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Implementation of a pilot checklist for control standardization on fishery goods consignments at the Livorno border control post 在里窝那边防检查站试行渔业货物托运控制标准化检查单
IF 1.3 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-11 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2024.12342
L. Tinacci, Samantha Santoni, Antonella Magni, Ferdinando Verde, Roberta Nuvoloni, Andrea Armani
To standardize control activities, it is necessary to introduce checklists to support the control of consignments entering the European Union through border control posts (BCPs). This study aimed to develop a pilot checklist for the control of fishery consignments, preliminarily identified as the predominant group of goods entering the Livorno (Italy) BCP. The design of the pilot checklist was preceded by i) a revision of the current European and national legislation on the general and specific objectives of border control activities on fishery products and ii) a comparative analysis of two checklists (one of the Ministry of Health and one of the former Livorno border inspection post) developed on the basis of the repealed legislation. This comparison aimed to define the pilot checklist structure, verification objectives, and selection of assessment scores to be included in defining consignment compliance and acceptability. Once developed, the clarity and ease of use of the first draft of the pilot checklist were verified through its use in a field test during the control of 64 fishery product consignments. 22 regulatory sources (18 European and 4 national) were selected as reference legislation. The pilot checklist was structured as a dynamic “read-do” document based on the workflow of control activities described in the current legislation. The field test was useful in improving the clarity of the verification objectives within the documentary, identity, and physical control sections and in facilitating the use of the checklist and the collection of evidence during the control activity. This study, which focused on fishery products, can provide a practical approach for the development of checklists for all the other goods categories under the responsibility of BCPs.
为了使管制活动标准化,有必要采用检查清单来支持对通过边境管制站(BCPs)进入欧盟的托运货物的管制。这项研究的目的是为水产货物管制制定一份试点清单,初步确定水产货物是进入里窝那(意大利)边境检查站的主要货物。在设计试点检查单之前,首先 i) 修订了欧洲和国家关于水产品边境管制活动一般和具体目标的现行法律,ii) 对根据已废除法律制定的两份检查单(一份是卫生部的,另一份是前利沃诺边境检查站的)进行了比较分析。比较的目的是确定试点核对清单的结构、核查目标和评估分数的选择,以确定托运货物的合规性和可接受性。试点核对表初稿制定后,在对64批次水产品进行控制的实地测试中,对其清晰度和易用性进行了验证。选择了22个监管来源(18个欧洲和4个国家)作为参考立法。试验性核对表的结构是一份动态的 "read-do "文件,以现行法律中描述的控制活动工作流程为基础。实地测试有助于提高文件、身份和实物控制部分核查目标的清晰度,并促进核对表的使用和控制活动中的证据收集。这项以渔业产品为重点的研究可为制定由边境管制点负责的所有其他货物类别的核对清单提供实用方法。
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引用次数: 0
Analysis of the original notifications in the Tuscany region “Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed” in the seven-year period 2015-2021 对托斯卡纳大区 "食品和饲料快速预警系统 "在 2015-2021 年七年期间的原始通知进行分析
IF 1.3 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-04 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2024.12341
A. Giusti, Marta Galgani, Filippo Barontini, Emanuela Balocchini, Carlo D’Ascenzi, Andrea Armani
The original notifications (n=1355) managed by the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed of the Tuscany region in the seven-year period 2015-2021 were analyzed. 68.9% of them were classified as alert notifications, and they mostly originated (56.3%) from official controls on the market, followed by the company's own checks (29.1%). Italy was the most represented notifying country (73.3%) and the most represented country of origin of the notified products (64.5%). Out of the 28 considered food categories, “fish and products thereof” (F), “cereals and bakery products” (C), “bivalve mollusks and products thereof” (B), and “meat and meat products (other than poultry)” (M) were the most notified. F were especially notified for the presence of heavy metals (45.7%), C for undeclared allergens (32.1%), B for microbial contaminants (Escherichia coli, 49.6%), and M for pathogenic microorganisms (55.9%), mostly Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes. This study provides an updated framework for the main food safety issues at the regional level. The Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed should be periodically analyzed to evaluate historical trends and emerging or poorly known hazards. This is especially important for the planning of official control activities and the prevention of risks through the food supply chain.
