Pub Date : 2024-05-01Epub Date: 2023-11-13DOI: 10.1055/a-2184-9007
Paola Zamparo, Andrea Monte, Gaspare Pavei
Unsteady locomotion (e. g., sprints and shuttle runs) requires additional metabolic (and mechanical) energy compared to running at constant speed. In addition, sprints or shuttle runs with relevant speed changes (e. g., with large accelerations and/or decelerations) are typically short in duration and, thus, anaerobic energy sources must be taken into account when computing energy expenditure. In sprint running there is an additional problem due to the objective difficulty in separating the acceleration phase from a (necessary and subsequent) deceleration phase.In this review the studies that report data of energy expenditure during sprints and shuttles (estimated or actually calculated) will be summarized and compared. Furthermore, the (mechanical) determinants of metabolic energy expenditure will be discussed, with a focus on the analogies with and differences from the energetics/mechanics of constant-speed linear running.
{"title":"Energetics (and Mechanical Determinants) of Sprint and Shuttle Running.","authors":"Paola Zamparo, Andrea Monte, Gaspare Pavei","doi":"10.1055/a-2184-9007","DOIUrl":"10.1055/a-2184-9007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Unsteady locomotion (e. g., sprints and shuttle runs) requires additional metabolic (and mechanical) energy compared to running at constant speed. In addition, sprints or shuttle runs with relevant speed changes (e. g., with large accelerations and/or decelerations) are typically short in duration and, thus, anaerobic energy sources must be taken into account when computing energy expenditure. In sprint running there is an additional problem due to the objective difficulty in separating the acceleration phase from a (necessary and subsequent) deceleration phase.In this review the studies that report data of energy expenditure during sprints and shuttles (estimated or actually calculated) will be summarized and compared. Furthermore, the (mechanical) determinants of metabolic energy expenditure will be discussed, with a focus on the analogies with and differences from the energetics/mechanics of constant-speed linear running.</p>","PeriodicalId":14439,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92154319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01Epub Date: 2024-02-24DOI: 10.1055/a-2252-1239
Carlo Rossi, Roberto Roklicer, Patrik Drid, Aleksandra Milovancev, Tatjana Trivic, Antonino Scardina, Attilio Carraro, Antonino Bianco
Changes in cardiac geometry develop after intense and prolonged training. Left ventricular enlargement, increased relative wall thickness, and growing mass of the left ventricle occur after strenuous exercise. Combat sports such as judo can lead to left ventricular hypertrophy. Previous studies have found that there are differences in left ventricular chamber size and thickness between the sexes, with female athletes having smaller wall diameters and less hypertrophy than male athletes. The research aims to examine heart muscle adaptations and remodeling of cardiac geometry among elite judo athletes and to evaluate differences between males and females. A cross-sectional study included a group of 19 (males n=10, females n=9) professional judokas between 20 and 30 years. Demographic and anthropometric data were collected. Cardiac geometry was determined by two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography. In terms of left ventricular mass and the left ventricular mass index significant differences were found between male and female judokas (233.44±68.75 g vs. 164.11±16.59 g, p=0.009), (105.16±24.89 vs. 84.66±15.06, p=0.044), respectively. A greater enlargement of the heart muscle is observed in male athletes compared to the female group. Left ventricle enlargement is likely to occur among elite-level judokas.
