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Biaxial Tensile Testing of Cruciform Samples to Determine the Impact of Pre-Strain on the Forming Limit Diagram of Aluminum Alloy 5052 through Finite Element Simulation 通过有限元模拟对十字形样品进行双轴拉伸测试以确定预应变对铝合金 5052 成型极限图的影响
Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/1307/1/012013
Shrutee Pradeep Pawar, Pavan Kumar, K. Narasimhan
The present work focuses on the effect of pre-strain on the forming limit curves (FLCs) of aluminium alloy 5052 sheet of 2.5 mm thickness using cruciform samples. To identify the effect of pre-strain on the FLC, the finite element simulations are performed on cruciform samples. The cruciform samples are deformed to a small level of pre-strain in different strain paths. Thereafter, the further deformation under the various strain paths to measure the effect of pre-strain on the forming limits are carried out. Pre-strain in uniaxial, plane strain and biaxial loading conditions are considered in this work. For each case, i.e., uniaxial, plane strain and biaxial conditions two pre-strain conditions are considered. The cruciform samples are carefully thinned in the central region to promote development of large plastic strains there and eventually to neck and fail. The output obtained through simulations are presented in terms of forming limit curves for various strain paths.
本研究的重点是利用十字形样品研究预应变对厚度为 2.5 毫米的 5052 铝合金板材成形极限曲线(FLC)的影响。为了确定预应变对 FLC 的影响,对十字形样品进行了有限元模拟。坩埚状样品在不同的应变路径中变形到较小的预应变水平。然后,在不同应变路径下进行进一步变形,以测量预应变对成形极限的影响。本研究考虑了单轴、平面应变和双轴加载条件下的预应变。对于每种情况,即单轴、平面应变和双轴条件,都考虑了两种预应变条件。十字形样品的中心区域被仔细削薄,以促进该区域产生较大的塑性应变,并最终导致缩颈和失效。模拟结果显示了各种应变路径下的成型极限曲线。
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引用次数: 0
Deep drawing simulation of dual phase steel using hardening curves and anisotropic parameters from uniaxial and biaxial tensile tests 利用单轴和双轴拉伸试验的硬化曲线和各向异性参数对双相钢进行深拉模拟
Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/1307/1/012028
Archit Shrivastava, D Ravi Kumar
Among the various factors, the accuracy of the predictions from the numerical simulation of sheet metal forming processes depends on the material model used to define the mechanical behavior of the blank material. The coefficients of the hardening model to define the flow curve and the plastic strain ratios are commonly determined using the uniaxial tensile tests. The advanced anisotropic yield criteria incorporate material flow behaviour and plastic strain ratio in equi-biaxial tension. In this work, deep drawing of a flat bottom cylindrical cup has been simulated using dual-phase steel (DP600) sheets. The biaxial material properties obtained by conducting hydraulic bulge test and cruciform specimen test are used in the anisotropic yield criteria in the simulations. The hardening curves are extrapolated using different hardening laws in which the coefficients are determined from the stress-strain curves obtained from both uniaxial tensile and hydraulic bulge tests. The predicted peak drawing load and thickness variation in the drawn cups are compared with the experimental results of deep drawing.
在各种因素中,金属板材成型工艺数值模拟预测的准确性取决于用于定义毛坯材料力学行为的材料模型。定义流动曲线和塑性应变比的硬化模型系数通常通过单轴拉伸试验确定。先进的各向异性屈服标准包含了等轴拉伸时的材料流动行为和塑性应变比。在这项工作中,使用双相钢(DP600)板材模拟了平底圆柱形杯的深拉伸。模拟中的各向异性屈服准则采用了通过液压鼓包试验和十字形试样试验获得的双轴材料特性。硬化曲线采用不同的硬化定律进行推断,其中的系数根据单轴拉伸试验和液压鼓包试验获得的应力-应变曲线确定。预测的拉拔峰值载荷和拉拔杯的厚度变化与深拉拔的实验结果进行了比较。
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引用次数: 0
Ductile fracture of tubular specimens under non-proportional loading condition 非比例加载条件下管状试样的韧性断裂
Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/1307/1/012025
Madhav Baral, Yannis P. Korkolis
The ductile fracture behaviours of two tubular specimens, a AA6260-T4 macrotube (60 mm diameter and 2 mm thickness), and a SS-304L microtube (2.38 mm diameter and 0.15 mm thickness) under non-proportional loading condition are studied using a combined experimental-numerical approach. The experiments are conducted by loading the tubes under axial force and internal pressure along various non-proportional (i.e., corner) paths until failure by controlling the force/pressure ratio. The plastic behaviours of the tubes are characterized using the non-quadratic anisotropic yield criteria Yld2000-2D and Yld2004-3D. The material models are employed in the finite element (FE) simulation of the tube experiments using Abaqus/Standard (implicit). The FE models, which include thickness imperfection to capture the failure modes observed in the experiments, are then used to probe the fracture parameters inside the tube wall where fracture is likely to initiate. It is observed that the fracture strains from the non-proportional loading results are noticeably different when introduced to the proportional fracture strains, revealing the path-dependence fracture behaviour in tubular specimens.
