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Accidental discovery of a Tetraodontidae (Sphoeroides marmoratus) within a cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) bought in a fish shop in Italy: risk assessment associated with the presence of Tetrodotoxin. 在意大利一家鱼店购买的墨鱼(Sepia officinalis)中意外发现了四齿鲨科(Sphoeroides marmoratus):与河豚毒素存在相关的风险评估。
IF 1.3 Q3 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-06-08 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2023.11117
Chiara Malloggi, Lara Tinacci, Alice Giusti, Federico Galli, Sonia Dall'Ara, Paola Marconi, Laura Gasperetti, Andrea Armani

The discovery of a pufferfish specimen (Tetraodontidae) inside a frozen cuttlefish, purchased by a fishmonger, and caught in the Eastern Central Atlantic (FAO 34) is reported. The consumer, who reported this case to FishLab (Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa) for investigation, was a student of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Pisa. He recognized the Tetraodontidae because he attended practical lessons on fish morphological identification during the course of food inspection and was aware of the risks to human health linked to the Tetrodotoxin (TTX). In this study, the pufferfish was identified morphologically, using the FAO morphological keys, and molecularly, analyzing two markers, the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and the cytochrome b genes, by DNA barcoding. The pufferfish was identified morphologically as Sphoeroides spp., and molecularly as Sphoeroides marmoratus using the COI gene (99-100% identity values). Literature reports that S. marmoratus from the Eastern Atlantic contains high concentrations of TTX in the gonads and the digestive tract. However, the possible passage of TTX from fish to other organisms linked to contact or ingestion has never been reported. This represents the first case of a potentially toxic pufferfish entering the market inside another organism. The fact that a student observed this occurrence highlights the key role of citizen science in the management of emerging risks.

报告在中大西洋东部捕获的鱼贩购买的冷冻墨鱼中发现河豚标本(四齿鲨科)(粮农组织第34号)。向FishLab(比萨大学兽医科学系)报告该病例进行调查的消费者是比萨大学兽医专业的一名学生。他认出了四齿兽科,因为他在食品检查过程中参加了鱼类形态鉴定的实践课程,并意识到河豚毒素对人类健康的危害。本研究利用FAO形态学键对河豚进行了形态学鉴定,并利用DNA条形码技术对细胞色素氧化酶I (COI)和细胞色素b基因两个标记进行了分子鉴定。利用COI基因在形态上鉴定为Sphoeroides spp.,在分子上鉴定为Sphoeroides marmoratus(同源值99 ~ 100%)。文献报道,来自东大西洋的S. marmoratus在生殖腺和消化道中含有高浓度的TTX。然而,TTX可能从鱼类传播到与接触或摄入有关的其他生物的报道从未出现过。这是潜在有毒河豚进入市场的第一个案例。一名学生观察到这一事件,这一事实凸显了公民科学在管理新出现的风险方面的关键作用。
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引用次数: 2
Shelf-life of sheep arrosticini packaged in protective atmosphere. 保护气氛包装下香羊的保质期。
IF 1.3 Q3 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-06-08 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2023.11087
Simone Stella, Cristian Bernardi, Massimo Fioretti, Lodovico Lorenzini, Erica Tirloni