在进行激烈和长时间的训练后,心脏的几何形状会发生变化。剧烈运动后会出现左心室扩大、相对室壁厚度增加和左心室质量增加。柔道等搏击运动会导致左心室肥大。以往的研究发现,不同性别的左心室腔大小和厚度存在差异,女性运动员的室壁直径较小,肥厚程度也低于男性运动员。该研究旨在考察柔道精英运动员的心肌适应性和心脏几何形状的重塑情况,并评估男性和女性之间的差异。这项横断面研究包括 19 名 20 至 30 岁的职业柔道运动员(男性 10 人,女性 9 人)。研究收集了人口统计学和人体测量数据。通过二维经胸超声心动图确定了心脏的几何形状。男性和女性柔道运动员的左心室质量和左心室质量指数分别为(233.44±68.75 g vs. 164.11±16.59 g,p=0.009)、(105.16±24.89 vs. 84.66±15.06,p=0.044),存在显著差异。与女性组相比,男性运动员的心肌扩大程度更大。左心室肥大很可能发生在精英柔道运动员中。
{"title":"Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Male and Female Judo Athletes.","authors":"Carlo Rossi, Roberto Roklicer, Patrik Drid, Aleksandra Milovancev, Tatjana Trivic, Antonino Scardina, Attilio Carraro, Antonino Bianco","doi":"10.1055/a-2252-1239","DOIUrl":"10.1055/a-2252-1239","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Changes in cardiac geometry develop after intense and prolonged training. Left ventricular enlargement, increased relative wall thickness, and growing mass of the left ventricle occur after strenuous exercise. Combat sports such as judo can lead to left ventricular hypertrophy. Previous studies have found that there are differences in left ventricular chamber size and thickness between the sexes, with female athletes having smaller wall diameters and less hypertrophy than male athletes. The research aims to examine heart muscle adaptations and remodeling of cardiac geometry among elite judo athletes and to evaluate differences between males and females. A cross-sectional study included a group of 19 (males n=10, females n=9) professional judokas between 20 and 30 years. Demographic and anthropometric data were collected. Cardiac geometry was determined by two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography. In terms of left ventricular mass and the left ventricular mass index significant differences were found between male and female judokas (233.44±68.75 g vs. 164.11±16.59 g, p=0.009), (105.16±24.89 vs. 84.66±15.06, p=0.044), respectively. A greater enlargement of the heart muscle is observed in male athletes compared to the female group. Left ventricle enlargement is likely to occur among elite-level judokas.</p>","PeriodicalId":14439,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11065483/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139944102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01Epub Date: 2023-11-06DOI: 10.1055/a-2205-1849
Chris Ellis, Thomas E Ingram, Chris Kite, Suzan R Taylor, Elizabeth Howard, Joanna L Pike, Eveline Lee, John P Buckley
Ultra-endurance sports and exercise events are becoming increasingly popular for older age groups. We aimed to evaluate changes in cardiac function and physical fitness in males aged 50-60 years who completed a 50-day transoceanic rowing challenge. This case account of four self-selected males included electro- and echo-cardiography (ECG, echo), cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness measures recorded nine months prior to and three weeks after a transatlantic team-rowing challenge. No clinically significant changes to myocardial function were found over the course of the study. The training and race created expected functional changes to left ventricular and atrial function; the former associated with training, the latter likely due to dehydration, both resolving towards baseline within three weeks post-event. From race-start to finish all rowers lost 8.4-15.6 kg of body mass. Absolute cardiorespiratory power and muscular strength were lower three weeks post-race compared to pre-race, but cardiorespiratory exercise economy improved in this same period. A structured program of moderate-vigorous aerobic endurance and muscular training for>6 months, followed by 50-days of transoceanic rowing in older males proved not to cause any observable acute or potential long-term risks to cardiovascular health. Pre-event screening, fitness testing, and appropriate training is recommended, especially in older participants where age itself is an increasingly significant risk factor.
