Pub Date : 2014-11-30DOI: 10.9790/3013-04011037043
A. Doroudi, M. Erfani, K. Kamali, S. M. Saadati, F. Ahmadi, A. Kiasat, M. Khodayar, H. Meghdadi
This study was launched to evaluate the efficacy and efficiency of 99mTc-UBI29-41scintigraphy imaging to visualize the infection foci induced by staphylococcus aureus and inflammation lesions induced by carrageenan in the foot’s rat in comparison with Ga-Citrate radioisotope scintigraphy imaging. The labeling and quality control of 99mTc-UBI29-41have been performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. A total number thirty six adult, male NMRI rats were chosen. The animals were randomly divided into two equal group’s .One group for 99mTc-UBI29-41 scintigraphy imaging and the other group for Ga-Citrate scintigraphy imaging respectively. Every group subdivided into two groups equally. Septic lesion was induced by Staphylococcus aureus due to inoculation of bacteria suspension in the foot’s rat in one group. The aseptic inflammation lesion was induced by Carrageenan in the foot’s rat in the other group. The 99mTc-UBI29-41 and Ga-Citrate radiotracer scintigraphy imaging studies have been performed to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity 99mTc-UBI29-41radiopharmaceutical for preferentially diagnosis between infection and sterile inflammation lesions. The images have been shown the uptake Ga at the infection and inflammation sites. The labeling of UBI by technetium can provide images with good quality and a shorter investigation time in comparison to Ga radioisotope imaging. The infection foci could be visualized by 99mTc-UBI2941scintigraphy imaging due to selective bonding UBI 29-41 to the negatively charged groups present on the microbial membrane due to electrostatic interaction. The inflammation sites have been observed by non-specific uptake of 99mTc-UBI29-41. Both scintigraphy imaging studies have not demonstrated preferentially diagnosis septic and aseptic inflammation lesions. The sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value of both scintigraphy imaging techniques were 100%, 50% and 50% respectively. In spite of high sensitive of the TcUBI 29-41 scintigraphy imaging to localize the lesions, but it could not demonstrate to discriminate between septic and aseptic inflammation lesions. The other modalities must be considered for interpretation of images has obtained by Tc-UBI 29-41 scintigraphy imaging study.
{"title":"Sensitivity and specificity of 99mTc-UBI29-41 and 67Ga-Citrate scintigraphy imaging to discriminate infection lesion induced by Staphylococcus aureus and sterile inflammation lesion induced by Carrageenan in foot’s rat","authors":"A. Doroudi, M. Erfani, K. Kamali, S. M. Saadati, F. Ahmadi, A. Kiasat, M. Khodayar, H. Meghdadi","doi":"10.9790/3013-04011037043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/3013-04011037043","url":null,"abstract":"This study was launched to evaluate the efficacy and efficiency of 99mTc-UBI29-41scintigraphy imaging to visualize the infection foci induced by staphylococcus aureus and inflammation lesions induced by carrageenan in the foot’s rat in comparison with Ga-Citrate radioisotope scintigraphy imaging. The labeling and quality control of 99mTc-UBI29-41have been performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. A total number thirty six adult, male NMRI rats were chosen. The animals were randomly divided into two equal group’s .One group for 99mTc-UBI29-41 scintigraphy imaging and the other group for Ga-Citrate scintigraphy imaging respectively. Every group subdivided into two groups equally. Septic lesion was induced by Staphylococcus aureus due to inoculation of bacteria suspension in the foot’s rat in one group. The aseptic inflammation lesion was induced by Carrageenan in the foot’s rat in the other group. The 99mTc-UBI29-41 and Ga-Citrate radiotracer scintigraphy imaging studies have been performed to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity 99mTc-UBI29-41radiopharmaceutical for preferentially diagnosis between infection and sterile inflammation lesions. The images have been shown the uptake Ga at the infection and inflammation sites. The labeling of UBI by technetium can provide images with good quality and a shorter investigation time in comparison to Ga radioisotope imaging. The infection foci could be visualized by 99mTc-UBI2941scintigraphy imaging due to selective bonding UBI 29-41 to the negatively charged groups present on the microbial membrane due to electrostatic interaction. The inflammation sites have been observed by non-specific uptake of 99mTc-UBI29-41. Both scintigraphy imaging studies have not demonstrated preferentially diagnosis septic and aseptic inflammation lesions. The sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value of both scintigraphy imaging techniques were 100%, 50% and 50% respectively. In spite of high sensitive of the TcUBI 29-41 scintigraphy imaging to localize the lesions, but it could not demonstrate to discriminate between septic and aseptic inflammation lesions. The other modalities must be considered for interpretation of images has obtained by Tc-UBI 29-41 scintigraphy imaging study.","PeriodicalId":14540,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"6 1","pages":"37-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89971455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-11-25DOI: 10.9790/3013-04011027036