The aim of this study was to evaluate the shelf-life of pre-packaged sheep's arrosticini produced in a factory located in northern Italy. Samples were divided into two series and packaged in modified atmosphere with specific gas mixtures: conventional (C: 35% O2/15% CO2/50% N2) and experimental (E: 30% CO2/70% N2). All the samples were stored at 4°C for 10 days and subjected, after 5, 8 and 10 days (t5, t8, t10), to triplicate microbiological and chemical- physical (pH, total volatile basic nitrogen, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) analyses. At the same time, the colorimetric analysis and a sensorial evaluation were carried out (pack tightness, presence of color or odor alterations), assigning a discrete score from 0 to 5. The samples showed initial total bacterial counts close to 5 Log CFU/g: these values gradually increased during storage, exceeding the threshold of 8 Log CFU/g in the C series; lower values were detected in the E series. A similar trend was highlighted for Enterobacteriaceae, with initial loads of about 3 Log CFU/g and an increase until t10, reaching values higher than 6 Log CFU/g in the C series and close to 5 Log CFU/g in the E series (P=0.002). E. coli also showed a similar trend, although with values approximately 1 Log lower than Enterobacteriaceae. Pseudomonas spp. showed initial counts close to 4.5 Log CFU/g, with a different increase in the C series (6.5 Log CFU/g at t10) and the E series (4.95 Log CFU/g) (P= 0.006). The higher growth in the C series was also observed for lactic acid bacteria, with an increase from 3 to 5 Log CFU/g (3.8 Log CFU/g in the E series P=0.016). The other microbiological parameters showed very low counts and, in most cases undetectable counts (<2 Log CFU/g) for the entire period considered. The initial values obtained from the measurement of the colorimetric indices were within the norm for this type of product: however, starting from t5, lower values of red index and lightness in the E series were measured, with an evident greying of meat surface. The results of the sensory evaluation indicated that the product showed optimal sensorial characteristics up to 8 days of shelf-life in the C series, while the use of an oxygenfree atmosphere, despite having a moderate inhibiting effect on the microbial populations, has led to an early modification of the product (5 days of storage), due to the presence of superficial greyish areas. The microbiological characteristics of arrosticini strictly depend on the hygienic conditions of slaughtering and production; even in optimal situations, the product is particularly perishable, and requires careful management of storage temperatures and times, to maintain its quality characteristics.

本研究的目的是评估位于意大利北部的一家工厂生产的预包装绵羊阿罗斯蒂尼的保质期。样品分为两个系列,在特定气体混合物的修饰气氛中包装:常规气体(C: 35% O2/15% CO2/50% N2)和实验气体(E: 30% CO2/70% N2)。所有样品在4°C下保存10天,并在5、8和10天后(t5、t8、t10)进行三次微生物学和化学物理(pH、总挥发性碱性氮、硫代巴比妥酸反应物质)分析。同时,进行比色分析和感官评估(包装紧密性,颜色或气味变化的存在),分配从0到5的离散分数。样品的初始细菌总数接近5 Log CFU/g,在储存过程中逐渐增加,超过了C系列的8 Log CFU/g的阈值;E系列检测到较低的值。肠杆菌科也有类似的趋势,最初的负荷约为3 Log CFU/g,直到10,C系列达到6 Log CFU/g以上,E系列接近5 Log CFU/g (P=0.002)。大肠杆菌也表现出类似的趋势,尽管其值比肠杆菌科低约1 Log。假单胞菌的初始计数接近4.5 Log CFU/g, C系列(t10时为6.5 Log CFU/g)和E系列(4.95 Log CFU/g)有不同的增加(P= 0.006)。乳酸菌在C系列中也有较高的增长,从3到5 Log CFU/g (E系列为3.8 Log CFU/g, P=0.016)。其他微生物参数显示非常低的计数,并且在大多数情况下无法检测到计数(arrosticini严格取决于屠宰和生产的卫生条件;即使在最佳情况下,产品也特别容易腐烂,需要仔细管理储存温度和时间,以保持其质量特征。
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引用次数: 0
Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Salmonella spp. in poultry meat. 家禽肉中沙门氏菌的流行及耐药性分析。
IF 1.3 Q3 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-06-08 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2023.11135
Annamaria Castello, Chiara Piraino, Gaspare Butera, Vincenzina Alio, Cinzia Cardamone, Giuseppa Oliveri, Giuseppe Cascone, Cosimo Ciravolo, Antonella Costa

The spread of multidrug resistant (MDR) Salmonella strains, along the poultry supply chain, can represent a relevant threat to human health. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella spp. isolated from poultry meat for human consumption. Between 2019 and 2021, 145 samples were analyzed according to ISO 6579-1:2017. The strains isolated were identified by using biochemical-enzymatic assays and serotyping, according to the Kauffmann-White-Le Minor scheme. The antibiotic susceptibility tests were determined using the Kirby-Bauer method. Forty Salmonella spp. strains were isolated and serotyping showed Salmonella Infantis to be predominant. 80% of the isolated strains were MDR and identified as S. Infantis. This study confirms the circulation of MDR Salmonella isolated from poultry meat and highlights the predominance of the S. Infantis serovar, which represents an emerging risk factor under the One Health holistic approach.