{"title":"Effects of a Transoceanic Rowing Challenge on Cardiorespiratory Function and Muscle Fitness.","authors":"Chris Ellis, Thomas E Ingram, Chris Kite, Suzan R Taylor, Elizabeth Howard, Joanna L Pike, Eveline Lee, John P Buckley","doi":"10.1055/a-2205-1849","DOIUrl":"10.1055/a-2205-1849","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ultra-endurance sports and exercise events are becoming increasingly popular for older age groups. We aimed to evaluate changes in cardiac function and physical fitness in males aged 50-60 years who completed a 50-day transoceanic rowing challenge. This case account of four self-selected males included electro- and echo-cardiography (ECG, echo), cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness measures recorded nine months prior to and three weeks after a transatlantic team-rowing challenge. No clinically significant changes to myocardial function were found over the course of the study. The training and race created expected functional changes to left ventricular and atrial function; the former associated with training, the latter likely due to dehydration, both resolving towards baseline within three weeks post-event. From race-start to finish all rowers lost 8.4-15.6 kg of body mass. Absolute cardiorespiratory power and muscular strength were lower three weeks post-race compared to pre-race, but cardiorespiratory exercise economy improved in this same period. A structured program of moderate-vigorous aerobic endurance and muscular training for>6 months, followed by 50-days of transoceanic rowing in older males proved not to cause any observable acute or potential long-term risks to cardiovascular health. Pre-event screening, fitness testing, and appropriate training is recommended, especially in older participants where age itself is an increasingly significant risk factor.</p>","PeriodicalId":14439,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71481532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anaerobic performance diagnostics in athletes relies on accurate measurements of blood lactate concentration and the calculation of blood lactate accumulation resulting from glycolytic processes. In this study, we investigated the impact of pedaling frequency on blood lactate accumulation during 10-second maximal isokinetic cycling sprints. Thirteen trained males completed five 10-second maximal isokinetic cycling sprints on a bicycle ergometer at different pedaling frequencies (90 rpm, 110 rpm, 130 rpm, 150 rpm, 170 rpm) with continuous power and frequency measurement. Capillary blood samples were taken pre-exercise and up to 30 minutes post-exercise to determine the maximum blood lactate concentration.Blood lactate accumulation was calculated as the difference between maximal post-exercise and pre-start blood lactate concentration. Repeated measurement ANOVA with Bonferroni-adjusted post hoc t-tests revealed significant progressive increases in maximal blood lactate concentration and accumulation with higher pedaling frequencies (p<0.001; η2+>+0.782).The findings demonstrate a significant influence of pedaling frequency on lactate accumulation, emphasizing its relevance in anaerobic diagnostics. Optimal assessment of maximal lactate formation rate is suggested to require a pedaling frequency of at least 130 rpm or higher, while determining metabolic thresholds using the maximal lactate formation rate may benefit from a slightly lower pedaling frequency.
运动员的无氧运动能力诊断依赖于对血液乳酸浓度的精确测量,以及对糖酵解过程导致的血液乳酸累积的计算。在这项研究中,我们调查了在 10 秒钟最大等速骑行冲刺过程中蹬踏频率对血液乳酸累积的影响。13 名训练有素的男性在自行车测力计上以不同的踩踏频率(90 转/分、110 转/分、130 转/分、150 转/分、170 转/分)完成了 5 次 10 秒钟最大等速冲刺,并进行了连续的功率和频率测量。运动前和运动后 30 分钟内采集毛细血管血样,以测定最大血乳酸浓度。血乳酸累积值按运动后最大血乳酸浓度与运动开始前血乳酸浓度之差计算。重复测量方差分析及 Bonferroni-adjusted post hoc t 检验表明,随着蹬踏频率的增加,最大血乳酸浓度和乳酸累积量会显著增加(p+0.782)。研究结果表明,蹬踏频率对乳酸累积有显著影响,强调了蹬踏频率在无氧诊断中的相关性。最佳的最大乳酸形成率评估需要至少 130 rpm 或更高的蹬踏频率,而使用最大乳酸形成率确定代谢阈值可能会受益于稍低的蹬踏频率。
{"title":"The Influence of Pedaling Frequency on Blood Lactate Accumulation in Cycling Sprints.","authors":"R. Haase, Anna Katharina Dunst, N. Nitzsche","doi":"10.1055/a-2255-5254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2255-5254","url":null,"abstract":"Anaerobic performance diagnostics in athletes relies on accurate measurements of blood lactate concentration and the calculation of blood lactate accumulation resulting from glycolytic processes. In this study, we investigated the impact of pedaling frequency on blood lactate accumulation during 10-second maximal isokinetic cycling sprints. Thirteen trained males completed five 10-second maximal isokinetic cycling sprints on a bicycle ergometer at different pedaling frequencies (90 rpm, 110 rpm, 130 rpm, 150 rpm, 170 rpm) with continuous power and frequency measurement. Capillary blood samples were taken pre-exercise and up to 30 minutes post-exercise to determine the maximum blood lactate concentration.Blood lactate accumulation was calculated as the difference between maximal post-exercise and pre-start blood lactate concentration. Repeated measurement ANOVA with Bonferroni-adjusted post hoc t-tests revealed significant progressive increases in maximal blood lactate concentration and accumulation with higher pedaling frequencies (p<0.001; η2+>+0.782).The findings demonstrate a significant influence of pedaling frequency on lactate accumulation, emphasizing its relevance in anaerobic diagnostics. Optimal assessment of maximal lactate formation rate is suggested to require a pedaling frequency of at least 130 rpm or higher, while determining metabolic thresholds using the maximal lactate formation rate may benefit from a slightly lower pedaling frequency.","PeriodicalId":14439,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140674730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Robert H. Fitts, Xinrui Wang, Wai-Meng Kwok, A. Camara
Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, and exercise-training (TRN) is known to reduce risk factors and protect the heart from ischemia and reperfusion injury. Though the cardioprotective effects of exercise are well-documented, underlying mechanisms are not well understood. This review highlights recent findings and focuses on cardiac factors with emphasis on K+ channel control of the action potential duration (APD), β-adrenergic and adenosine regulation of cardiomyocyte function, and mitochondrial Ca2+ regulation. TRN-induced prolongation and shortening of the APD at low and high activation rates, respectively, is discussed in the context of a reduced response of the sarcolemma delayed rectifier potassium channel (IK) and increased content and activation of the sarcolemma KATP channel. A proposed mechanism underlying the latter is presented, including the phosphatidylinositol-3kinase/protein kinase B pathway. TRN induced increases in cardiomyocyte contractility and the response to adrenergic agonists are discussed. The TRN-induced protection from reperfusion injury is highlighted by the increased content and activation of the sarcolemma KATP channel and the increased phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase-3β, which aid in preventing mitochondrial Ca2+ overload and mitochondria-triggered apoptosis. Finally, a brief section is presented on the increased incidences of atrial fibrillation associated with age and in life-long exercisers.
{"title":"Cardiomyocyte Adaptation to Exercise: K+ Channels, Contractility and Ischemic Injury.","authors":"Robert H. Fitts, Xinrui Wang, Wai-Meng Kwok, A. Camara","doi":"10.1055/a-2296-7604","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2296-7604","url":null,"abstract":"Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, and exercise-training (TRN) is known to reduce risk factors and protect the heart from ischemia and reperfusion injury. Though the cardioprotective effects of exercise are well-documented, underlying mechanisms are not well understood. This review highlights recent findings and focuses on cardiac factors with emphasis on K+ channel control of the action potential duration (APD), β-adrenergic and adenosine regulation of cardiomyocyte function, and mitochondrial Ca2+ regulation. TRN-induced prolongation and shortening of the APD at low and high activation rates, respectively, is discussed in the context of a reduced response of the sarcolemma delayed rectifier potassium channel (IK) and increased content and activation of the sarcolemma KATP channel. A proposed mechanism underlying the latter is presented, including the phosphatidylinositol-3kinase/protein kinase B pathway. TRN induced increases in cardiomyocyte contractility and the response to adrenergic agonists are discussed. The TRN-induced protection from reperfusion injury is highlighted by the increased content and activation of the sarcolemma KATP channel and the increased phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase-3β, which aid in preventing mitochondrial Ca2+ overload and mitochondria-triggered apoptosis. Finally, a brief section is presented on the increased incidences of atrial fibrillation associated with age and in life-long exercisers.","PeriodicalId":14439,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140676552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ó. López-Belmonte, A. Gay, J. Ruiz-Navarro, F. Cuenca-Fernández, R. Cejuela, R. Arellano
This study aimed (i) to analyze the 1500 m open water swimming performance, (ii) to examine the associations between physiological and biomechanical variables with swimming performance, and (iii) to determine which variables can predict swimming performance in triathletes. Fourteen elite triathletes (23.4±3.8 y) performed a 1500 m test in open water swimming conditions. Swimming performance was assessed using World Aquatics Points Scoring, and data were obtained from the 1500 m open water swimming test. Heart rate, end-exercise oxygen uptake (EE˙VO2) and blood lactate concentrations were measured. The initial 250 m of the 1500 m swimming test presented the highest values of biomechanical variables in males (i. e. swimming speed, stroke rate (SR), length (SL), index (SI)). A decrease in SL was observed in the last 250 m in both sexes. Positive association were found between EE˙VO2 (r=0.513; p=0.030), swimming speed (r=0.873; p<0.001) and SI (r=0.704; p=0.002) with swimming performance. In contrast, time constant of the oxygen uptake (r=-0.500; p=0.034) and buoy-turn times (r=-0.525; p=0.027) were negatively associated with performance. SI was the main predictor (R 2=0.495) of open water swimming performance in triathletes. In conclusion, triathletes and coaches must conduct open water training sessions to maximize SI (i. e. swimming efficiency).