本文采用实验-数值相结合的方法,研究了两种管状试样(AA6260-T4 宏管(直径 60 毫米,厚度 2 毫米)和 SS-304L 微管(直径 2.38 毫米,厚度 0.15 毫米))在非比例加载条件下的韧性断裂行为。实验通过控制力/压力比,在轴向力和内压的作用下,沿不同的非比例(即角)路径对管材进行加载,直至管材失效。使用非二次方各向异性屈服准则 Yld2000-2D 和 Yld2004-3D 对管材的塑性行为进行表征。在使用 Abaqus/Standard(隐式)对钢管实验进行有限元(FE)模拟时采用了这些材料模型。有限元模型包括厚度缺陷以捕捉实验中观察到的破坏模式,然后用于探测管壁内可能发生断裂的断裂参数。据观察,当引入比例断裂应变时,非比例加载结果的断裂应变明显不同,这揭示了管状试样的路径依赖断裂行为。
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引用次数: 0
Wrinkling Determination in Sheet Metal Loaded by Shear Stresses 剪应力加载金属薄板的皱纹测定
Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/1307/1/012045
J.P.G. Magrinho, J.A.O. Santos, M.B. Silva
Lightweight concept approach in sheet metal forming requires, among others, thickness reduction and geometry complexity. This combination dramatically promotes the wrinkling occurrence, which can be considered as one of main failure mode that toolmakers must consider. The sheet metal wrinkling determination research usually considers the wrinkling in flange and conical area of a cylindrical cup. For complex geometries the loadings are more diverse than in the deep drawing of a cylindrical cup involving shear stress states. In this context, the present work proposes the application of two different wrinkling determination methodologies in an experimental sheet metal specimen loaded by shear in an aluminum alloy. One of the methodologies involves geometrical parameters to trigger the onset of wrinkling and the other methodology is physically based and considers the evolutions of the in-plane minor strain and its strain rate. The experimental formability test requires a dedicated clamping apparatus to allow its kinematics to be similar to a tensile test. Results allowed the identification of the stress state that triggered the wrinkling occurrence, and the determination of the critical strains that allow plotting the wrinkling limit curve of the sheet material.
钣金成形中的轻量化理念要求降低厚度和几何形状的复杂性。这种组合极大地促进了起皱的发生,而起皱是工具制造商必须考虑的主要失效模式之一。金属板材起皱测定研究通常考虑的是圆柱杯凸缘和圆锥区域的起皱。与涉及剪应力状态的圆柱形杯深冲相比,复杂几何形状的载荷更为多样。在这种情况下,本研究提出了在铝合金剪切加载的实验金属板试样中应用两种不同的皱纹测定方法。其中一种方法涉及引发起皱的几何参数,另一种方法以物理为基础,考虑平面内小应变及其应变率的演变。可成形性实验测试需要专用夹具,使其运动学与拉伸测试类似。实验结果可以确定引发起皱的应力状态,并确定临界应变,从而绘制出板材的起皱极限曲线。
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引用次数: 0
Review of cryogenic power conversion and its potential in future all electric transportation systems: from silicon age to WBG era 回顾低温动力转换及其在未来全电动交通系统中的潜力:从硅时代到世行集团时代
Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/1302/1/012018
F Luo, M Ul Hassan
Cryogenic power electronic conversion (< 123 K) is expected to offer higher efficiencies for future all-electric transportation platforms. Low temperature operation of converters together with integration of wide bandgap devices (WBG) can enable higher switching frequencies with reduced filtering components. This paper briefly reviews the passive components involved in the development of a cryogenic converter. The paper also reviews in detail the converter development with WBG devices by far, and provides a discussion on benefits achieved, and challenges in terms of auxiliary components and measurements. The last part of the paper gives a discussion on envisioned challenges, and different research directions for future superconducting power conversion systems.