耐多药沙门氏菌菌株在家禽供应链上的传播可能对人类健康构成相关威胁。本研究旨在评估从人类食用禽肉中分离的沙门氏菌的流行情况和耐药性。在2019年至2021年期间,145个样本根据ISO 6579-1:2017进行了分析。根据Kauffmann-White-Le Minor方案,采用生化酶测定和血清分型对分离的菌株进行鉴定。药敏试验采用Kirby-Bauer法。分离到40株沙门菌,血清分型显示以婴儿沙门菌为主。80%的分离菌株为耐多药菌株,鉴定为婴儿链球菌。这项研究证实了从禽肉中分离出的耐多药沙门氏菌的流通,并强调了婴儿链球菌血清型的优势,这代表了“同一个健康”整体方法下的一个新兴风险因素。
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引用次数: 0
Microplastics in Sepia officinalis caught on the central Adriatic coast: preliminary results. 亚得里亚海中部海岸捕获的棕鲷体内的微塑料:初步结果。
IF 1.3 Q3 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-06-08 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2023.9971
Alessia Armellini, Gianluigi Ferri, Carlotta Lauteri, Antonio De Camillis, Luca Pennisi

Microplastics (μPs) represent an emerging problem for the marine environment given their wide bioavailability for all aquatic organisms, from zooplankton to top predators. This work aimed to evaluate a method of extracting microplastics from the gastrointestinal tract of 122 Sepia officinalis caught from the Adriatic Sea (along Abruzzo region coasts) to measure its quantity in a poorly investigated species. The extraction method used for gastrointestinal content was performed using 10% potassium hydroxide. In 98/122 (80.32-95% CI=73.27-87.37%) wild animals microplastics were detected with a mean concentration of 6.82±5.52 μPs/subject. Among the fragments, as supported by various authors, those of black color were the most represented ones; however, also blue fibers and transparent spheres were isolated. This study, in agreement with previous ones, poses further attention to the wide microplastic diffusion in the marine environment (surface, columns, sediments, and animals). The obtained results provide the basis for future investigations on this public health concern.

微塑料(μPs)是海洋环境的一个新问题,因为它们对所有水生生物(从浮游动物到顶级捕食者)都具有广泛的生物利用度。本研究旨在评估从亚得里亚海(沿着阿布鲁佐地区海岸)捕获的122条棕鲷(Sepia officinalis)胃肠道中提取微塑料的方法,以测量其在研究较少的物种中的数量。胃肠内容物的提取方法采用10%氢氧化钾。98/122例(80.32-95% CI=73.27-87.37%)野生动物中检出微塑料,平均浓度为6.82±5.52 μPs/人。在这些片段中,有许多作者支持,黑色的片段是最具代表性的;然而,蓝色纤维和透明球也被分离出来。本研究与之前的研究一致,进一步关注了微塑料在海洋环境(表面,柱状,沉积物和动物)中的广泛扩散。所得结果为今后对这一公共卫生问题的调查提供了基础。
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引用次数: 0
Food risk associated with vegetable consumption, exposure to antimicrobial-resistant strains and pesticide residues. 与蔬菜消费、接触抗微生物菌株和农药残留有关的食品风险。
IF 1.3 Q3 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-06-08 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2023.11134
Annamaria Castello, Giovanni Lo Cascio, Clelia Ferraro, Licia Pantano, Antonella Costa, Gaspare Butera, Giuseppa Oliveri, Maria Laura Rizzuto, Rosa Alduina, Cinzia Cardamone