Sofija Petkovska, B. Gjorgjeska
Intra-hospital or nosocomial hospital infections are caused by microorganisms acquired during the hospitalization of the patient, and clinically are manifested from 48 to 72 hours after admission at earliest. The procedures for disinfection and the type and quantity of disinfectants used are directly related to the effects. The control of intra-hospital infections is performed by intra-hospital infections Commission which is responsible for taking swabs of sediments and air for proving none/presence of bacteria, as well as taking measures if contamination occurs and timely detection of intra-hospital infections. This research’s aim is to review and select appropriate ways in order to prevent intra-hospital infections. Statistical processing of data received from Clinical Centre in Stip, Republic of Macedonia in the period 2009 to 2013 gives a complete insight into the connection between the use of disinfectants with occurrence and absence of intra-hospital infections. Prevention of intra-hospital infections is possible only by implementing standard processes and procedures that enable optimal use of properly selected disinfectants in all departments in hospitals. Special attention should be given to the procedures for preparing and delivering food to patients and the procedures for disinfection and control of space and food preparation, store and distribute food.
{"title":"Analysis of used disinfectants and antiseptics correlated with the occurrence of nosocomial infections – Clinical hospital Stip, Republic of Macedonia in period of 2007 – 2011","authors":"Sofija Petkovska, B. Gjorgjeska","doi":"10.9790/3013-04011027036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/3013-04011027036","url":null,"abstract":"Intra-hospital or nosocomial hospital infections are caused by microorganisms acquired during the hospitalization of the patient, and clinically are manifested from 48 to 72 hours after admission at earliest. The procedures for disinfection and the type and quantity of disinfectants used are directly related to the effects. \u0000The control of intra-hospital infections is performed by intra-hospital infections Commission which is responsible for taking swabs of sediments and air for proving none/presence of bacteria, as well as taking measures if contamination occurs and timely detection of intra-hospital infections. \u0000This research’s aim is to review and select appropriate ways in order to prevent intra-hospital infections. Statistical processing of data received from Clinical Centre in Stip, Republic of Macedonia in the period 2009 to 2013 gives a complete insight into the connection between the use of disinfectants with occurrence and absence of intra-hospital infections. \u0000Prevention of intra-hospital infections is possible only by implementing standard processes and procedures that enable optimal use of properly selected disinfectants in all departments in hospitals. Special attention should be given to the procedures for preparing and delivering food to patients and the procedures for disinfection and control of space and food preparation, store and distribute food.","PeriodicalId":14540,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"1 1","pages":"27-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90057823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-11-25DOI: 10.9790/3013-04011044048
V. Maksimova, L. K. Gudeva, T. Ruskovska, R. Gulaboski, A. Cvetanovska
Capsicum annum L, or hot peppers are unique among the plant species, because of their ability to synthesize capsaicin. Capsaicin is an alkaloid which has been known for its analgesic, antireumatic, antiseptic, antidiabetic and few more pharmacological properties. Its antioxidative potential is also a subject of many experiments, in the last few years. The aim of this study is to examine the antioxidant potential of capsaicin and capsicum oleoresins produced from Capsicum sp. cultivated in R. of Macedonia. This experiment comprises four different genotypes of Capsicum annuum L., which were used for obtaining ethanolic oleoresins. Their antioxidant potential was measured and compared to the antioxidative potential of the pure capsaicin standards. As a method for measuring the total antioxidant capacity was used FRAP (Ferric reducing antioxidant potential) method. This is a simple photometric method for estimation of in vitro antioxidative potential which is expressed as µmol/L Fe2+. The results from this study are showing a very good correlation between antioxidant potential of capsaicin and capsicum oleoresins. This confirms that antioxidative potential of hot peppers does not come only from the vitamins and phenolic compounds in them, but capsaicinoids are also included.
