolic BP (-1.52 mmHg;-2.67,-0.37; p=0.009) and daytime systolic/diastolic BP in subjects with chronic diseases (Systolic:-5.53 mmHg;-8.83,-2.23; p=0.001; Diastolic:-1.86 mmHg;-3.11,-0.61; p=0.003). In conclusion, resistance exercise promotes modest reductions in ABP, especially among individuals with chronic diseases. The most consistent effects were observed for 24-hour and daytime systolic and diastolic BP. Acute reductions were smaller and limited to daytime diastolic BP.

This study explored associations between reported levels of physical activity, cancer-associated fatigue, and quality of life across cancer survivorship phases. Using a cross-sectional design, 149 cancer patients (100 females, 49 males; mean age 56.2±12.7 yr) with various cancer types were assessed for physical activity levels. Participants were categorized based on whether they met the World Health Organization's recommendation of 150 minutes of physical activity per week. Quality of life and fatigue were measured using the QLQ C-30 and QLQ-FA12 questionnaires, respectively. Subanalyses were conducted across pretreatment, active treatment, and posttreatment phases. Meeting the World Health Organization's physical activity recommendation was associated with enhanced quality of life in 10 of 15 domains and lower fatigue scores in 3 of 5 domains. Cancer survivors who met physical activity recommendations had a better quality of life during active and posttreatment phases, but not pretreatment. Moreover, physical activity's effects reduced cancer-related fatigue during active oncology treatment but not during pre- or posttreatment. In conclusion, physical activity positively impacts quality of life and cancer-associated fatigue differently across phases of cancer survivorship. Health professionals should encourage cancer patients-especially those undergoing chemotherapy or radiotherapy-to achieve 150 minutes of physical activity per week, which can be associated with a higher quality of life and reduced cancer-related fatigue.

This study determined and compared the second muscle oxygenation threshold (MOT2) in the vastus lateralis (VL) (more active) and biceps brachii (BB) (less active) muscles in the graded exercise test (GXT). Furthermore, we investigated the correlation between BB and VL MOT2 with the 3,000-m time trial, as well as the muscle oxygenation responses during the free-paced strategy of elite endurance athletes. Nine elite men's middle- and long-distance runners from the Brazilian Paralympic Endurance Team performed the GXT in a laboratory setting. MOT2 was determined by the breakpoint in the tissue saturation index (TSI) curve in both muscles by wearable near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). After 48 h, athletes performed a 3,000-m running test on an outdoor athletics track while monitoring the oxygenation in both muscles. MOT2 velocity values in BB (19.3±1.3 km.h^-1) and VL (19.4±1.2 km.h^-1) did not show a significant difference between them (p>0.05). We observed a significant correlation between BB and VL MOT2 with 3,000-m mean velocity (r=0.88 and 0.86, respectively, p<0.05). Our results reinforce that the maximal aerobic capacity determined in different muscles influenced the athletes' performance in the 3,000-m running. The muscle oxygenation responses showed that BB and VL worked in an integrated manner during the GTX and in the 3,000-m running effort.

This study evaluated the reliability, sensitivity, and performance changes in physical tests in highly trained adult female football players over the course of a competitive season. Twenty players (21.1±2.72 years) participated in this study. Tests included bilateral and unilateral countermovement jumps, unilateral horizontal jumps, 40-m linear sprints, and change-of-direction (COD) tests (COD180° and V-cut). Relative and absolute reliabilities were analyzed. Sensitivity was determined by comparing the smallest worthwhile change to the typical error of measurement and, in addition, changes in performance over the season were assessed in short-, medium-, and long-term periods. Results demonstrated high reliability across all tests, with intraclass correlation coefficient values ranging from 0.70 to 0.94 and coefficient of variation (CV) below 5%, meeting a priori reliability criteria. Vertical jumping exhibited the highest reliability (0.89-0.92) and was sensitive in detecting moderate-to-large changes. COD tests showed moderate-to-high reliability (0.70-0.89), with CODR180° sensitive to seasonal adaptations. Sprint tests also displayed good reliability (0.80-0.94); however, their sensitivity was limited. Notably, the unilateral jump tests and CODR180° exceeded CV thresholds, highlighting their potential to monitor significant improvements over time. Unilateral and COD-specific assessments emerged as particularly valuable for detecting performance changes, underscoring the need for sport-specific testing protocols in women's football.