This preliminary study aimed to detect biological and chemical contaminants in vegetables sold in Sicily for human consumption, assess the spread of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) strains in these foods, and characterize their antimicrobial-resistance genes. A total of 29 fresh and ready-to-eat samples were analyzed. Microbiological analyses were performed for the detection of Salmonella spp. and the enumeration of Enterococci, Enterobacteriaceae, and Escherichia coli. Antimicrobial resistance was assessed by the Kirby-Bauer method, according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Pesticides were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. No samples were contaminated by Salmonella spp., E. coli was detected in 1 sample of fresh lettuce at a low bacterial count (2 log cfu/g). 17.24% of vegetables were contaminated by Enterococci and 65.5% by Enterobacteriaceae (bacterial counts between 1.56 log cfu/g and 5.93 log cfu/g and between 1.6 log cfu/g and 5.48 log cfu/g respectively). From 86.2% of vegetables, 53 AMR strains were isolated, and 10/53 isolates were multidrug resistant. Molecular analysis showed that the blaTEM gene was detected in 12/38 β-lactam-resistant/intermediate-resistant isolates. Genes conferring tetracycline resistance (tetA, tetB, tetC, tetD, tetW) were detected in 7/10 isolates. The qnrS gene was detected in 1/5 quinolone-resistant isolates, the sulI gene was detected in 1/4 sulfonamide- resistant/intermediate-resistant isolates and the sulIII gene was never detected. Pesticides were detected in 27.3% of samples, all of which were leafy vegetables. Despite the satisfactory hygienic status of samples, the high percentage of AMR bacteria detected stresses the need for an effective monitoring of these foods as well as adequate strategies to counteract the spread of AMR bacteria along the agricultural chain. Also, the chemical contamination of vegetables should not be underestimated, especially considering that leafy vegetables are commonly consumed raw and that no official guidelines about maximum residue limits of pesticides in ready-to-eat vegetables are available.

本初步研究旨在检测西西里岛出售供人类食用的蔬菜中的生物和化学污染物,评估这些食品中抗菌素抗性(AMR)菌株的传播情况,并表征其抗菌素抗性基因。共分析了29个新鲜和即食样品。微生物学分析检测沙门氏菌、肠球菌、肠杆菌科和大肠杆菌。根据临床和实验室标准协会的指导方针,采用Kirby-Bauer法评估抗菌素耐药性。采用高效液相色谱、气相色谱联用质谱法对农药进行检测。样品中未检出沙门氏菌,1份新鲜生菜样品中检出大肠杆菌,细菌计数较低(2 log cfu/g)。17.24%的蔬菜被肠球菌污染,65.5%的蔬菜被肠杆菌科污染,细菌数量分别在1.56 ~ 5.93 log cfu/g和1.6 ~ 5.48 log cfu/g之间。从86.2%的蔬菜中分离出53株AMR菌株,其中10/53株为耐多药菌株。分子分析表明,在12/38株β-内酰胺耐药/中耐药菌株中检测到blaTEM基因。在7/10株中检测到四环素耐药基因(tetA、tetB、tetC、tetD、tetW)。1/5喹诺酮耐药菌株中检测到qnrS基因,1/4磺胺耐药/中耐药菌株中检测到sulI基因,未检测到sulIII基因。农药检出率为27.3%,全部为叶类蔬菜。尽管样品的卫生状况令人满意,但检测到的AMR细菌的高比例强调需要对这些食品进行有效监测,并采取适当的策略来抵消AMR细菌沿农业链的传播。此外,蔬菜的化学污染不应被低估,特别是考虑到叶菜通常是生吃的,而且没有关于即食蔬菜中农药最大残留限量的官方指导方针。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluation of vacuum packaging for extending the shelf life of Sardinian fermented sausage. 真空包装延长撒丁岛发酵香肠保质期的评价。
IF 1.3 Q3 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-06-08 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2023.10819
Giuliana Siddi, Francesca Piras, Maria Pina Meloni, Daniele Casti, Carlo Spanu, Carlo Pala, Anna Maria Mocci, Carlo Piga, Riccardo Di Salvo, Enrico De Santis, Christian Scarano