{"title":"Open Water Swimming in Elite Triathletes: Physiological and Biomechanical Determinants.","authors":"Ó. López-Belmonte, A. Gay, J. Ruiz-Navarro, F. Cuenca-Fernández, R. Cejuela, R. Arellano","doi":"10.1055/a-2289-0873","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2289-0873","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed (i) to analyze the 1500 m open water swimming performance, (ii) to examine the associations between physiological and biomechanical variables with swimming performance, and (iii) to determine which variables can predict swimming performance in triathletes. Fourteen elite triathletes (23.4±3.8 y) performed a 1500 m test in open water swimming conditions. Swimming performance was assessed using World Aquatics Points Scoring, and data were obtained from the 1500 m open water swimming test. Heart rate, end-exercise oxygen uptake (EE˙VO2) and blood lactate concentrations were measured. The initial 250 m of the 1500 m swimming test presented the highest values of biomechanical variables in males (i. e. swimming speed, stroke rate (SR), length (SL), index (SI)). A decrease in SL was observed in the last 250 m in both sexes. Positive association were found between EE˙VO2 (r=0.513; p=0.030), swimming speed (r=0.873; p<0.001) and SI (r=0.704; p=0.002) with swimming performance. In contrast, time constant of the oxygen uptake (r=-0.500; p=0.034) and buoy-turn times (r=-0.525; p=0.027) were negatively associated with performance. SI was the main predictor (R 2=0.495) of open water swimming performance in triathletes. In conclusion, triathletes and coaches must conduct open water training sessions to maximize SI (i. e. swimming efficiency).","PeriodicalId":14439,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140676239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Junhyeong Lim, Jaewook Lee, Sang-Pill Park, Jinwoo Lee, Jaewon Kim, Jihong Park
We compared the immediate response and recovery of femoral cartilage morphology following aerobic or resistance exercise to a control condition. Fifteen healthy young males (23.9 years; 170.1 cm; 69.7 kg) visited the laboratory three separate days and randomly performed one of the 30 min exercise aerobic exercise (treadmill running); resistance exercises (leg presses, back squats, and knee extensions); or seated rest as the control, each followed by the 50 min recovery. Ultrasonographic images of the femoral cartilage cross-sectional area (CSA) were obtained before and after exercise and every 5 min thereafter. To test exercise effects over time, a mixed model analysis of variance and Tukey-Kramer post-hoc tests were performed (p<0.05). The femoral cartilage CSA was different (condition × time: F34,742=4.30, p<0.0001) that the femoral cartilage CSA was decreased after the aerobic (-5.8%, p<0.0001) and the resistance (-3.4%, p=0.04) exercises, compared to the pre-exercise levels. Deformed femoral cartilage CSA took 35- and 10 min to return to the pre-exercise levels after aerobic and resistance exercises (p>0.09), respectively. Thirty minutes of moderate exertion performing aerobic or resistance exercises immediately reduced the femoral cartilage CSA. A rest period ranging from 10 to 35 min was required for cartilage recovery after weight-bearing exercises.