{"title":"Antioxidative effect of Capsicum oleoresins compared with pure capsaicin","authors":"V. Maksimova, L. K. Gudeva, T. Ruskovska, R. Gulaboski, A. Cvetanovska","doi":"10.9790/3013-04011044048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/3013-04011044048","url":null,"abstract":"Capsicum annum L, or hot peppers are unique among the plant species, because of their ability to synthesize capsaicin. Capsaicin is an alkaloid which has been known for its analgesic, antireumatic, antiseptic, antidiabetic and few more pharmacological properties. Its antioxidative potential is also a subject of many experiments, in the last few years. The aim of this study is to examine the antioxidant potential of capsaicin and capsicum oleoresins produced from Capsicum sp. cultivated in R. of Macedonia. \u0000This experiment comprises four different genotypes of Capsicum annuum L., which were used for obtaining ethanolic oleoresins. Their antioxidant potential was measured and compared to the antioxidative potential of the pure capsaicin standards. As a method for measuring the total antioxidant capacity was used FRAP (Ferric reducing antioxidant potential) method. This is a simple photometric method for estimation of in vitro antioxidative potential which is expressed as µmol/L Fe2+. \u0000The results from this study are showing a very good correlation between antioxidant potential of capsaicin and capsicum oleoresins. \u0000This confirms that antioxidative potential of hot peppers does not come only from the vitamins and phenolic compounds in them, but capsaicinoids are also included.","PeriodicalId":14540,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"144 1","pages":"44-48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91375046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-11-22DOI: 10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.1249643.V1
Oluyemisi Adebowale Bamiro, Olusegun Deru, L. Bakre, Onyinye J. Uwaezuoke
The aim of this work is to acetylate Terminalia randii gum and evaluate its effectiveness as a binder in metronidazole tablet formulations. The gum was extracted using standard methods. The extracted gum was acetylatedand used at varying concentrations (1%-5%w/w) as a binder in metronidazole tablets and compared with a standard binder, polyvinylpyrollidone (PVP) using wet granulation. The granule properties were assessed using bulk and tapped densities, Carr's index, Hausner's ratio, angle of repose and flow rate. The mechanical properties of tablets were assessed using friability, crushing strength and crushing strength friability ratio while the release properties were evaluated using disintegration time, and dissolution time for 50% and 80% of the drug (t50 and t80 respectively). Statistical analysis using ANOVA was carried out with computer software graph pad prism (Graph pad software INC. San Diego, USA). At 95% confidence intervals, p value less than or equal to 0.05 were considered significant. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the granule properties.Formulations prepared with acetylated gum (ATR) had significantly lower (P 0.05) in the release properties of the formulations. ATR could be substituted for PVP as a binder in pharmaceutical formulations. KEYWORDS-Acetylation, Metronidazole, Release properties, Tablet, Terminalia randii gum
本工作的目的是乙酰化黄连树胶，并评价其作为甲硝唑片制剂粘合剂的有效性。采用标准方法提取口香糖。将提取的口香糖进行乙酰化处理，并以不同浓度(1%-5%w/w)作为甲硝唑片的粘结剂，并与标准粘结剂聚乙烯软软酯(PVP)进行湿制粒比较。用体积和密度、卡尔指数、豪斯纳比、休止角和流速来评估颗粒的性质。以脆性、破碎强度、破碎强度脆性比评价片剂的力学性能，以50%和80%药物的崩解时间和溶出时间(分别为t50和t80)评价片剂的释放性能。采用计算机软件graph pad prism (graph pad software INC.)进行方差分析。圣地亚哥，美国)。在95%置信区间内，p值小于或等于0.05被认为是显著的。两组颗粒性质差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。乙酰化胶(ATR)制剂的释药性能显著降低(P < 0.05)。ATR可以代替PVP作为药物制剂的粘结剂。关键词:乙酰化;甲硝唑;释放特性
{"title":"Modified Terminalia randii gum as a binder in metronidazole tablet formulation","authors":"Oluyemisi Adebowale Bamiro, Olusegun Deru, L. Bakre, Onyinye J. Uwaezuoke","doi":"10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.1249643.V1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.1249643.V1","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this work is to acetylate Terminalia randii gum and evaluate its effectiveness as a binder in metronidazole tablet formulations. The gum was extracted using standard methods. The extracted gum was acetylatedand used at varying concentrations (1%-5%w/w) as a binder in metronidazole tablets and compared with a standard binder, polyvinylpyrollidone (PVP) using wet granulation. The granule properties were assessed using bulk and tapped densities, Carr's index, Hausner's ratio, angle of repose and flow rate. The mechanical properties of tablets were assessed using friability, crushing strength and crushing strength friability ratio while the release properties were evaluated using disintegration time, and dissolution time for 50% and 80% of the drug (t50 and t80 respectively). Statistical analysis using ANOVA was carried out with computer software graph pad prism (Graph pad software INC. San Diego, USA). At 95% confidence intervals, p value less than or equal to 0.05 were considered significant. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the granule properties.Formulations prepared with acetylated gum (ATR) had significantly lower (P 0.05) in the release properties of the formulations. ATR could be substituted for PVP as a binder in pharmaceutical formulations. KEYWORDS-Acetylation, Metronidazole, Release properties, Tablet, Terminalia randii gum","PeriodicalId":14540,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"3 1","pages":"28-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85006165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-11-22DOI: 10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.1249645.V1
Phr Iosr, K. Dr.