Salsiccia sarda or Sardinian fermented sausage is a traditional dry-fermented sausage included in the list of traditional food products of Sardinia (Italy). At the request of some producing plants, the possibility of extending the shelf life of the vacuum-packed product up to 120 days was evaluated. Manufacturing of 90 samples, representing 3 different batches of Sardinian fermented sausage was carried out in two producing plants (A and B). In the packaged product and subsequently every 30 days for four months (T0, T30, T60, T120), the following analyses were conducted on all samples: physicochemical characteristics, total aerobic mesophilic count, Enterobacteriaceae count, detection of Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., mesophilic lactic acid bacteria, and coagulase-positive Staphylococci. Moreover, surfaces in contact and surfaces not in contact with food were sampled in both producing plants. Sensory profile analysis was also performed for every analysis time. At the end of the extended shelf life, pH values were equal to 5.90±0.11 (producing plant A) and 5.61±0.29 (producing plant B). Water activity mean values at T120 were 0.894±0.02 (producing plant A) and 0.875±0.01 (producing plant B). L. monocytogenes was detected in 73.3% (33/45) of the samples from producing plant A, with mean levels of 1.12±0.76 log10 CFU/g. In producing plant B, L. monocytogenes was never detected. Enterobacteriaceae were detected in 91.1% (41/45) of samples in producing plant A with mean values of 3.15±1.21 log10 CFU/g, and in 35.5% (16/45) samples in producing plant B samples with mean values of 0.72±0.86 log10 CFU/g. Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus were never detected. Regarding environmental samples, the sites that were most contaminated by L. monocytogenes were the bagging table (contact surface) and processing room floor drains (non-contact surface) with a prevalence of 50% each (8/16 positive samples for both sampling sites). Sensory analysis results showed that at T30 the overall sensory quality was at its highest;moreover, the visual-tactile aspect, the olfactory characteristics, the gustatory aspects, and the texture showed significant differences in samples throughout the shelf life, with a decreased intensity at 120 days of storage. Overall, the quality and sensory acceptance of the vacuumpacked Sardinian fermented sausage was not affected until 120 days of shelf-life. However, the possible contamination by L. monocytogenes calls attention to the hygienic management of the entire technological process. The environmental sampling was confirmed as a useful verification tool during control.

撒丁岛发酵香肠(Salsiccia sarda)是一种被列入撒丁岛(意大利)传统食品名录的传统干发酵香肠。应一些生产厂的要求,对将真空包装产品的保质期延长至120天的可能性进行了评估。在两个生产工厂(A和B)生产了90个样品,代表3个不同批次的撒丁岛发酵香肠。在包装产品中以及随后的4个月(T0, T30, T60, T120)每30天对所有样品进行以下分析:理化特性、好氧嗜中温菌总数、肠杆菌科细菌总数、单核增生李斯特菌、沙门氏菌、嗜中温乳酸菌、凝固酶阳性葡萄球菌检测。此外,对两个生产工厂与食物接触的表面和不接触的表面进行了采样。每次分析时也进行感觉剖面分析。延长货架期结束时,pH值分别为5.90±0.11(生产植物A)和5.61±0.29(生产植物B), T120时水分活度平均值分别为0.894±0.02(生产植物A)和0.875±0.01(生产植物B), 73.3%(33/45)的生产植物A样品中检出单增李斯特菌,平均含量为1.12±0.76 log10 CFU/g。在生产植物B中,未检测到单核增生乳杆菌。产植物A中91.1%(41/45)的样品检出肠杆菌科细菌,平均值为3.15±1.21 log10 CFU/g;产植物B中35.5%(16/45)的样品检出肠杆菌科细菌,平均值为0.72±0.86 log10 CFU/g。未检出沙门氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌。就环境样本而言,单核细胞增生乳杆菌污染最严重的地点是装袋工作台(接触面)和加工车间地板排水管(非接触面),患病率均为50%(两个采样地点均有8/16个阳性样本)。感官分析结果表明,在T30时,样品的整体感官质量达到最高,并且在整个保质期内,样品的视觉触觉、嗅觉特征、味觉特征和质地都有显著差异,在120天的储存时强度有所下降。总的来说,真空包装的撒丁岛发酵香肠的质量和感官接受度直到120天的保质期才受到影响。然而,单核细胞增生乳杆菌可能造成的污染要求对整个工艺过程的卫生管理予以重视。在控制过程中,环境采样被确认为一种有用的验证工具。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluating Escherichia coli contamination in bivalve mollusks using the impedance method: a comparison with most probable number analyses and correlation with environmental parameters. 用阻抗法评价双壳类软体动物的大肠杆菌污染:与最可能数分析的比较及其与环境参数的相关性。
IF 1.3 Q3 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-06-08 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2023.11103
Sarah Currò, Luca Fasolato, Stefania Balzan, Giacomo Biziato, Francesco Paesanti, Luca Bargelloni, Barbara Cardazzo, Enrico Novelli