对托斯卡纳地区食品和饲料快速预警系统在 2015-2021 年这七年间管理的原始通知(n=1355)进行了分析。其中 68.9% 被归类为警报通知,它们大多(56.3%)来自官方对市场的控制,其次是公司自己的检查(29.1%)。意大利是通报最多的国家(73.3%),也是通报产品最多的原产国(64.5%)。在 28 个食品类别中,"鱼类及其制品"(F)、"谷物和焙烤食品"(C)、"双壳软体动物及其制品"(B)和 "肉类和肉制品(禽类除外)"(M)被通报的最多。其中,"双壳类软体动物及其制品"(B)和 "肉类和肉制品(禽类除外)"(M)被通报的最多。这项研究为区域一级的主要食品安全问题提供了一个最新框架。应定期分析食品和饲料快速预警系统,以评估历史趋势和新出现的或鲜为人知的危害。这对于规划官方控制活动和通过食品供应链预防风险尤为重要。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluation of hepatitis E virus RNA persistence in experimentally contaminated cured pork liver sausages 评估实验污染腌制猪肝香肠中戊型肝炎病毒 RNA 的持久性
IF 1.3 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-02 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2024.12286
Patrizio Lorusso, Annamaria Pandiscia, Alessio Manfredi, G. Tantillo, Valentina Terio
Hepatitis E is a disease sustained by RNA viruses, which have four different genotypes, all of which are responsible for acute forms of hepatitis. Genotypes 1 and 2 infect only humans, causing epidemics mainly transmitted by contaminated water, while genotypes 3 and 4 are zoonotic, and the infection is linked to the consumption of raw or undercooked meat or meat products. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotypes 3 and 4 have been detected in domestic Suidae, considered the asymptomatic reservoir of HEV, and in wild animals such as wild boar and deer. Despite scientific studies that have highlighted the presence of HEV in cured meat products, such as pork liver sausages, the viral persistence in the different production steps of curing has not been evaluated. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the persistence of HEV genotype 3 during the different curing and storage times of experimentally contaminated pork liver sausages using biomolecular methods. The sausages tested positive at all curing and storage times. This study confirms the potential risk attributed to pork liver sausages in HEV transmission. However, to guarantee an efficient risk assessment, future studies will be performed to correlate the presence of HEV RNA with infectious viral particles.
戊型肝炎是一种由 RNA 病毒引起的疾病,有四种不同的基因型,它们都会引起急性肝炎。基因型 1 和 2 只感染人类,主要通过受污染的水传播流行病,而基因型 3 和 4 则是人畜共患病,感染与食用生肉或未煮熟的肉或肉制品有关。戊型肝炎病毒(HEV)基因型 3 和 4 已在被认为是无症状戊型肝炎病毒库的家养苏科动物以及野猪和鹿等野生动物中检测到。尽管科学研究强调猪肝香肠等腌制肉制品中存在 HEV,但尚未对腌制的不同生产步骤中病毒的持久性进行评估。因此,本研究旨在使用生物分子方法评估 HEV 基因型 3 在受实验污染的猪肝香肠的不同腌制和储存时间内的持久性。香肠在所有腌制和储存时间内均检测出阳性结果。这项研究证实了猪肝香肠在 HEV 传播中的潜在风险。不过,为确保有效的风险评估,今后将开展研究,将 HEV RNA 的存在与传染性病毒颗粒联系起来。
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引用次数: 0
A systematic review of the role of integrated farming and the participation of universities in ensuring food security: Malaysia’s effort 系统审查综合耕作和大学参与在确保粮食安全方面的作用:马来西亚的努力
IF 1.3 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-29 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2024.11854
M. T. Hameed Sultan, Farah Syazwani Shahar, Mohd Izani Mohd Zain, Ibrahim Komoo
Food security is critical for promoting health and well-being and achieving sustainable development, especially in developing countries. Despite the recent efforts to improve it, food security is still a concern due to the rapid increase in populations, conflicts, and natural disasters worldwide. Universities, particularly agricultural universities, play an essential role in addressing food security issues by researching, developing new technologies, and providing education and training to farmers and other stakeholders. The main objective of this review is to discuss the role of universities and integrated farming in ensuring food security. Specifically, this paper reviews the importance of universities and focuses on their role in ensuring and promoting food security in Malaysia. It includes a brief overview of the different types of integrated farming methods that can be used to improve food security and finally discusses the Student Farmer Entrepreneur program, which can be crucial in promoting food security by increasing agricultural productivity, promoting local food production, encouraging sustainable agriculture practices, and supporting rural development. This review also considers the significant impact of the Malaysian government and universities on food security. With integrated farming and the Student Farmer Entrepreneur program, food security can be further improved.