Most human viruses known to cause oral diseases are deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) viruses that are contracted either in childhood or early adulthood through contact with blood, saliva, or other secretions. Herpes viruses seem to be the most important DNA viruses in oral pathology. Clinically, herpes viruses can cause a spectrum of diseases; the hallmark of their infections being immune impairment. Active herpes virus infections may have particularly severe consequences in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected and other immunocompromised individuals. This review highlights the description of herpes viruses, organization of its genome and proteins, and the diseases affecting the mankind. It brings to fore the need for newer drugs to effectively manage the ever increasing diseases caused by herpes viruses.
{"title":"Herpes Viruses – An Overview","authors":"Phr Iosr, K. Dr.","doi":"10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.1249645.V1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.1249645.V1","url":null,"abstract":"Most human viruses known to cause oral diseases are deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) viruses that are contracted either in childhood or early adulthood through contact with blood, saliva, or other secretions. Herpes viruses seem to be the most important DNA viruses in oral pathology. Clinically, herpes viruses can cause a spectrum of diseases; the hallmark of their infections being immune impairment. Active herpes virus infections may have particularly severe consequences in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected and other immunocompromised individuals. This review highlights the description of herpes viruses, organization of its genome and proteins, and the diseases affecting the mankind. It brings to fore the need for newer drugs to effectively manage the ever increasing diseases caused by herpes viruses.","PeriodicalId":14540,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"31 11 1","pages":"39-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78321339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-11-22DOI: 10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.1249651.V1
A. Riyadi, A. Wardoyo, S. Sudin
HIV stands for ‘Human Immunodeficiency Virus’. HIV is a retrovirus that infects cells of the human immune system (mainly CD4), and destroys or impairs their function. This viral infection results in a constant decrease in human immune system and eventually results in immunodeficiency. Indonesia is one of the countries that show increasing number of HIV/AIDS cases. By June 2011, 26.483 cumulative HIV/AIDS cases were reported in Indonesia. Drug users are a major factor in the spread of HIV/AIDS infections. Antiretroviral (ARV) therapy in patients with HIV infection aims at suppressing replication in a maximum way for a long period, restoring and maintaining the body’s immune. It is important to extend and improve the quality of life to reduce the morbidity and mortality. Efficacy of the combination of three of antiretroviral drugs was better than the combination of two types of antiretroviral, where there is a decrease in viral load to undetectable level and increased CD4 lymphocyte count. This study was conducted compare several combinations of antiretroviral, that is Lamivudine +Zidovudine+ Nevirapine, Lamivudine+ Zidovudine +Efavirenz, Lamivudine +Stavudine +Nevirapine and Lamivudine+Stavudine+Efavirenz, in terms of effectiveness, side effects, adherence and antiretroviral drug costs in patients HIV/AIDS drug users in Drug Dependence Hospital Jakarta. The study was conducted in a retrospective way, using data obtained from medical records of patients from January 2005 to December 2010 in patients with CD4 ≤ 350 cells/mmɜ and a minimum of 6-12 months of antiretroviral treatment. Of the 333 patients, 100 patients had antiretroviral treatment and met the inclusion criteria. The results showed effectiveness of combination antiretroviral therapy in that there was an increase in the number of CD4; the increase was found to be different in each antiretroviral combination. However, statistical test with ANOVA showed that the increases in CD4 had no significant difference. Nausea is a common side effect in HIV/AIDS patients who received antiretroviral therapy. Of the 100 patients, 94% adhered to the therapy and the combination of Lamivudine+Zidovudine +Efavirenz required the highest cost, compared to the other combinations.