The application of an electrochemical (impedance) tool for monitoring Escherichia coli contamination in shellfish was evaluated after 13 months of observation. The primary aim of the present study was to compare the standard most probable number (MPN) and μ-trac 4200 (log imped/100 g) for the assessment of E. coli contamination (log MPN/100 g) in non-depurated bivalve mollusks (BM) from five sampling areas of the Veneto-Emilian coast (Italy) (118 samples). The secondary aim was to evaluate the correlation between E. coli concentrations in BM and environmental factors on a large data set (690). The methods showed a moderate, positive correlation (0.60 and 0.69 Pearson and Spearman coefficients, respectively; P<0.01) in Ruditapes philippinarum. The McNemar test indicated analogous sample classification between methods, and the impedance method overestimated the most contaminated class (P=0.03; >4,600 MPN/100 g). The results highlighted the suitability of the impedance method for a faster evaluation and routine use especially in clams, while in Mytilus it seemed less effective. Different models built by multivariate permutational variance analysis and multinomial logistic regression selected the suitable environmental features able to predict the E. coli load. Overall, salinity and season affected the E. coli contamination, whereas locally it was mainly influenced by hydrometry and salinity. The application of the impedance method coupled with environmental data analysis could help purification phase management to adhere to legal limits and could represent an advantage for local control authorities to define actions, considering extreme meteorological events' effects as a proactive reaction to climate change.

经过13个月的观察,对电化学(阻抗)工具监测贝类中大肠杆菌污染的应用进行了评价。本研究的主要目的是比较来自意大利威尼托-埃米利亚海岸(Veneto-Emilian)五个采样区(118个样本)的未净化双壳类软体动物(BM)中大肠杆菌污染(log MPN/100 g)的标准最可能数(MPN)和μ-trac 4200 (log MPN/100 g)。第二个目的是在大数据集上评估BM中大肠杆菌浓度与环境因素之间的相关性(690)。两种方法的Pearson和Spearman系数分别为0.60和0.69;P0.01)。McNemar试验表明两种方法之间的样本分类相似,阻抗法高估了污染最严重的类别(P=0.03;> 4600 MPN/100 g)。结果强调了阻抗法的适用性,特别是在蛤蜊中进行快速评估和常规使用,而在贻贝中似乎不太有效。通过多元置换方差分析和多项逻辑回归建立不同的模型,选择适合预测大肠杆菌载量的环境特征。总体而言,盐度和季节影响大肠杆菌污染,而局部主要受水文和盐度影响。阻抗法与环境数据分析相结合的应用可以帮助净化阶段管理遵守法律限制,并且可以代表地方控制当局确定行动的优势,考虑到极端气象事件的影响是对气候变化的积极反应。
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引用次数: 0
Cadmium, lead, and mercury in two commercial squid species from the north Adriatic Sea (central Mediterranean): contamination levels and health risk assessment. 北亚得里亚海(地中海中部)两种商业鱿鱼中的镉、铅和汞:污染水平和健康风险评估。
IF 1.3 Q3 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-06-08 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2023.11037
Maria Olga Varrà, Lenka Husáková, Jan Patočka, Adriana Ianieri, Sergio Ghidini, Emanuela Zanardi