粮食安全对于促进健康和福祉以及实现可持续发展至关重要,在发展中国家尤其如此。尽管最近在努力改善粮食安全状况,但由于全球人口快速增长、冲突和自然灾害,粮食安全问题仍然令人担忧。大学,尤其是农业大学,通过研究、开发新技术以及为农民和其他利益相关者提供教育和培训,在解决粮食安全问题方面发挥着至关重要的作用。本综述的主要目的是讨论大学和综合耕作在确保粮食安全方面的作用。具体而言,本文回顾了大学的重要性,并重点探讨了大学在确保和促进马来西亚粮食安全方面的作用。本文简要概述了可用于改善粮食安全的不同类型的综合耕作方法,最后讨论了学生农民企业家计划,该计划可通过提高农业生产力、促进当地粮食生产、鼓励可持续农业实践和支持农村发展来促进粮食安全。本综述还考虑了马来西亚政府和大学对粮食安全的重大影响。通过综合耕作和大学生农民企业家计划,粮食安全可以得到进一步改善。
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引用次数: 0
Molecular evidence of Toxoplasma gondii from the tissue and blood of naturally infected sheep 从自然感染羊的组织和血液中发现弓形虫的分子证据
IF 1.3 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-28 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2024.12257
S. Abdullah
Toxoplasmosis is a cosmopolitan zoonotic infection that has significant effects on public health and causes economic losses in the livestock industry. The current study was designed to detect the Toxoplasma parasite in sheep blood samples and tissue samples of slaughtered sheep at the Sulaimani abattoir using molecular techniques. A total of 300 peripheral sheep blood samples were randomly collected from 20 small ruminant flocks at 4 locations in the Sulaymaniyah province, northern Iraq. Also, 150 meat samples from thigh muscle, heart, and diaphragm were collected from slaughtered sheep. All collected blood samples were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification to confirm Toxoplasma infection; in addition, meat samples were also analyzed for Toxoplasma by PCR following the digestion process. Of the 300 amplified blood samples, 94 were considered positive for Toxoplasma gondii, with a prevalence rate of 31.3%. The overall prevalence of Toxoplasma among meat samples was 34%. The diaphragm reported a higher infection rate (46%) than the heart (32%), while the femoral muscle reported an infection rate of 24%. Aged animals (older than 24 months) presented a higher infection rate (32.8%) than younger animals (28.9%). Contact with or consumption of uncooked meat from infected sheep increases the chance of parasite transmission to humans.
弓形虫病是一种世界性的人畜共患传染病,对公众健康有重大影响,并给畜牧业造成经济损失。本研究旨在利用分子技术检测苏莱曼尼屠宰场屠宰的绵羊血液样本和组织样本中的弓形虫寄生虫。研究人员从伊拉克北部苏莱曼尼亚省 4 个地点的 20 个小型反刍动物群中随机采集了 300 份绵羊外周血样本。此外,还从屠宰的绵羊身上采集了 150 份大腿肌肉、心脏和膈肌的肉样。所有采集的血液样本都进行了聚合酶链式反应(PCR)扩增,以确认是否感染弓形虫;此外,肉类样本在消化处理后也通过聚合酶链式反应进行了弓形虫分析。在 300 份扩增的血液样本中,94 份被认为对刚地弓形虫呈阳性,感染率为 31.3%。肉类样本中弓形虫的总体感染率为 34%。膈肌的感染率(46%)高于心脏(32%),而股肌的感染率为 24%。老年动物(24 个月以上)的感染率(32.8%)高于年轻动物(28.9%)。接触或食用受感染绵羊的未煮熟肉类会增加寄生虫传染给人类的几率。
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引用次数: 0
A study on textile microfiber contamination in the gastrointestinal tracts of Merluccius merluccius samples from the Tyrrhenian Sea 关于第勒尼安海鲻鱼样本胃肠道中纺织微纤维污染的研究
IF 1.3 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-28 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2024.12216
Serena Santonicola, Michela Volgare, Marica Erminia Schiano, M. Cocca, G. Colavita
The increased demand and consumption of synthetic textiles have contributed to microplastic pollution in the form of microfibers. These particles are widely spread in the aquatic environment, leading to the exposure of marine biota, including edible species. The current study aimed to assess the extent of microfiber contamination in a commercially relevant fish species, Merluccius merluccius, which is considered a small-scale bioindicator for the monitoring of plastic ingestion in the Mediterranean coastal environment. The frequency of ingestion, abundance, and composition of textile microfibers isolated from the fish gut were characterized. Results showed the occurrence of microfibers in 75% of the samples, with a mean number of 10.6 microfibers/individual, of which 70% were classified as natural microfibers. The spectroscopic analyses confirmed both the visual identification of microfibers and the prevalence of cellulosic fibers. The obtained findings provided evidence of both natural/artificial and synthetic microfiber exposure in an important commercial fish species that, considering the consumption of small individuals without being eviscerated, may be a potential route of microfiber exposure in humans. Monitoring programs for fishery products from markets are needed to assess contamination levels and human health risks. In addition, measures to control microfiber pollution need to occur at multiple levels, from textile industries to international governments.