{"title":"Evaluation of Anti-Retroviral Combination Therapy In Patients With HIV/Aids Injecting Drug Users","authors":"A. Riyadi, A. Wardoyo, S. Sudin","doi":"10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.1249651.V1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.1249651.V1","url":null,"abstract":"HIV stands for ‘Human Immunodeficiency Virus’. HIV is a retrovirus that infects cells of the human immune system (mainly CD4), and destroys or impairs their function. This viral infection results in a constant decrease in human immune system and eventually results in immunodeficiency. Indonesia is one of the countries that show increasing number of HIV/AIDS cases. By June 2011, 26.483 cumulative HIV/AIDS cases were reported in Indonesia. Drug users are a major factor in the spread of HIV/AIDS infections. Antiretroviral (ARV) therapy in patients with HIV infection aims at suppressing replication in a maximum way for a long period, restoring and maintaining the body’s immune. It is important to extend and improve the quality of life to reduce the morbidity and mortality. Efficacy of the combination of three of antiretroviral drugs was better than the combination of two types of antiretroviral, where there is a decrease in viral load to undetectable level and increased CD4 lymphocyte count. This study was conducted compare several combinations of antiretroviral, that is Lamivudine +Zidovudine+ Nevirapine, Lamivudine+ Zidovudine +Efavirenz, Lamivudine +Stavudine +Nevirapine and Lamivudine+Stavudine+Efavirenz, in terms of effectiveness, side effects, adherence and antiretroviral drug costs in patients HIV/AIDS drug users in Drug Dependence Hospital Jakarta. The study was conducted in a retrospective way, using data obtained from medical records of patients from January 2005 to December 2010 in patients with CD4 ≤ 350 cells/mmɜ and a minimum of 6-12 months of antiretroviral treatment. Of the 333 patients, 100 patients had antiretroviral treatment and met the inclusion criteria. The results showed effectiveness of combination antiretroviral therapy in that there was an increase in the number of CD4; the increase was found to be different in each antiretroviral combination. However, statistical test with ANOVA showed that the increases in CD4 had no significant difference. Nausea is a common side effect in HIV/AIDS patients who received antiretroviral therapy. Of the 100 patients, 94% adhered to the therapy and the combination of Lamivudine+Zidovudine +Efavirenz required the highest cost, compared to the other combinations.","PeriodicalId":14540,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"18 1","pages":"69-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86870228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-30DOI: 10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.1249641.V1
Timothy K. Cheum, K. Patel, Rodney G. Richmond
Federal legislation that has been introduced to amend the Social Security Act in order to provide for coverage of cognitive pharmacist services under the Medicare program in medically underserved communities. In the rural state of Arkansas this legislation would be well-received because a large portion of the state meets the criteria of a health professional shortage area. Considering the growing interest of using telecommunications as an alternative means of delivering healthcare services to medically underserved rural areas, a pharmacist-staffed consumer-oriented drug information service was explored. Over a 5-day period, 473 face-to-face consumer surveys were conducted in pharmacy and non-pharmacy settings in an urban cluster population center that serves the surrounding rural area. The survey was designed to determine whether or not consumers had a perceived need for a drug information service that was independent from and supplemental to services provided by their pharmacist. Results reveal that 71% of participants surveyed did not perceive a need for medication information that was supplemental to that provided by their pharmacist. When queried regarding the likelihood of using a drug information service if one was available their response was neutral, and they became less likely if a fee was associated with the service. While the results are not conclusive and cannot be generalized as to whether a consumer-oriented drug information service would contribute to improving patient care, the survey suggests that this telepharmacy service is not perceived as being needed by the public.