低温电力电子转换(123 K)有望为未来的全电动运输平台提供更高的效率。转换器的低温运行以及宽带隙器件(WBG)的集成可以在减少滤波元件的情况下实现更高的开关频率。本文简要回顾了低温转换器开发过程中涉及的无源元件。本文还详细回顾了迄今为止使用 WBG 器件开发转换器的情况,并讨论了所取得的效益以及在辅助元件和测量方面面临的挑战。论文的最后一部分讨论了未来超导电力转换系统所面临的挑战和不同的研究方向。
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引用次数: 0
Mechanical properties and damage development in glass-fiber epoxy laminates subjected to tensile loading at sub-zero temperatures 玻璃纤维环氧层压板在零度以下承受拉伸载荷时的机械性能和损伤发展情况
Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/1302/1/012008
A. Krzak, Z. Al-Maqdasi, G. Matula, A. J. Nowak, R. Joffe
In various structural applications polymer composites are exposed to sub-zero and even cryogenic temperatures which may initiate of microstructural damage. To anticipate these events, one needs to understand the behavior of composites in a sub-zero environment. This study focuses on damage initiation and accumulation, and its influence on the properties of cross-ply glass fibers epoxy composites at sub-zero temperatures. The effect of bromine modification of epoxy, and the dissolution in an organic solvent on the mechanical performance of the produced composite is also investigated. To evaluate the influence of a sub-zero environment on the mechanical performance of glass fiber epoxy laminates, tensile tests in a sub-zero environment of unconditioned specimens were carried out. The quasi-static tensile tests were performed to measure the elastic modulus of the composites while loading-unloading experiments were performed to monitor the initiation (and accumulation) of microstructural damage and its influence on the stiffness of glass fiber epoxy laminates. The results of cryogenic damage and fracture in the laminates are discussed with a focus on the degradation of properties of glass fiber crucial for their use in structural applications: strength and stiffness.
在各种结构应用中,聚合物复合材料会暴露在零度以下甚至低温环境中,这可能会导致微观结构损坏。为了预测这些事件,我们需要了解复合材料在零度以下环境中的行为。本研究的重点是零下温度下损伤的引发和累积,以及其对交叉层玻璃纤维环氧树脂复合材料性能的影响。此外,还研究了环氧树脂的溴改性以及在有机溶剂中的溶解对所生产的复合材料机械性能的影响。为了评估零度以下环境对玻璃纤维环氧树脂层压板机械性能的影响,在零度以下环境中对未调节的试样进行了拉伸试验。准静态拉伸试验用于测量复合材料的弹性模量,而加载-卸载试验则用于监测微结构损伤的发生(和累积)及其对玻璃纤维环氧层压板刚度的影响。本文讨论了层压板的低温损伤和断裂结果,重点关注玻璃纤维在结构应用中的关键性能退化:强度和刚度。
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引用次数: 0
Critical heat flux of liquid hydrogen, liquid methane, and liquid oxygen: a review of available data and predictive tools 液氢、液态甲烷和液态氧的临界热通量:现有数据和预测工具综述
Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/1301/1/012165
Michael Baldwin, Ali Ghavami, S. Mostafa Ghiaasiaan, Alok Majumdar
Available experimental data dealing with critical heat flux (CHF) of liquid hydrogen (LH2), liquid methane (LCH4), and liquid oxygen (LO2) in pool and flow boiling are compiled. The compiled data are compared with widely used correlations. Experimental pool boiling CHF data for the aforementioned cryogens are scarce. Based on only 25 data points found in five independent sources, the correlation of Sun and Lienhard (1970) is recommended for predicting the pool CHF of LH2. Only two experiments with useful CHF data for the pool boiling of LCH4 could be found. Four different correlations including the correlation of Lurie and Noyes (1964) can predict the pool boiling CHF of LCH4 within a factor of two for more than 70% of the data. Furthermore, based on the 19 data points taken from only two available sources, the correlation of Sun and Lienhard (1970) is recommended for the prediction of pool CHF of LO2. Flow boiling CHF data for LH2 could be found in seven experimental studies, five of them from the same source. Based on the 91 data points, it is suggested that the correlation of Katto and Ohno (1984) be used to predict the flow CHF of LH2. No useful data could be found for flow boiling CHF of LCH4 or LO2. The available databases for flow boiling of LCH4 and LO2 are generally deficient in all boiling regimes. This deficiency is particularly serious with respect to flow boiling.
