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1D and 2D porous media fixed bed reactor simulations with DUO: Steam Methane Reforming (SMR) validation test 利用 DUO 进行一维和二维多孔介质固定床反应器模拟:蒸汽甲烷转化 (SMR) 验证试验
Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/1312/1/012004
E. Daymo, A. Tonkovich, M. Hettel, A. Shirsath
Porous media models are commonly used to simulate packed bed reactors in the chemical process industry. There are several porous media energy equation models available, but commonly a single energy equation for both the fluid and solid phases is selected. Such an approach has been applied to OpenFOAM, with validation testing done using DUO (DETCHEM und OpenFOAM) for a Steam Methane Reforming (SMR) application. Using a popular kinetics mechanism for this reaction, a good fit between simulation and experiment was observed.
多孔介质模型常用于模拟化学加工工业中的填料床反应器。目前有多种多孔介质能量方程模型可供选择,但通常情况下,流体相和固体相都选择单一的能量方程。这种方法已应用于 OpenFOAM,并使用 DUO(DETCHEM 和 OpenFOAM)对蒸汽甲烷转化(SMR)应用进行了验证测试。使用该反应的常用动力学机制,观察到模拟与实验之间的良好拟合。
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引用次数: 0
In-Situ EBSD Study of Austenitisation in a Wire-Arc Additively Manufactured High-Strength Steel 线弧加成型高强度钢奥氏体化的原位 EBSD 研究
Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/1310/1/012001
M Taylor, Y H Mozumder, A D Smith, A E Davis, F Scenini, P B Prangnell, E J Pickering
As-built high-strength steel wire-arc additive manufactured (WAAM) components often contain coarse columnar prior austenite grain (PAG) structures. These microstructures can result in poor mechanical properties, hence post-build re-austenitisation treatments are of interest to improve microstructures. Here, the potential for engineering austenite refinement was investigated using high-temperature in-situ EBSD with high temporal resolution. It was found that 300M first austenitised with a memory effect, reforming the columnar PAG structures in both morphology and crystallographic orientation. This was observed to occur by the coalescence of acicular austenite and happened earlier in the depleted dendritic regions. On further heating, austenite underwent recrystallisation without the application of external deformation via a discontinuous mechanism, involving the bulging of the prior high angle boundaries. Recrystallisation twins were also seen to form and grow alongside regular recrystallised grains. The predominance of discontinuous recrystallisation meant that a coarse grain structure was still retained after austenitisation, owing to the influence of a grain ‘swapping’ effect.
线弧添加剂制造(WAAM)的高强度钢构件通常含有粗大的柱状先奥氏体晶粒(PAG)结构。这些微观结构会导致机械性能低下,因此制造后的再奥氏体化处理对改善微观结构很有意义。在此,我们使用具有高时间分辨率的高温原位 EBSD 研究了工程奥氏体细化的潜力。研究发现,300M 首次奥氏体化具有记忆效应,在形态和结晶取向上重新形成了柱状 PAG 结构。据观察,这是通过针状奥氏体的凝聚发生的,在贫化树枝状区域发生得更早。进一步加热时,奥氏体在没有外部变形的情况下通过不连续机制发生再结晶,包括先前的高角边界隆起。再结晶孪晶也会与规则再结晶晶粒一起形成和生长。不连续再结晶占主导地位意味着,由于晶粒 "交换 "效应的影响,粗晶粒结构在奥氏体化后仍得以保留。
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引用次数: 0
Recrystallization kinetics in 3D printed 316L stainless steel 3D 打印 316L 不锈钢中的再结晶动力学
Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/1310/1/012042
C Zhang, S Ahmed, V K Nadimpalli, T Yu, D Juul Jensen
During operation, many 3D printed components are likely to be exposed to external strains and/or high temperatures. However, the thermomechanical behaviours, e.g. plastic deformation and recrystallization, have not been thoroughly analysed, and are interesting to study because of the complex microstructure introduced by 3D printing. In the present work, the microstructural evolution and change in hardness during plastic deformation and recrystallization have been characterized in austenitic stainless steel 316L samples manufactured by laser powder bed fusion. The focus is on the recrystallization kinetics in both the as-printed and the plastically deformed state. It is discussed how these results compare to results for conventionally manufactured samples. The present study suggests that the inhomogeneity of 3D printed samples significantly affects the recrystallization behaviour.