In this study, lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and total mercury (Hg) concentrations in European squids (Loligo vulgaris) and flying squids (Todarodes sagittatus) from the northern Adriatic Sea (Italy) were analyzed. The risk of the Italian population being exposed to potentially hazardous metal concentrations through the consumption of these products was also assessed. Compared to European squids, flying squids showed three times higher total Hg concentrations and one hundred times higher Cd concentrations to the point that more than 6 and 25% of the samples exceeded the maximum Hg and Cd limits established by the current legislation. From the evaluation of dietary exposure levels, it emerged that the consumption of flying squids was associated with the highest Pb intake by children and, consequently, with the lower margin of exposure values in relation to the risk of neurotoxicity (margin of exposure=33). Consumption of flying squids, especially by children, was also associated with higher intakes of Cd, inorganic, and methyl-Hg, which, respectively, accounted for 156, 113, and 23% of the tolerable weekly intakes established for these contaminants at European level. The obtained results raise concern and it may be necessary to provide specific dietary advice on the moderate dietary consumption of some cephalopod species, especially to the youngest and most vulnerable segment of the population. However, besides the highly conservative deterministic method adopted in this study, a refined consumer exposure assessment should be performed through the probabilistic methodology, which is more suitable to represent the real exposure scenario.

本研究分析了意大利北部亚得里亚海欧洲鱿鱼(Loligo vulgaris)和箭尾飞乌贼(Todarodes sagittatus)体内铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)和总汞(Hg)的含量。还评估了意大利人口通过消费这些产品而暴露于潜在有害金属浓度的风险。与欧洲鱿鱼相比,飞鱿鱼的总汞浓度高出3倍,Cd浓度高出100倍,以至于超过6%和25%的样本超过了现行立法规定的最高汞和Cd限值。从饮食暴露水平的评估中发现,食用飞鱿鱼与儿童最高的铅摄入量有关,因此,与神经毒性风险相关的暴露值的下限也较低(暴露限值=33)。食用飞鱿鱼,尤其是儿童,还与较高的镉、无机汞和甲基汞摄入量有关,这三种污染物分别占欧洲标准规定的每周可耐受摄入量的15.6%、13%和23%。获得的结果引起关注,可能有必要就某些头足类物种的适度饮食提供具体的饮食建议,特别是对种群中最年轻和最脆弱的部分。然而,除了本研究采用的高度保守的确定性方法外,还需要通过概率方法进行精细化的消费者暴露评估,这种方法更适合代表真实的暴露情景。
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引用次数: 2
Assessment of aflatoxin M1 enrichment factor in cheese produced with naturally contaminated milk. 用天然污染的牛奶生产的奶酪中黄曲霉毒素M1富集因子的评价。
IF 1.3 Q3 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-06-08 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2023.11123
Sonia Sabatelli, Lorenzo Gambi, Cristina Baiguera, Franco Paterlini, Filippo Lelli Mami, Laura Uboldi, Paolo Daminelli, Alberto Biancardi

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a well-known carcinogenic compound that may contaminate milk and dairy products. Thus, with the regulation 1881/2006, the European Union established a concentration limit for AFM1 in milk and insisted on the importance of defining enrichment factors (EFs) for cheese. In 2019, the Italian Ministry of Health proposed four different EFs based on cheese's moisture content on a fat-free basis (MMFB) for bovine dairy products. This study aimed to define the EFs of cheese with different MFFB. The milk used for cheesemaking was naturally contaminated with different AFM1 concentrations. Results showed that all the EF average values from this study were lower than those of the Italian Ministry of Health. Hence, the current EFs might need to be reconsidered for a better categorization of AFM1 risk in cheese.

