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Preface to the Proceedings of the 5th European Academic Symposium on EAF Steelmaking 第五届欧洲电炉炼钢学术研讨会论文集序言
Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/1309/1/011001
V-V Visuri, T. Echterhof
The European Academic Symposium on EAF Steelmaking (EASES) is a series of events targeted at researchers and doctoral candidates working with different aspects of electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking. Previously, four events were organised in 2015, 2016, 2018, and 2021 in Aachen, Germany. The 5th European Academic Symposium on EAF Steelmaking (EASES 2023) was organised jointly by the RWTH Aachen University (Department for Industrial Furnaces and Heat Engineering) and University of Oulu (Process Metallurgy Research Unit) and held at the University of Oulu in Oulu, Finland on 5-7 June 2023. A total of 29 presentations were held at the event, out of which 13 featured an accompanying full paper. After the symposium, the authors of the full papers were invited to submit their manuscripts to be included in the proceedings. The proceedings consist of a total of 12 peer-reviewed papers published in the IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. Based on the presentations, the development of modelling and monitoring tools for process optimization, the use of biochar to replace fossil carbon for slag foaming, and the use of hydrogen as an alternative burner fuel were identified as current hot topics. In the future, the importance of the EAF process is expected to increase further due to the increasing availability of scrap and plans for ore-based production routes based on hydrogen direct reduction.
欧洲电弧炉炼钢学术研讨会(EASES)是针对从事电弧炉炼钢不同方面研究的研究人员和博士生举办的系列活动。此前,已分别于 2015 年、2016 年、2018 年和 2021 年在德国亚琛举办了四届活动。第五届欧洲电弧炉炼钢学术研讨会(EASES 2023)由亚琛工业大学(工业炉与热能工程系)和奥卢大学(过程冶金研究室)联合举办,于 2023 年 6 月 5-7 日在芬兰奥卢的奥卢大学举行。共有 29 个专题报告,其中 13 个报告附有论文全文。研讨会结束后,论文全文的作者受邀提交手稿,以便收入论文集。论文集共包括 12 篇经同行评审的论文,出版于 IOP Conference Series:材料科学与工程》。根据发言情况,开发用于工艺优化的建模和监测工具、使用生物炭替代化石碳进行炉渣发泡以及使用氢气作为燃烧器的替代燃料被确定为当前的热门话题。未来,由于废料供应量的增加以及基于氢直接还原的矿石生产路线计划,预计电弧炉工艺的重要性将进一步提高。
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引用次数: 0
3D Modelling of Electro Vortex Flow Inside Liquid Metal and Effect of External Magnetic Fields 液态金属内部电涡流的三维建模及外部磁场的影响
Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/1309/1/012004
M. Al Nasser, E. Karimi-Sibaki, M. Wu, C. Redl, A. Ishmurzin, N. Voller, G. Hackl, A. Kharicha
Electrovortex flow emerges when the current inside conducting liquids interacts with its self-induced magnetic field. The flow structure and strength of the flow are dictated by the current value and the presence of an external magnetic field. We present here 3D simulations for the electrovortex flow inside a liquid metal cylinder. The results presented reveal a typical electrovortex structure for low currents. Higher currents induce turbulence inside the electrovortex flow without any presence of an external magnetic field. In presence of Earth’s magnetic field, the flow structure is affected significantly. Cyclone, tornado, and rope tornado are observed inside the domain due to the earth’s magnetic field depending on the ratio of current applied and the earth’s magnetic field.