在运行过程中,许多 3D 打印部件可能会受到外部应变和/或高温的影响。然而,热机械行为,如塑性变形和再结晶,尚未得到深入分析,而由于三维打印引入了复杂的微观结构,因此对其进行研究很有意义。在本研究中,我们对激光粉末床熔融技术制造的奥氏体不锈钢 316L 样品在塑性变形和再结晶过程中的微观结构演变和硬度变化进行了表征。重点研究了打印状态和塑性变形状态下的再结晶动力学。研究还讨论了这些结果与传统制造样品结果的比较。本研究表明,三维打印样品的不均匀性会显著影响再结晶行为。
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引用次数: 0
OpenFOAM simulations for development of a mist flow diverter in aerosol jet printing OpenFOAM 模拟开发气溶胶喷射印刷中的雾流分流器
Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/1312/1/012005
James Q Feng
To design functional devices meeting the performance requirements for Aerosol Jet® (AJ) printing to deposit ink on substrate by a collimated impinging mist jet, understanding the internal mist flow behaviour is important. Herewith a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is presented with an OpenFOAM software package, for development of a mist flow diverter in the AJ printing equipment. The function of such a mist flow diverter is to direct a mist flow with specified flow rate to the deposition nozzle for printing the ink material onto substrate and to divert the mist flow away when the nozzle moves over a substrate location where ink deposition is unwanted. The CFD results can reveal detailed mist flow behaviour during mist flow switching for quantitative analysis of mist front travelling time through different regions. It is shown that such an internal pneumatic diverter inevitably brings noticeable on-delay and off-delay, more so for finer feature printing with lower mist flow rate due to time needed for mist droplets to travel from the mist flow switching chamber to substrate. Moreover, the on-delay and off-delay also come with gradual fade-in and fade-out effects in printed features especially when the substrate is moving at a considerable speed. Presented here is but one example of CFD analysis applied to performance examination of a commercial vacuum-boost diverter, although the established computational model has also been utilized to guide equipment design with evaluations of the effects of different geometric shapes and sizes by virtue of the convenience for CFD domain geometry and mesh adjustments.
要设计出符合气溶胶喷射®(AJ)印刷性能要求的功能装置,通过准直冲击雾状射流将油墨沉积在基材上,了解内部雾流行为非常重要。本文使用 OpenFOAM 软件包建立了一个计算流体动力学 (CFD) 模型,用于开发 AJ 印刷设备中的雾流分流器。这种雾流分流器的功能是将具有特定流速的雾流引导至沉积喷嘴,以便将油墨材料印刷到基材上,并在喷嘴移动到不希望油墨沉积的基材位置时将雾流分流。CFD 结果可以揭示雾流切换过程中的详细雾流行为,以便定量分析雾流前沿通过不同区域的时间。结果表明,这种内部气动分流器不可避免地会带来明显的导通延迟和关断延迟,由于雾滴从雾流切换室到基底所需的时间较长,因此对于雾流速率较低的精细特征印刷而言,导通延迟和关断延迟尤为明显。此外,开延时和关延时还会对印刷特征产生逐渐淡入和淡出的效果,尤其是当基底以相当快的速度移动时。这里介绍的只是将 CFD 分析应用于商用真空增压分流器性能检测的一个例子,不过由于 CFD 域几何和网格调整的便利性,已建立的计算模型还被用于指导设备设计,评估不同几何形状和尺寸的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of microstructural heterogeneity and grain morphology on the annealing behavior of additively manufactured metastable β titanium alloy 微观结构异质性和晶粒形态对添加式制造的可转移 β 钛合金退火行为的影响
Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/1310/1/012033
J Q Chang, Y N Wu, Z B Zhang
Titanium alloys fabricated by additive manufacturing usually exhibit significant heterogeneity in grain size and morphology. Recrystallization treatment is an effective approach to alter the microstructure and achieve a more homogeneous structure. In this study, recrystallization and grain growth behaviours of a metastable β titanium alloy fabricated by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) and direct energy deposition (DED) were investigated. The LPBF sample developed a chessboard-like microstructure, with considerable variations in grain size and morphology across molten pools. Recrystallization started from the boundary of these pools, where grains were finer and the stored energy was higher. The DED sample had a heterogeneous structure with alternating layers of equiaxed grains and columnar grains oriented with <100> along the building direction. Results obtained from in-situ EBSD demonstrated that grain growth occurred preferentially in regions with fine equiaxed grains, and regions with columnar grains showed limited grain growth due to the relatively lower driving force and mobility.