黄曲霉毒素M1 (AFM1)是一种众所周知的致癌化合物,可能会污染牛奶和乳制品。因此,根据1881/2006号法规,欧盟建立了牛奶中AFM1的浓度限制,并坚持定义奶酪的富集因子(EFs)的重要性。2019年,意大利卫生部根据奶酪的无脂基础上的水分含量(MMFB)为牛乳制品提出了四种不同的EFs。本研究旨在确定不同MFFB奶酪的EFs。用于制作奶酪的牛奶自然受到不同AFM1浓度的污染。结果表明,本研究所得的所有EF平均值均低于意大利卫生部的平均值。因此,目前的EFs可能需要重新考虑,以便更好地对奶酪中的AFM1风险进行分类。
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引用次数: 0
Preliminary data on the microbial profile of dry and wet aged bovine meat obtained from different breeds in Sardinia. 撒丁岛不同品种的干、湿陈年牛肉的微生物特征的初步数据。
IF 1.3 Q3 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-06-08 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2023.11060
Maria Pina Meloni, Francesca Piras, Giuliana Siddi, Rita Sanna, Roberta Lai, Fabrizio Simbula, Daniela Cabras, Maria Maurichi, Giovanna Asara, Enrico Pietro Luigi De Santis, Christian Scarano

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of dry and wet aging on microbial profile and physicochemical characteristics of bovine loins obtained from four animals of two different breeds, namely two Friesian cull cows and two Sardo-Bruna bovines. During dry and wet aging aerobic colony count, Enterobacteriaceae, mesophilic lactic acid bacteria, Pseudomonas, molds and yeasts, Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes and Yersinia enterocolitica, pH and water activity (aw) were determined in meat samples collected from the internal part of the loins. Moreover, the microbial profile was determined with sponge samples taken from the surface of the meat cuts. Samples obtained from Friesian cows were analyzed starting from the first day of the aging period and after 7, 14, and 21 days. Samples obtained from the Sardo Bruna bovines were also analyzed after 28 and 35 days. Wet aging allowed better control of Pseudomonas spp. during storage that showed statistically lower levels (P>0.05) in wet-aged meats with respect to dry-aged meats during aging and particularly at the end of the period (P>0.01) in both cattle breeds. At the end of the experiment (21 days), aerobic colony count and Pseudomonas in Fresian cows' dry-aged meats showed mean levels >8 log, while lactic acid bacteria mean counts >7 log were detected in wet-aged meats of both cattle breeds. In meats submitted to dry aging, pH was significantly higher (P<0.01) with respect to wet-aged meats at all analysis times and in both cattle breeds. Aw showed a stable trend during both dry and wet aging without significant differences. These preliminary results highlight the critical importance of the strict application of good hygiene practices during all stages of production of these particular cuts of meat intended for aging.

本研究旨在评价干湿老化对2头不同品种的4头牛(即2头弗里西亚淘汰牛和2头萨尔多布鲁纳牛)牛腰肉微生物特征和理化特性的影响。在干湿老化过程中,测定了各肉样品的好氧菌落计数、肠杆菌科、中温乳酸菌、假单胞菌、霉菌和酵母、肠沙门氏菌、单核增生李斯特菌和小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌的pH值和水活度(aw)。此外,用从肉片表面取下的海绵样品测定了微生物谱。从老化期第一天开始,从第7、14和21天开始,对Friesian奶牛的样品进行分析。从萨尔多布鲁纳牛获得的样本也在28天和35天后进行了分析。湿法陈化对贮藏过程中假单胞菌的控制效果较好,两种牛种的湿法陈化中假单胞菌含量均显著低于干法陈化(P>0.05),尤其是后期(P>0.01)。试验结束(21 d)时,两种牛品种干熟肉中需氧菌落计数和假单胞菌的平均值均大于8 log,湿熟肉中乳酸菌的平均值均大于7 log。在所有分析时间和两个牛品种中,干老化肉的pH值均显著高于湿老化肉(P0.01)。在干湿老化过程中,Aw呈稳定趋势,无显著差异。这些初步结果强调了在生产这些用于老化的特定肉块的所有阶段严格应用良好卫生习惯的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Italian Journal of Food Safety
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