合成纤维纺织品需求量和消费量的增加造成了微纤维形式的微塑料污染。这些微粒在水生环境中广泛传播,导致包括食用物种在内的海洋生物群暴露在微塑料污染中。本研究旨在评估与商业相关的鱼类物种 Merluccius merluccius 的微纤维污染程度,该物种被认为是监测地中海沿海环境中塑料摄入情况的小型生物指标。研究人员对从鱼类肠道中分离出的纺织微纤维的摄入频率、丰度和成分进行了描述。结果显示,在 75% 的样本中出现了微纤维,平均数量为 10.6 条/条,其中 70% 被归类为天然微纤维。光谱分析证实了微纤维的肉眼识别和纤维素纤维的普遍性。研究结果提供了一种重要商业鱼类接触天然/人造和合成超细纤维的证据,考虑到食用小个体而不去内脏,这可能是人类接触超细纤维的潜在途径。需要对市场上的水产品实施监测计划,以评估污染水平和人类健康风险。此外,控制超细纤维污染的措施需要从纺织行业到国际政府等多个层面进行。
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引用次数: 0
Occurrence and genomic characterization of antimicrobial-resistant and potential pathogenic Escherichia coli from Italian artisanal food productions of animal origin 意大利手工制作的动物源性食品中抗菌性和潜在致病性大肠埃希菌的出现和基因组特征描述
IF 1.3 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-25 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2024.12205
C. Crippa, A. De Cesare, A. Lucchi, Antonio Parisi, G. Manfreda, F. Pasquali
Escherichia coli can harbor a broad repertoire of virulence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes, which can be exchanged across the human gastrointestinal microflora, thus posing a public health risk. In this study, six batches of artisanal soft cheese and a 6-month ripened fermented dried sausage were investigated to assess the occurrence, phylogeny, and genomic traits (AMR, virulence, and mobilome) of E. coli. Thirty and three strains isolated from salami and cheese food chains, respectively, were confirmed as E. coli by whole genome sequencing. The accumulation of single nucleotide polymorphism differences within small clusters of strains encompassing batches or processing stages, combined with high serotype and phylogroup diversity, suggested the occurrence of different contamination phenomena among the facilities. A total of eight isolates harbored plasmid-mediated resistance genes, including one cheese strain that carried an IncQ1 plasmid carrying AMR determinants to macrolides [mph(B)], sulfonamides (sul1, sul2), trimethoprim (dfrA1), and aminoglycosides [aph(3'')-Ib and aph(6)-Id]. A pool of virulence-associated genes in the class of adhesion, colonization, iron uptake, and toxins, putative ColV-positive iron uptake systems sit, iro, or iuc (eight salami and two cheese), plasmid-encoded hemolysin operon hlyABCD (one salami), and potential atypical enteropathogenic E. coli (three salami environment) were reported. Overall, our findings underscore the importance of routine surveillance of E. coli in the artisanal food chain to prevent the dissemination of AMR and virulence.