通过快速成型制造的钛合金通常在晶粒尺寸和形态上表现出明显的异质性。再结晶处理是改变微观结构并获得更均匀结构的有效方法。在本研究中,研究了通过激光粉末床熔融(LPBF)和直接能量沉积(DED)制造的可代谢β钛合金的再结晶和晶粒生长行为。LPBF 样品形成了棋盘状的微观结构,熔池中的晶粒大小和形态变化很大。再结晶从这些熔池的边界开始,那里的晶粒更细,储存的能量更高。DED 样品具有异质结构,等轴晶粒层和柱状晶粒层交替出现,沿构建方向的取向为 <100>。原位 EBSD 得出的结果表明,晶粒生长优先发生在具有较细等轴晶粒的区域,而具有柱状晶粒的区域由于驱动力和流动性相对较低,晶粒生长有限。
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引用次数: 0
Influence of printing parameters on part density in L-BPF of Ti-6Al-4V and correlation with static mechanical properties measured using indentation testing 印刷参数对 Ti-6Al-4V L-BPF 零件密度的影响以及与压痕测试测得的静态机械性能的相关性
Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/1310/1/012030
J Schulz, E C Santos, A Kalliath, B Schmaling, P Zok, S Siegert, I S Dandu, KH Lindner, E Bruder, K Durst
A complete workflow of parameter development and process qualification of a part manufactured using laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) AM technique requires data of porosity, pore morphology, distortion and static mechanical properties. Using a combination of two non-destructive techniques: Computed tomography and indentation testing, the influence of printing parameters on defect types and part density in L-PBF of Ti-6Al-4V is described. In addition, the results using the combined method are compared to conventional testing methods.
使用激光粉末床熔融(L-PBF)AM 技术制造零件的参数开发和工艺鉴定的完整工作流程需要孔隙率、孔形态、变形和静态机械性能数据。结合使用两种非破坏性技术:计算机断层扫描和压痕测试这两种非破坏性技术的结合,描述了打印参数对 Ti-6Al-4V L-PBF 中缺陷类型和零件密度的影响。此外,还将使用组合方法得出的结果与传统测试方法进行了比较。
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引用次数: 0
Aerospike: Mission Simulation and Optimal Design Using Openfoam and Dakota Aerospike:使用 Openfoam 和 Dakota 进行飞行任务模拟和优化设计
Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/1312/1/012002
Roberto Carbone, Joel Enrique Guerrero Rivas, Eric Segalerba, Jan Oscar Pralits
Hypersonic flight presents several difficulties linked to the important viscous dissipation of kinetic energy on the surface of a vehicle which causes the need for relevant Thermal Protection Systems, reduces communication efficiency due to air ionization and creates an important pressure load due to the stagnation point on the fuselage. Those effects are enlarged by the presence of a shock wave with its strength growing in the case of a blunt body-shaped vehicle. The aim of this work is to study the effectiveness of the static device called “Aerospike” to reduce the effects induced by the hypersonic flight of a blunt body, in particular with respect to the average surface temperature, the pressure load and drag coefficient. After having studied a base case, an optimization process to define an optimal shape both for the aerospike and the aerodisk are presented.
高超音速飞行会带来一些困难,其中包括飞行器表面动能的大量粘性耗散,因此需要相关的热保护系统,空气电离会降低通信效率,机身上的停滞点会产生巨大的压力负荷。这些影响会因冲击波的存在而扩大,在钝体飞行器的情况下,冲击波的强度会增加。这项工作的目的是研究名为 "Aerospike "的静态装置在减少钝体高超音速飞行引起的影响方面的有效性,特别是在平均表面温度、压力负荷和阻力系数方面。在研究了基本情况后,介绍了确定气钉和气盘最佳形状的优化过程。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of multi-pass shot peening on the microstructure of LPBF AlSi10Mg alloy 多道喷丸强化对 LPBF AlSi10Mg 合金微观结构的影响
Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/1310/1/012039
P Snopiński, T Yu, X Zhang, D Juul Jensen
In this study, we investigated the effect of multi-pass shot peening (SP) on the microstructural evolution of a Laser Powder Bed Fusion AlSi10Mg alloy. Characterization techniques included optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The results revealed that multi-pass SP induces a gradient microstructure with notable alterations in the grain structure extending to a depth of approximately 45 μm. EBSD analysis revealed that the SP treatment induced grain refinement and formation of subgrains (average distances between boundaries vary from 3.6 μm in the un-deformed area to 0.4 μm near the heavily deformed surface area). It is discussed how this refined microstructure following SP may lead to substantial improvements in mechanical properties and fatigue strength, and thus hold promises for increased performance of critical components across various industrial applications.