汇编了液氢(LH2)、液态甲烷(LCH4)和液氧(LO2)在池沸和流沸中临界热通量(CHF)的现有实验数据。将汇编的数据与广泛使用的相关数据进行了比较。上述低温物质的池沸腾 CHF 实验数据很少。根据从五个独立来源中找到的仅 25 个数据点,推荐使用 Sun 和 Lienhard(1970 年)的相关方法来预测 LH2 的池沸腾 CHF。对于 LCH4 的池沸腾,只找到了两个具有有用 CHF 数据的实验。包括 Lurie 和 Noyes(1964 年)的相关性在内的四种不同的相关性可以预测 70% 以上数据中 LCH4 的池沸点 CHF,且误差不超过 2 倍。此外,根据仅从两个可用来源获取的 19 个数据点,建议使用 Sun 和 Lienhard(1970 年)的相关性来预测 LO2 的池沸腾 CHF。LH2 的流动沸腾 CHF 数据可在七项实验研究中找到,其中五项来自同一来源。根据这 91 个数据点,建议使用 Katto 和 Ohno(1984 年)的相关性来预测 LH2 的流动沸点温度。对于 LCH4 或 LO2 的流动沸腾 CHF,没有找到有用的数据。现有的 LCH4 和 LO2 流动沸腾数据库普遍缺乏所有沸腾状态的数据。这种不足在流动沸腾方面尤为严重。
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引用次数: 0
Characterization of the thermal properties of OFHC copper at cryogenic temperature OFHC 铜在低温下的热特性表征
Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/1301/1/012167
J J Valois, G F Nellis, J M Pfotenhauer
Advancements in electronics technology that operate at cryogenic temperature require the study of thermal properties of the materials and interfaces used to connect these systems to a source of cooling. A test facility has been developed to investigate thermal properties important to these applications, bulk conductivity and contact resistance, over the temperature range from 4 K to 40 K. Bulk conductivity tests were conducted on OFHC copper sourced from three different commercial vendors to determine the degree of variation between the commercial sources and the level of agreement with the values found in literature. Preliminary analysis found RRR values within the range of 50 to 75 for all sources examined. These results are in line with previous studies and confirm the consistency of copper conductivity regardless of the source. The contact resistance tests focus on measuring the variation of contact resistance with applied force over the range from 90 N to 161 N for gold-plated OFHC copper samples with surface roughness in the range of 1 to 2 micrometer. Results from these tests will provide insight into the significance of force on contact resistance. The results from both tests will help guide the design of heat paths in future cryogenic electronic technology.
在低温条件下运行的电子技术的发展需要对用于连接这些系统和冷却源的材料和界面的热特性进行研究。对来自三个不同商业供应商的 OFHC 铜进行了散装电导率测试,以确定商业来源之间的差异程度以及与文献中发现的值的一致程度。初步分析发现,所有检测来源的 RRR 值都在 50 到 75 之间。这些结果与之前的研究结果一致,并证实了铜导电率的一致性,无论其来源如何。接触电阻测试的重点是测量表面粗糙度在 1 到 2 微米范围内的 OFHC 镀金铜样品在 90 牛顿到 161 牛顿的施力范围内接触电阻的变化。这些测试结果将有助于深入了解力对接触电阻的影响。这两项测试的结果将有助于指导未来低温电子技术的热路径设计。
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引用次数: 0
Acknowledgments 致谢
Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/1302/1/011005
The CEC and ICMC Boards wish to thank our supporters and sponsors who have contributed to the 2023 CEC/ICMC Conference.CONFERENCE SPONSORS AND ADVERTISERS• Aerospace Fabrication and Materials• Cryofab, Inc• Cryogenic US LLC• Cryomech, Inc• Danaher Cryogenics LTD• FAMU-FSU College of Engineering• GenH2• ICEoxford• National High Magnetic Field Laboratory• Scientific Instruments• Sumitomo (SHI) Cryogenics of America, Inc.• Texas Center for Superconductivity at the University of HoustonEXHIBITORS• Ability Engineering Technology, Inc.• Aerospace Fabrication and Materials• Air Liquide Advanced Technologies• attocube systems Inc.• Barber-Nichols• Celadon Systems Inc.• Cryofab, Inc.• Cryomagnetics, Inc.• Cryomech, Inc.• CryoTechnics• CryoWorks• Cryoworld BV• Danaher Cryogenics LTD• FABRUM• FormFactor Inc.• Fujikura Ltd.• Honeywell• Hyper Tech• ICEoxford• Iris Technologies• Lake Shore Cryotronics• Lihan Cryogenics Co., Ltd.• Linde Kryotechnik AG• Omegaflex• Ratheon Technologies Research Center• Scientific Instruments• Stöhr Armaturen GmbH & Co.KG• Sumitomo (SHI) Cryogenics of America, Inc.• Sunpower, Inc.• Vacree Technologies Co., Ltd.