{"title":"Change in femoral cartilage cross-sectional area after aerobic and resistance exercise.","authors":"Junhyeong Lim, Jaewook Lee, Sang-Pill Park, Jinwoo Lee, Jaewon Kim, Jihong Park","doi":"10.1055/a-2308-3148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2308-3148","url":null,"abstract":"We compared the immediate response and recovery of femoral cartilage morphology following aerobic or resistance exercise to a control condition. Fifteen healthy young males (23.9 years; 170.1 cm; 69.7 kg) visited the laboratory three separate days and randomly performed one of the 30 min exercise aerobic exercise (treadmill running); resistance exercises (leg presses, back squats, and knee extensions); or seated rest as the control, each followed by the 50 min recovery. Ultrasonographic images of the femoral cartilage cross-sectional area (CSA) were obtained before and after exercise and every 5 min thereafter. To test exercise effects over time, a mixed model analysis of variance and Tukey-Kramer post-hoc tests were performed (p<0.05). The femoral cartilage CSA was different (condition × time: F34,742=4.30, p<0.0001) that the femoral cartilage CSA was decreased after the aerobic (-5.8%, p<0.0001) and the resistance (-3.4%, p=0.04) exercises, compared to the pre-exercise levels. Deformed femoral cartilage CSA took 35- and 10 min to return to the pre-exercise levels after aerobic and resistance exercises (p>0.09), respectively. Thirty minutes of moderate exertion performing aerobic or resistance exercises immediately reduced the femoral cartilage CSA. A rest period ranging from 10 to 35 min was required for cartilage recovery after weight-bearing exercises.","PeriodicalId":14439,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140693716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mixed-gender studies predominate the current literature exploring the interaction between physical activity and dementia risk. Considering that menopause appears to contribute to females' increased risk of cognitive decline when compared to males, further clarity is required on the impact of physical activity in reducing late-life dementia risk specifically in perimenopausal females. A literature search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, SCOPUS and CINAHL databases yielded fourteen studies for review. A significant inverse relationship between perimenopausal leisure time physical activity, or physical fitness, and future all-cause dementia risk was found in most studies exploring this interaction. Higher levels of perimenopausal household physical activity and combined non-leisure time physical activity also displayed a favourable impact in lowering dementia risk. A dose-response effect was demonstrated, with approximately 10 MET-hour/week of leisure time physical activity required for significant dementia risk reduction. Three of four papers exploring causality provided analyses that are proposed to counter the 'reverse causation' argument, suggesting that physical activity may indeed have a protective role in reducing dementia risk post-menopause. The current systematic review provides promising results regarding the impact of pre- and perimenopausal physical activity on reducing late-life dementia risk, suggesting that promoting perimenopausal physical activity may serve as a crucial tool in mitigating the risk of post-menopausal cognitive decline.
在目前探讨体育锻炼与痴呆症风险之间相互作用的文献中,以混合性别研究为主。考虑到与男性相比,更年期似乎是女性认知能力下降风险增加的原因之一,因此需要进一步明确体育锻炼对降低围绝经期女性晚年痴呆症风险的影响。在对 MEDLINE、EMBASE、Web of Science、SCOPUS 和 CINAHL 数据库进行文献检索后,我们对 14 项研究进行了综述。在大多数探讨这种相互作用的研究中发现,围绝经期闲暇时间体育活动或体能与未来全因痴呆症风险之间存在明显的反向关系。围绝经期较高水平的家庭体育活动和非闲暇时间的综合体育活动也对降低痴呆症风险产生了有利影响。研究显示了一种剂量-反应效应,要显著降低痴呆症风险,每周需要约 10 MET 小时的闲暇时间体育锻炼。在四篇探讨因果关系的论文中,有三篇论文提供了反驳 "反向因果关系 "论点的分析,表明体育锻炼在降低绝经后痴呆症风险方面确实具有保护作用。本系统综述就绝经前和围绝经期体育锻炼对降低晚年痴呆症风险的影响提供了有希望的结果,表明促进围绝经期体育锻炼可能是降低绝经后认知能力下降风险的重要工具。
{"title":"Perimenopausal physical activity and dementia risk: A systematic review.","authors":"Niall Simmons, Miguel Rodriguez Ruiz, F. Ronca","doi":"10.1055/a-2307-8122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2307-8122","url":null,"abstract":"Mixed-gender studies predominate the current literature exploring the interaction between physical activity and dementia risk. Considering that menopause appears to contribute to females' increased risk of cognitive decline when compared to males, further clarity is required on the impact of physical activity in reducing late-life dementia risk specifically in perimenopausal females. A literature search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, SCOPUS and CINAHL databases yielded fourteen studies for review. A significant inverse relationship between perimenopausal leisure time physical activity, or physical fitness, and future all-cause dementia risk was found in most studies exploring this interaction. Higher levels of perimenopausal household physical activity and combined non-leisure time physical activity also displayed a favourable impact in lowering dementia risk. A dose-response effect was demonstrated, with approximately 10 MET-hour/week of leisure time physical activity required for significant dementia risk reduction. Three of four papers exploring causality provided analyses that are proposed to counter the 'reverse causation' argument, suggesting that physical activity may indeed have a protective role in reducing dementia risk post-menopause. The current systematic review provides promising results regarding the impact of pre- and perimenopausal physical activity on reducing late-life dementia risk, suggesting that promoting perimenopausal physical activity may serve as a crucial tool in mitigating the risk of post-menopausal cognitive decline.","PeriodicalId":14439,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140698746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