在本研究中,我们研究了多道喷丸强化(SP)对激光粉末床熔炼 AlSi10Mg 合金微观结构演变的影响。表征技术包括光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和电子反向散射衍射(EBSD)。结果表明,多通道 SP 可诱导出梯度微观结构,晶粒结构的显著变化可延伸至约 45 μm 的深度。EBSD 分析表明,SP 处理诱导了晶粒细化和子晶粒的形成(边界之间的平均距离从未变形区域的 3.6 μm 到严重变形表面区域附近的 0.4 μm)。本文讨论了 SP 精炼后的微观结构如何大幅改善机械性能和疲劳强度,从而有望提高各种工业应用中关键部件的性能。
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引用次数: 0
Peer Review Statement 同行评审声明
Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/1310/1/011002
All papers published in this volume have been reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.• Type of peer review: Single Anonymous• Conference submission management system: Morressier• Number of submissions received: 49• Number of submissions sent for review: 49• Number of submissions accepted: 45• Acceptance Rate (Submissions Accepted / Submissions Received × 100): 91.8• Average number of reviews per paper: 2• Total number of reviewers involved: 9• Contact person for queries:Name: Jytte LaursenEmail: risoesymp@construct.dtu.dkAffiliation: Technical University of Denmark
本卷中发表的所有论文均已通过编辑部的审核。专家审稿人按照 IOP 出版社出版的论文集期刊应有的专业和科学标准进行审稿:单一匿名- 会议投稿管理系统:Morressier- 收到的投稿数量:49- 送审稿件数量:49- 接受的投稿数量:45- 接受率(接受的提交材料/收到的提交材料 × 100):91.8- 每篇论文的平均评审次数:2- 参与评审的总人数:9- 联系人姓名:Jytte LaursenJytte LaursenEmail: risoesymp@construct.dtu.dkAffiliation:丹麦技术大学
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引用次数: 0
Understanding fatigue crack propagation pathways in Additively Manufactured AlSi10Mg 了解快速制造的 AlSi10Mg 中的疲劳裂纹扩展途径
Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/1310/1/012025
S Rangaraj, S S I Ahmed, A Davis, P J Withers, A Gholinia
Alloys produced through additive manufacturing (AM) offer substantial advantages, particularly in controlling material utilisation and precisely manipulating processing parameters, resulting in finely tuned material properties. However, the grain structure of AM material is typically complex, influenced by factors such as solidification dynamics, processing parameters, thermal gradients, and residual stress. Fatigue analysis shows considerable scatter due to entrained defects which limits their use as structural components. In this study, fatigue-failed samples from selective laser melted (SLM) AlSi10Mg alloy, oriented horizontal and vertical to the build direction were analysed to understand crack propagation paths. Here X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) was used to examine internal porosity from which fatigue cracks initiate, complemented by electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) mapping. This enabled us to recognize the crucial role of the complex grain microstructure in controlling fatigue crack propagation.
通过增材制造(AM)生产的合金具有很大的优势,特别是在控制材料利用率和精确控制加工参数方面,从而实现了材料性能的微调。然而,AM 材料的晶粒结构通常比较复杂,受到凝固动力学、加工参数、热梯度和残余应力等因素的影响。疲劳分析表明,由于夹杂缺陷,AM 材料的分布相当不均匀,这限制了其作为结构部件的应用。本研究分析了选择性激光熔化(SLM)AlSi10Mg 合金的疲劳失效样品,样品的水平方向和垂直于构建方向,以了解裂纹的传播路径。在这里,我们使用 X 射线计算机断层扫描 (CT) 来检查内部孔隙率,并辅以电子反向散射衍射 (EBSD) 测绘,发现疲劳裂纹正是从内部孔隙率开始的。这使我们认识到复杂的晶粒微结构在控制疲劳裂纹扩展方面的关键作用。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering
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