当导电液体内部的电流与其自感应磁场相互作用时,就会产生电涡流。流动结构和流动强度由电流值和外部磁场决定。我们在此介绍液态金属圆柱体内部电涡流的三维模拟。模拟结果显示了低电流时的典型电涡流结构。在没有任何外部磁场的情况下,较高的电流会在电涡流内部引起湍流。在存在地球磁场的情况下,流动结构会受到很大影响。根据施加的电流与地球磁场的比率,在地球磁场的作用下,域内会出现旋风、龙卷风和绳状龙卷风。
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引用次数: 1
Multimethodology based on Design-to-Value (DtV), integrated with simulation techniques and prioritization of teamwork for the optimization of a pneumatic rack & pinion actuator 基于 "从设计到价值"(DtV)的多种方法,结合模拟技术和团队合作的优先顺序,优化气动齿轮齿条传动器
Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/1306/1/012013
G Maiocchi, L Vigliano, G Nicoletto
The investigations here presented focus on the redesign and innovation of a pneumatic rack and pinion actuator for valve actuation, as a case study for investigating the potential of a multimethodology based on the Design to Value (DtoV) process, coupled with design techniques utilizing FEA simulations and giving high priority to teamwork. The final objective of this case study is to show how it is possible to optimize the design, increasing weight efficiency while maintaining performance, and to simplify it, with a reduction of components construction complexity, according to the growing demand for a lean production. The principle that guided all the activities was valorizing the power of teamwork, focusing the team on Safety and Reliability. In an initial phase, all the instruments foreseen by “Design-to-Value” process have been applied, obtaining a classification of the contents of the product constituting its sources of value. Subsequent outputs are proposals for efficient construction solutions, driving a second phase, dedicated to the re-design of the actuator. The peculiarity of this project has been to combine the “Design by Formulas” techniques with advanced FEA simulations (“Design by Analysis”), aiming to stress, deformation, and topology optimization. A two-step experimental validation is used, based on a preliminary “mockup” prototype followed by a complete detailed prototype, for confirming the results of the calculations and simulations, by directly performing a series of in-depth tests. Preliminary obtained results show that the approach based on the described multimethodology, makes it possible to optimize the design of the actuator, maintaining safety, reliability, and performance. In the case studied, the weight reduction is expected to be 8% and economic efficiency increase is expected to be near 20%.
本文介绍的研究重点是用于阀门驱动的气动齿轮齿条传动装置的重新设计和创新,并将其作为一个案例研究,探讨基于 "从设计到价值"(DtoV)流程的多种方法的潜力,同时结合利用有限元分析模拟的设计技术,并高度重视团队合作。本案例研究的最终目的是展示如何根据日益增长的精益生产需求,优化设计,在保持性能的同时提高重量效率,并简化设计,降低部件结构的复杂性。指导所有活动的原则是重视团队合作的力量,将团队的重点放在安全性和可靠性上。在初始阶段,应用了 "从设计到价值 "流程所预见的所有工具,对构成其价值来源的产品内容进行了分类。随后的成果是提出了有效的施工方案,并推动了第二阶段的工作,即对执行器进行重新设计。该项目的特点是将 "公式设计 "技术与先进的有限元分析模拟("分析设计")相结合,旨在进行应力、变形和拓扑优化。实验验证分为两个步骤,首先是一个初步的 "模拟 "原型,然后是一个完整的详细原型,通过直接进行一系列深入测试来确认计算和模拟结果。初步获得的结果表明,基于所述多方法的方法可以优化推杆的设计,同时保证安全性、可靠性和性能。在所研究的案例中,重量有望减轻 8%,经济效益有望提高近 20%。
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引用次数: 0
Homogenized Stiffness Matrix of Two-Node Elements through Experimental Flexibility tests 通过挠性实验测试均质化双节点构件的刚度矩阵
Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/1306/1/012039
C Iandiorio, F Cafolla, E Marotta, P Salvini
Homogenization is a numerical technique to obtain the equivalent mediated response of a complex material. However, there are some scenarios in which the complexity of the physical phenomena present in the real structure makes it difficult to generate a faithful Representative Volume Element (RVE). In these cases, it may turn easier and more reliable to perform a homogenization directly by experimental test results. For this reason, we present a procedure to build-up the whole stiffness matrix starting from experiments. This approach is here discussed to get a homogenised two-node beam element. The procedure requires some flexibility measurements, thus allowing fewer measurements if compared to stiffness-based approach. The method is verified with some experiments carried on a frame structure. The comparisons with a Finite Element model build up with stiffness matrix assembly demonstrates the validity and robustness of the proposed procedure.