大肠埃希菌可携带大量毒力基因和抗菌药耐药性(AMR)基因,这些基因可在人类胃肠道微生物区系中交换,从而对公共健康构成威胁。在这项研究中,研究人员调查了六批手工制作的软奶酪和经过 6 个月成熟的发酵干香肠,以评估大肠杆菌的发生、系统发育和基因组特征(AMR、毒力和动员组)。通过全基因组测序,分别从腊肠和奶酪食品链中分离出的 30 株和 3 株菌株被确认为大肠杆菌。在包括不同批次或加工阶段的菌株小群中,单核苷酸多态性差异的累积,加上血清型和系统群的高度多样性,表明不同设施中存在不同的污染现象。共有 8 个分离株携带质粒介导的抗性基因,其中 1 个奶酪菌株携带 IncQ1 质粒,该质粒携带大环内酯类 [mph(B)]、磺胺类(sul1、sul2)、三甲氧苄啶(dfrA1)和氨基糖苷类 [aph(3'')-Ib 和 aph(6)-Id]的 AMR 决定簇。我们还报告了粘附、定植、铁吸收和毒素、假定的 ColV 阳性铁吸收系统 sit、iro 或 iuc(8 种萨拉米香肠和 2 种奶酪)、质粒编码的溶血素操作子 hlyABCD(1 种萨拉米香肠)以及潜在的非典型肠致病性大肠杆菌(3 种萨拉米香肠环境)等一系列毒力相关基因。总之,我们的研究结果强调了对手工食物链中的大肠杆菌进行常规监测以防止 AMR 和致病性传播的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Qualitative characteristics of sheep’s and goat's milk in Albania 阿尔巴尼亚绵羊奶和山羊奶的质量特征
IF 1.3 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-19 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2024.12122
R. Maçi, Artan Xhafa, Christoph Arndt
Cost-effective methods are crucial in small-scale operations to assess the physicochemical properties of milk, identify potential clinical or subclinical mastitis, and test β-lactams in small ruminants. The aim was to evaluate the importance of physicochemical characteristics, somatic cells, and antibacterial substances as factors for monitoring the quality and safety of bulk tank milk from sheep and goats. Furthermore, we aimed to elucidate the influence of grazing capacity on the composition of sheep's milk. The fat content of sheep's milk (n=119) was found to be 7.7%, with a range of 5.3% to 9.9%. The average fat content of dairy goats (n=33) was found to be 4.9%, with a range of 2.8-6.7%. The results indicate that 2.8% of sheep milk samples and 7.8% of goat milk samples exhibited clear positive reactions when assessed using the California mastitis test. β-lactam antibiotics were present in 0.7% of sheep milk samples, but not in any of the goat milk samples using lateral flow strips. This measurement method can be useful to detect adulterated milk and better understand the quality and safety of small ruminant milk before processing.
成本效益高的方法对于评估牛奶的理化特性、确定潜在的临床或亚临床乳腺炎以及检测小反刍动物的β-内酰胺至关重要。目的是评估理化特性、体细胞和抗菌物质作为监测绵羊和山羊散装罐装牛奶质量和安全因素的重要性。此外,我们还旨在阐明放牧能力对绵羊奶成分的影响。结果发现,绵羊奶(n=119)的脂肪含量为 7.7%,范围在 5.3% 到 9.9% 之间。奶山羊(样本数=33)的平均脂肪含量为 4.9%,范围为 2.8%-6.7%。结果表明,在使用加利福尼亚乳腺炎试验进行评估时,2.8% 的绵羊奶样本和 7.8% 的山羊奶样本呈现明显的阳性反应。在 0.7% 的绵羊奶样品中发现了 β-内酰胺类抗生素,但在使用侧流试纸检测的山羊奶样品中却没有发现。这种测量方法可用于检测掺假牛奶,并在加工前更好地了解小反刍动物牛奶的质量和安全性。
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引用次数: 0
Monitoring of bivalve mollusk harvesting areas: the relevance of Salmonella spp. 监测双壳软体动物采捕区:沙门氏菌的相关性
IF 1.3 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-15 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2024.12142
C. Ciccarelli, A. M. Semeraro, Vittoria Di Trani, Guglielmo D’Aurizio, G. Blasi, Melina Leinoudi, Cristina De Simoni, Elena Ciccarelli
The microbiological monitoring of bivalve mollusk harvesting areas in the Marche region is based on the parameters of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. However, Regulation EU/2019/627 stated criteria based on E. coli only to determine the health status of these areas. Therefore, the reason for Salmonella spp. monitoring, as provided in the Marche region, could be aimed at reducing the risk of placing on the market contaminated bivalve mollusks. This study, using the results of microbiological monitoring carried out in the Marche region from 2015 to 2022 and the methods based on Bayes' theorem and Poisson’s distribution, evaluated the effectiveness and efficiency of Salmonella spp. monitoring in reducing the risk to the consumer. The results show that i) the use of a single sample unit significantly reduced the possibility of detecting non-compliance with the microbiological safety criterion; ii) the time taken to report positive results (average of approximately 10 days) did not allow the timely implementation of control measures; iii) the prevalence of positive outcomes was quite sporadic: a random trend of positivity is recognizable on a geographical and monthly basis for mussels and a geographical basis for striped clams; iv) considering the predictive value of E. coli against Salmonella spp., the specificity is very high and the negative predictive value versus Salmonella spp. would be >80%. In conclusion, the study shows that the monitoring of Salmonella spp. has a limited effect on reducing the risk to the consumer; however, in the cost/benefit assessment, other aspects not covered by this study should be considered.