John Long, Denver Brown, John Farrell, Matthew Gonzalez, Kelly Cheever
This study assessed the multifaceted relations between measures of workload, psychological state, and recovery throughout an entire soccer season. A prospective longitudinal study was utilized to measure workload (GPS training load, RPE), psychological state (mental stress, mental fatigue, and mood), and recovery (sleep duration, sleep quality, and soreness), across ninety observations. Separate linear-mixed effect models were used to assess outcomes of RPE, soreness, and sleep duration. A linear mixed-effects model explained 59% of the variance in RPE following each session. Specifically, each standard deviation increase in GPS load and mental stress in the morning prior to training increased RPE by 1.46(SE=0.08) and 0.29(SE= 0.07) respectively, following that day's training. Furthermore, a significant interaction was found between several predictor variables and chronological day in the season while predicting RPE. Specifically, for each standard deviation increase in GPS load, RPE went up by 0.055 per day across the season suggesting that load had a higher impact on RPE as the season progressed. In contrast, the interaction of day by mental stress, sleep duration, and soreness continued to be stronger as the season progressed. Each linear mixed-effect model predicted a larger amount of variance when accounting for individual variations in the random effects.
{"title":"Relationship between Workload, Psychological State and Sleep in Female Soccer Athletes.","authors":"John Long, Denver Brown, John Farrell, Matthew Gonzalez, Kelly Cheever","doi":"10.1055/a-2304-3694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2304-3694","url":null,"abstract":"This study assessed the multifaceted relations between measures of workload, psychological state, and recovery throughout an entire soccer season. A prospective longitudinal study was utilized to measure workload (GPS training load, RPE), psychological state (mental stress, mental fatigue, and mood), and recovery (sleep duration, sleep quality, and soreness), across ninety observations. Separate linear-mixed effect models were used to assess outcomes of RPE, soreness, and sleep duration. A linear mixed-effects model explained 59% of the variance in RPE following each session. Specifically, each standard deviation increase in GPS load and mental stress in the morning prior to training increased RPE by 1.46(SE=0.08) and 0.29(SE= 0.07) respectively, following that day's training. Furthermore, a significant interaction was found between several predictor variables and chronological day in the season while predicting RPE. Specifically, for each standard deviation increase in GPS load, RPE went up by 0.055 per day across the season suggesting that load had a higher impact on RPE as the season progressed. In contrast, the interaction of day by mental stress, sleep duration, and soreness continued to be stronger as the season progressed. Each linear mixed-effect model predicted a larger amount of variance when accounting for individual variations in the random effects.","PeriodicalId":14439,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140716777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jinghui Yang, Nicholas Rolnick, Ericka N. Merriwether, Smita Rao
We compared the magnitude of exercise-induced hypoalgesia and conditioned pain modulation between blood-flow restriction (BFR) resistance exercise (RE) and moderate-intensity RE. Twenty-five asymptomatic participants performed unilateral leg press in two visits. For moderate-intensity RE, subjects exercised at 50% 1RM without BFR whereas BFR RE exercised at 30% 1RM with a cuff inflated to 60% limb occlusion pressure. Exercise-induced hypoalgesia was quantified by pressure pain threshold changes before and after RE. Conditioned pain modulation was tested using cold water as the conditioning stimulus and mechanical pressure as the test stimulus and quantified as pressure pain threshold change. Difference in conditioned pain modulation pre- to post- RE was then calculated. The differences of RE on pain modulations were compared using paired t-tests. Pearson's r was used to examine the correlation between exercise-induced hypoalgesia and changes in conditioned pain modulation. We found greater hypoalgesia with BFR RE compared to moderate-intensity RE (p = 0.008). Significant moderate correlations were found between exercise-induced hypoalgesia and changes in conditioned pain modulation (BFR: r = 0.63, moderate-intensity: r = 0.72). BFR RE has favorable effects on pain modulation in healthy adults and the magnitude of exercise-induced hypoalgesia is positively correlated with conditioned pain modulation activation.