均质化是一种获得复杂材料等效介导响应的数值技术。然而,在某些情况下,由于实际结构中物理现象的复杂性,很难生成可靠的代表体积元素(RVE)。在这种情况下,直接通过实验测试结果进行均质化可能会变得更加简单可靠。因此,我们提出了一种从实验开始建立整个刚度矩阵的方法。本文将讨论这种方法,以获得均质化的双节点梁元素。与基于刚度的方法相比,该程序需要进行一些柔性测量,因此可以减少测量次数。该方法通过在框架结构上进行的一些实验进行了验证。通过与使用刚度矩阵装配建立的有限元模型进行比较,证明了所建议程序的有效性和稳健性。
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引用次数: 0
Optimization and validation of a finite element methodology for thermo-structural analysis of polyhuretane wheels for roller coaster application 用于过山车聚氨酯车轮热结构分析的有限元方法的优化和验证
Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/1306/1/012015
Massimiliano Palmieri, Alberto Ferri, Filippo Cianetti, Claudio Braccesi
Polymeric materials are widely used in several engineering sectors. Among these, a particularly critical sector for this type of material is that of roller coasters. The wheels are indeed made with an aluminum hub and a compact polyurethane coating, which, being in contact with the track, is subject to high speeds dynamic loads. Due to the viscoelastic behavior typical of these materials, such loads induce overheating of the coating and therefore a rapid degradation of the wheel. This results in machine downtime and, consequently, significant waste of time and money. In this context, the authors have developed a methodology for finite element thermo-structural analysis capable of quickly evaluating the temperature reached during work cycles and proving very useful in selecting the type of wheels to use. In this work, this methodology was firstly computationally developed and then validated by comparing the analysis results with data obtained from experimental tests conducted by the manifacturer. The comparison demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method, highlighting, however, a constant error in terms of maximum temperature reached attributable to a non-exact material characterization.
聚合材料被广泛应用于多个工程领域。其中,过山车是这类材料的一个重要应用领域。过山车的车轮实际上是由一个铝制轮毂和一个紧凑的聚氨酯涂层组成的,轮毂与轨道接触,承受高速动态载荷。由于这些材料具有典型的粘弹性,这种载荷会导致涂层过热,从而使车轮迅速老化。这将导致机器停机,从而造成时间和金钱的严重浪费。在这种情况下,作者开发了一种有限元热结构分析方法,能够快速评估工作循环中达到的温度,并证明对选择轮毂类型非常有用。在这项工作中,首先对这一方法进行了计算开发,然后通过将分析结果与歧管制造商进行的实验测试所获得的数据进行比较,对这一方法进行了验证。比较结果表明了所建议方法的有效性,但也强调了由于材料特征描述不精确而导致的最高温度恒定误差。
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引用次数: 0
Biochar as a slag foaming agent in EAF – A novel experimental setup 生物炭作为电炉炉渣发泡剂--一种新型实验装置
Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/1309/1/012010
E. Hoikkaniemi, P. Sulasalmi, V-V Visuri, T. Fabritius
Slag foaming practice is employed widely in electric arc furnace steelmaking to improve the energy efficiency, protect the furnace structures and reduce noise pollution. Slag foaming is typically launched by injecting fossil-based carbonaceous material (e.g. coke dust) into the melt. In this study, a novel laboratory-scale experimental setup was used for studying the substitution of fossil carbon by biochar as slag foaming agent. The setup was equipped with an injection device for feeding carbon and a camera system for observing the foaming phenomenon and recording the process. A set of experiments was conducted for studying the foaming in slag-carbon systems using two carbonaceous materials: 1) coke dust was used as a reference material and 2) a high-quality biochar was used as a possible replacement. In the experiments, sufficient foaming was achieved with both of the carbonaceous materials. The biochar produced almost equal foaming behavior as coke dust. The results indicate that biochar could be used to substitute carbon for slag foaming in the EAF.