马尔凯地区对双壳软体动物采捕区的微生物监测是基于大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的参数。 然而,欧盟/2019/627号法规仅规定了基于大肠杆菌的标准,以确定这些地区的健康状况。因此,马尔凯地区规定进行沙门氏菌属监测的原因可能是为了降低将受污染的双壳软体动物投放市场的风险。本研究利用马尔凯地区 2015 年至 2022 年开展的微生物监测结果,以及基于贝叶斯定理和泊松分布的方法,评估了沙门氏菌属监测在降低消费者风险方面的有效性和效率。结果表明:i) 使用单一采样单元大大降低了检测到不符合微生物安全标准的可能性;ii) 报告阳性结果所需的时间(平均约 10 天)不允许及时实施控制措施;iii) 阳性结果的发生率相当零散:贻贝的阳性率在地域和月度基础上呈随机趋势,条纹蛤的阳性率在地域基础上呈随机趋势;iv) 考虑到大肠杆菌对沙门氏菌属的预测价值、特异性非常高,对沙门氏菌属的阴性预测值大于 80%。总之,该研究表明,监测沙门氏菌属对降低消费者风险的作用有限;不过,在成本/效益评估中,应考虑该研究未涵盖的其他方面。
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引用次数: 0
Staphylococcal food poisoning outbreaks occurred in Sicily (Italy) from 2009 to 2016 2009 年至 2016 年意大利西西里岛爆发的葡萄球菌食物中毒事件
IF 1.3 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-13 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2024.11667
C. Cardamone, Annamaria Castello, G. Oliveri, Antonella Costa, S. Sciortino, Y. Nia, J. Hennekinne, Angelo Romano, F. Zuccon, L. Decastelli
Notification of foodborne outbreaks has been mandatory in Europe since 2005, and surveillance is carried out along the entire food chain. Here we report the results obtained from laboratory investigations about four cases of foodborne outbreaks that occurred in Sicily between 2009 and 2016, deemed to be related to staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) and coagulase-positive Staphylococci (CPS) by the Local Public Health Authority. Primosale cheese samples were processed by culture methods for enumeration of CPS and immunoenzymatic assays for detection and differentiation of the SEs possibly contained in food samples. In all cases, the mistrusted foods were found to be contaminated by CPS at bacterial loads between 5 and 8 log CFU/g and contained SE type C (SEC). The reported data confirm the risk of staphylococcal food poisoning associated with the consumption of raw milk cheese. The SEC is the most commonly occurring SE in goat milk and dairy products and the most represented enterotoxin in Sicilian dairy products. Our results highlighted the need for improving the current monitoring efficiency and implementing the available laboratory methods to collect more faithful epidemiological data on the current prevalence of staphylococcal toxins in the food chain, including SEs currently not detectable by validated analytical methods.
欧洲自 2005 年起强制要求通报食源性疾病暴发,并对整个食物链进行监控。2009 年至 2016 年间,西西里岛发生了四起食源性疫情,当地公共卫生局认为这些疫情与葡萄球菌肠毒素(SE)和凝固酶阳性葡萄球菌(CPS)有关,我们在此报告实验室调查的结果。对初级奶酪样本进行了处理,采用培养法对 CPS 进行计数,并采用免疫酶法检测和区分食品样本中可能含有的 SE。在所有情况下,发现受不信任食品污染的 CPS 细菌量在 5 至 8 log CFU/g 之间,并含有 C 型 SE(SEC)。报告的数据证实,食用生乳干酪有可能引起葡萄球菌食物中毒。SEC 是山羊奶和乳制品中最常见的 SE,也是西西里乳制品中最常见的肠毒素。我们的研究结果突出表明,有必要提高目前的监测效率,并采用现有的实验室方法收集更可靠的流行病学数据,以了解目前食物链中葡萄球菌毒素的流行情况,包括目前无法通过有效分析方法检测到的 SE。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Italian Journal of Food Safety
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