我们比较了血流受限阻力运动(BFR)和中等强度阻力运动(RE)之间运动诱导的低痛感和条件性疼痛调节的程度。25 名无症状的参与者分两次进行了单侧压腿运动。在中等强度 RE 中,受试者以 50% 的 1RM 进行锻炼,不使用 BFR,而 BFR RE 则以 30% 的 1RM 进行锻炼,袖带充气至 60% 的肢体闭塞压力。运动引起的低痛感通过 RE 前后压力痛阈值的变化进行量化。以冷水作为条件刺激,以机械压力作为测试刺激,测试条件性疼痛调节,并以压力痛阈变化进行量化。然后计算 RE 前后条件性疼痛调制的差异。使用配对 t 检验比较 RE 对疼痛调节的差异。使用皮尔森 r 检验运动引起的低痛感与条件性疼痛调制变化之间的相关性。我们发现,与中等强度的 RE 相比,BFR RE 的低痛感程度更高(p = 0.008)。运动引起的低痛感与条件性疼痛调制变化之间存在显著的中度相关性(BFR:r = 0.63,中等强度:r = 0.72)。BFR RE 对健康成年人的疼痛调制具有有利影响,运动引起的低痛感程度与条件性疼痛调制激活呈正相关。
{"title":"Hypoalgesia and Conditioned Pain Modulation in Blood Flow Restriction Resistance Exercise.","authors":"Jinghui Yang, Nicholas Rolnick, Ericka N. Merriwether, Smita Rao","doi":"10.1055/a-2301-9115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2301-9115","url":null,"abstract":"We compared the magnitude of exercise-induced hypoalgesia and conditioned pain modulation between blood-flow restriction (BFR) resistance exercise (RE) and moderate-intensity RE. Twenty-five asymptomatic participants performed unilateral leg press in two visits. For moderate-intensity RE, subjects exercised at 50% 1RM without BFR whereas BFR RE exercised at 30% 1RM with a cuff inflated to 60% limb occlusion pressure. Exercise-induced hypoalgesia was quantified by pressure pain threshold changes before and after RE. Conditioned pain modulation was tested using cold water as the conditioning stimulus and mechanical pressure as the test stimulus and quantified as pressure pain threshold change. Difference in conditioned pain modulation pre- to post- RE was then calculated. The differences of RE on pain modulations were compared using paired t-tests. Pearson's r was used to examine the correlation between exercise-induced hypoalgesia and changes in conditioned pain modulation. We found greater hypoalgesia with BFR RE compared to moderate-intensity RE (p = 0.008). Significant moderate correlations were found between exercise-induced hypoalgesia and changes in conditioned pain modulation (BFR: r = 0.63, moderate-intensity: r = 0.72). BFR RE has favorable effects on pain modulation in healthy adults and the magnitude of exercise-induced hypoalgesia is positively correlated with conditioned pain modulation activation.","PeriodicalId":14439,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140732428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}