电弧炉炼钢广泛采用炉渣发泡法,以提高能效、保护炉体结构和减少噪音污染。炉渣发泡通常是通过向钢水中注入化石碳质材料(如焦炭粉)来实现的。在本研究中,使用了一种新颖的实验室规模实验装置来研究用生物炭替代化石碳作为炉渣发泡剂。该装置配备了一个用于注入碳的注入装置和一个用于观察发泡现象和记录发泡过程的摄像系统。为研究矿渣-碳系统中的发泡现象,使用两种碳质材料进行了一组实验:1)焦炭粉作为参考材料;2)优质生物炭作为可能的替代材料。在实验中,两种碳质材料都能产生足够的泡沫。生物炭产生的发泡效果几乎与焦炭粉相同。结果表明,生物炭可用于替代碳,在电炉炉渣中发泡。
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引用次数: 1
Reinforcement of thin hot-stamped components by fiber reinforced plastic structures with optimized fatigue strength properties 用具有优化疲劳强度特性的纤维增强塑料结构加固薄型热冲压部件
Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/1307/1/012047
B-A Behrens, S. Hübner, P. Müller, T. Fünfkirchler, J. Wehmeyer, K. Dilger, S. Hartwig, C. Gundlach
Multi-material structures in the automotive industry hold great potential for lightweight design, body construction, and functionalization due to their favorable mechanical properties and reduced structural weight. The combination of metal and plastic, in particular, is commonly used to enhance the overall properties of the end product when compared to single-material structures.This paper describes a process development with a hot-stamping and an extrusion tool. By means of this tool, a thermally assisted extrusion process can be used to join GMT (Glass Mat reinforced Thermoplastics) and 22MnB5 steel in a single process step. Through adhesion, the GMT adheres to the rough surface of the AlSi(aluminum-silicon)-coated 22MnB5. Test components were manufactured and through static tests the influence of process parameters was evaluated. Assuming that the parameters determined for the reference component are already sufficient for a design in the vehicle, the reduction of the steel thickness of the structure from 1.5 mm to 1.2 mm can be recommended on the basis of the results obtained. This is accompanied by a reduction in the mass of the test structure used while maintaining or improving its dynamic and static properties. Further weight savings appear possible through further component and process optimization.
由于具有良好的机械性能和较轻的结构重量,汽车工业中的多材料结构在轻量化设计、车身制造和功能化方面具有巨大潜力。与单一材料结构相比,金属和塑料的结合尤其常用于提高最终产品的整体性能。通过这种工具,热辅助挤压工艺可在一个工艺步骤中将 GMT(玻璃纤维增强热塑性塑料)和 22MnB5 钢连接在一起。通过粘附作用,GMT 粘附在涂有 AlSi(铝硅)的 22MnB5 钢的粗糙表面上。试验部件已制造完成,并通过静态试验评估了工艺参数的影响。假设为参考部件确定的参数已足以满足车辆设计的要求,则可根据所得结果建议将结构的钢厚度从 1.5 毫米减至 1.2 毫米。在保持或改善其动态和静态特性的同时,还可减少所用测试结构的质量。通过进一步优化部件和工艺,似乎还有可能进一步减轻重量。
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引用次数: 0
Critical current stability of 2G REBCO tape for space-flight HTS leads 用于太空飞行 HTS 导线的 2G REBCO 磁带的临界电流稳定性
Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/1302/1/012016
Edgar R Canavan, Brian Comber
High reliability is an essential requirement for all spaceflight hardware. Like the Hitomi x-ray observatory, its follow-on mission XRISM uses 2G REBCO tapes as current leads for the superconducting magnets that are a key component of the Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator (ADR) that cools the detector array. While the Hitomi Soft X-ray Spectrometer (SXS) worked flawlessly in orbit, during its development there were indications that the critical current of its specialized REBCO tapes could degrade over time when exposed to normal-humidity air. To demonstrate that the updates to the XRISM HTS lead assemblies had mitigated this risk, a series of tests were carried out to measure the stability of Ic of dozens of samples over a period greater than the flight assemblies were exposed to air during integration and test. The test rig allowed not only the measurement of the sample Ic, but also the localization of the voltage rise as the current approached Ic. We will discuss the trends in the critical current of the samples, as well as localization of lower Ic regions.