• WSU HYPER LabProducing the Open Access IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (MSE) requires the dedicated effort of many individuals. The quality of the publication relies on the dedication of those who took time from their busy schedules to review and edit papers. The Boards wish to specifically acknowledge the efforts of Centennial Conferences for their editorial support, and the chief technical editors, John Weisend (CEC) and Balu Balachandran (ICMC). Their contributions to ensure a quality publication in a timely manner are greatly appreciated. The chief technical editors are indebted to the individual technical sub-editors for their time spent with reviewers and authors to get the final manuscripts ready for publication. The Boards also wish to thank all students and post-doctoral researchers from a number of universities for their service with the initial format checking of the papers submitted for peer review.CEC/ICMC 2023 was managed by Paula Pair and Centennial Conferences. Recognizing this is a tremendous team effort, the Boards would especially acknowledge, in addition to Paula, all her staff – Annett Cady, Andrea and Paul Crangle, Brion Jacobs, Andrew Kahl, Carrie Lian, K
会议赞助商和广告商- Aerospace Fabrication and Materials- Cryofab, Inc- Cryogenic US LLC- Cryomech, Inc- Danaher Cryogenics LTD- FAMU-FSU College of Engineering- GenH2- ICEoxford- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory- Scientific Instruments- Sumitomo (SHI) Cryogenics of America, Inc.- 德克萨斯州休斯顿大学超导中心EXHIBITORS- Ability Engineering Technology, Inc.- Aerospace Fabrication and Materials- Air Liquide Advanced Technologies- attocube systems Inc.- Barber-Nichols- Celadon Systems Inc.- Cryofab, Inc.- Cryomagnetics, Inc.- Cryomech, Inc.- CryoTechnics- CryoWorks- Cryoworld BV- Danaher Cryogenics LTD- FABRUM- FormFactor Inc.- Fujikura Ltd.- Honeywell- Hyper Tech- ICEoxford- Iris Technologies- Lake Shore Cryotronics- Lihan Cryogenics Co、Ltd.- Linde Kryotechnik AG- Omegaflex- Ratheon Technologies Research Center- Scientific Instruments- Stöhr Armaturen GmbH & Co.KG- Sumitomo (SHI) Cryogenics of America, Inc.- Sunpower, Inc.- Vacree Technologies Co., Ltd.- WSU HYPER LabProducing the Open Access IOP Conference Series:IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (MSE) 的出版需要许多人的不懈努力。出版物的质量有赖于那些在百忙之中抽出时间审阅和编辑论文的人。在此,理事会特别感谢 Centennial Conferences 提供的编辑支持,以及技术主编 John Weisend(CEC)和 Balu Balachandran(ICMC)。我们非常感谢他们为确保及时出版高质量的出版物所做的贡献。技术主编们还要感谢各位技术副主编,感谢他们花费大量时间与审稿人和作者一起为最终稿件的出版做准备。董事会还要感谢来自多所大学的所有学生和博士后研究人员,感谢他们对提交同行评审的论文进行初步格式检查。董事会认识到这是一项巨大的团队工作,除Paula外,还要特别感谢她的所有工作人员--Annett Cady、Andrea and Paul Crangle、Brion Jacobs、Andrew Kahl、Carrie Lian、Katherine Neilson、Alicia Orcutt、Sydney Pair和Christina Tomhave--感谢他们出色地完成了工作。我们还要感谢与会者在准备演讲和论文时所付出的努力和奉献,他们所表现出的专业精神和热情使 CEC/ICMC 一次又一次地成为如此精彩的会议。
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引用次数: 0
Acoustic expanders for use in recuperative cryocoolers 用于蓄热式低温冷却器的声波扩展器
Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/1301/1/012134
Jacob L. Adams, J. G. Brisson
An acoustic expander has been developed for use in recuperative cryocoolers. The acoustic expander uses reed-valves to generate a standing acoustic wave from a continuously expanding flow. The mechanical energy from the wave is passively dissipated to the ambient environment. The acoustic expander does not require complex moving parts or control mechanisms at low-temperature; in contrast to piston- or turbo-expanders that require moving displacers or spinning shafts. This expander has demonstrated isentropic expansion efficiencies of 50% for a pressure ratio of 1.4 and expansion efficiencies of 40% for a pressure ratio of 1.9 with air as the working fluid.
我们开发了一种声波膨胀器,可用于蓄热式低温冷却器。声波膨胀器使用簧片阀从持续膨胀的气流中产生驻留声波。声波产生的机械能被动地消散到周围环境中。在低温条件下,声波膨胀机不需要复杂的活动部件或控制机制;相比之下,活塞式或涡轮式膨胀机需要活动的置换器或旋转轴。这种膨胀机在压力比为 1.4 时的等熵膨胀效率为 50%,在压力比为 1.9 时以空气为工作流体的膨胀效率为 40%。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering
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