高可靠性是所有航天硬件的基本要求。与瞳 X 射线观测站一样,其后续任务 XRISM 也使用 2G REBCO 磁带作为超导磁体的电流导线,而超导磁体是绝热消磁制冷器(ADR)的关键部件,用于冷却探测器阵列。虽然 Hitomi 软 X 射线分光计(SXS)在轨道上的工作完美无瑕,但在其开发过程中,有迹象表明其专用 REBCO 磁带的临界电流在暴露于正常湿度的空气中时可能会随着时间的推移而降低。为了证明对 XRISM HTS 引线组件的更新已经降低了这一风险,我们进行了一系列测试,测量数十个样品在比飞行组件在集成和测试期间暴露在空气中的时间更长的时间内 Ic 的稳定性。测试设备不仅可以测量样品的 Ic,还可以在电流接近 Ic 时对电压上升进行定位。我们将讨论样品临界电流的趋势以及低 Ic 区域的定位。
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引用次数: 0
Tuned Windings: the window of opportunity for the implementation of solid conductors in high frequency cryogenic electric machines 调谐绕组:在高频低温电机中使用固体导体的机会之窗
Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/1302/1/012009
Olivia-Ramona Bruj, Milan Majoros, Michael Sumption, Codrin-Gruie (CG) Cantemir
Optimization techniques can significantly improve the performance of electrical machines. The analysis and the optimization algorithms focus on computational efficiency. In this paper, the optimization of a high frequency electrical machine in cryogenic conditions is proposed. The losses introduced by AC current in a conductor are directly proportional with the applied frequency in terms of skin effect and proximity effect. The stator coil, made from two aluminium (Al) turns, in the presence of cryogenic coolants has been analysed at frequencies up to 1000 Hz. In order to reduce the AC losses introduced by the magnetic fields, Nonlinear Conjugate Gradient (NCG) method has been applied for the stator coil thickness optimization. Frequency dependence is observed in most simulations. In the presence of Liquid Hydrogen (LH2) coolant, Al 1100 conductor presents the minimum power loss.
优化技术可以大大提高电机的性能。分析和优化算法的重点在于计算效率。本文提出了低温条件下高频电机的优化方案。在集肤效应和邻近效应方面,导体中的交流电流带来的损耗与应用频率成正比。本文对存在低温冷却剂的定子线圈(由两个铝(Al)匝组成)进行了频率高达 1000 Hz 的分析。为了减少磁场带来的交流损耗,在定子线圈厚度优化中采用了非线性共轭梯度(NCG)方法。在大多数模拟中都观察到了频率依赖性。在液氢(LH2)冷却剂存在的情况下,Al 1100 导体的功率损耗最小。
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引用次数: 0
From high-temperature superconductivity to room-temperature superconductivity: From ambient to high pressure; from very high pressure to ambient again!? 从高温超导到室温超导:从常温到高压;从超高压到常温!?
Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/1302/1/012010
L. Z. Deng, Z. Wu, T. Bontke, T. Habamahoro, D. Schulze, M. Gooch, T. W. Kuo, R. Fujikawa, C. W. Chu
This article will first briefly review the impressive advancements made in high-temperature superconductivity (HTS) before the arrival of room-temperature superconductivity (RTS). Accompanying the advancements made in superconductivity science and technology over the last century, a solid experimental framework concerning the search, development, and even authentication of new discoveries has been established. All these can serve as valuable references in the infancy of RTS research. In this spirit, we will comment on the current status of rare-earth hydride RTS and present our preliminary negative results on Lu-N-H and LK-99, the two most studied materials in the search for RTS in the last few months, although several more reports of negation than affirmation have appeared.
本文将首先简要回顾在室温超导(RTS)出现之前,高温超导(HTS)领域取得的令人瞩目的进展。伴随着上个世纪超导科学与技术的进步,一个关于新发现的搜索、开发甚至鉴定的坚实实验框架已经建立起来。所有这些都可以作为 RTS 研究起步阶段的宝贵参考。本着这种精神,我们将对稀土氢化物 RTS 的现状进行评论,并介绍我们对 Lu-N-H 和 LK-99 的初步否定结果,这两种材料是近几个月来在寻找 RTS 的过程中研究得最多的材料,尽管否定的报告比肯定的多。
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引用次数: 0
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IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering
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