{"title":"Consumer-Oriented Drug Information Service Needs Assessment","authors":"Timothy K. Cheum, K. Patel, Rodney G. Richmond","doi":"10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.1249641.V1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.1249641.V1","url":null,"abstract":"Federal legislation that has been introduced to amend the Social Security Act in order to provide for coverage of cognitive pharmacist services under the Medicare program in medically underserved communities. In the rural state of Arkansas this legislation would be well-received because a large portion of the state meets the criteria of a health professional shortage area. Considering the growing interest of using telecommunications as an alternative means of delivering healthcare services to medically underserved rural areas, a pharmacist-staffed consumer-oriented drug information service was explored. Over a 5-day period, 473 face-to-face consumer surveys were conducted in pharmacy and non-pharmacy settings in an urban cluster population center that serves the surrounding rural area. The survey was designed to determine whether or not consumers had a perceived need for a drug information service that was independent from and supplemental to services provided by their pharmacist. Results reveal that 71% of participants surveyed did not perceive a need for medication information that was supplemental to that provided by their pharmacist. When queried regarding the likelihood of using a drug information service if one was available their response was neutral, and they became less likely if a fee was associated with the service. While the results are not conclusive and cannot be generalized as to whether a consumer-oriented drug information service would contribute to improving patient care, the survey suggests that this telepharmacy service is not perceived as being needed by the public.","PeriodicalId":14540,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"28 1","pages":"24-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77573143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-30DOI: 10.9790/3013-04010058062
A. M. Amin, B. Ibrahim, A. Sarriff
Nephrotoxicity is one of the challenging side effects of acyclovir use in clinical practice. The Concomitant use of other nephrotoxic antibiotics, in addition to patient's risk factors, can trigger acyclovir induced acute kidney injury (AKI). We described a case of acute meningitis in 68 year old female patient with underlying history of ischemic heart disease managed by ticlopidine. The gram stain, culture and PCR of the CSF did not show any positive growth of bacterial infection or HSV. However, the negative CSF gram stain and culture caused a confusion of the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis with viral meningitis. The patient had AKI induced by the treatment with acyclovir for 16 consecutive days and possibly triggered by other AKI risk factors. Hemodialysis and hydration did not reverse the kidney function to normal. However, it was reversed to its normal status only after the discontinuation of acyclovir. The neutropenic effect of ticlopidine can be a risk to the patient that could lead to fatal infection. In this case report we reviewed the literature on the nephrotoxicity of acyclovir, the neutropenia of ticlopidine and a proposed role of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF).
{"title":"Acyclovir Induced Acute Kidney Injury In Acute Meningitis Patient: A Case Report Highlights the Concurrence Of AKI Risk Factors And The Neutropenic Effect Of Ticlopidine","authors":"A. M. Amin, B. Ibrahim, A. Sarriff","doi":"10.9790/3013-04010058062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/3013-04010058062","url":null,"abstract":"Nephrotoxicity is one of the challenging side effects of acyclovir use in clinical practice. The Concomitant use of other nephrotoxic antibiotics, in addition to patient's risk factors, can trigger acyclovir induced acute kidney injury (AKI). We described a case of acute meningitis in 68 year old female patient with underlying history of ischemic heart disease managed by ticlopidine. The gram stain, culture and PCR of the CSF did not show any positive growth of bacterial infection or HSV. However, the negative CSF gram stain and culture caused a confusion of the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis with viral meningitis. The patient had AKI induced by the treatment with acyclovir for 16 consecutive days and possibly triggered by other AKI risk factors. Hemodialysis and hydration did not reverse the kidney function to normal. However, it was reversed to its normal status only after the discontinuation of acyclovir. The neutropenic effect of ticlopidine can be a risk to the patient that could lead to fatal infection. In this case report we reviewed the literature on the nephrotoxicity of acyclovir, the neutropenia of ticlopidine and a proposed role of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF).","PeriodicalId":14540,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"118 1","pages":"58-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80289043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-30DOI: 10.9790/3013-04010045050
A. M. Talba, M. Suleiman, M. Raji
OBJECTIVE: To determine the phytoconstituents of Mangifera indica kernel and its antibacterial activity against Aeromonas caviae. METHODS: Methanol extract of mango kernel was used to identify secondary metabolites of mango kernel. Aqueous and methanol extracts of mango kernel were tested in-vitro for antibacterial activity. Colony of pure culture of A. caviae was inoculated onto sterile plate of Muller-Hinton agar. Five wells (6mm in diameter) were made in circular pattern equidistance in each of the plates using a sterile cup borer. One hundred microliters of different concentrations of both aqueous and methanol extracts of mango kernel were placed into the wells using sterile pipettes and 100μl of sterile distilled water in a given well as negative control. The test was performed in triplicates (3 plates for every extract), the plates were incubated at 37oC for 24 hours. RESULTS: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of Carbohydrates, Triterpenes, Unsaturated sterols, Cardiac glycosides, Saponins, Tannins and Flavonoids. Methanol extract used at different concentrations showed varying degrees of inhibition against A. caviae (ranging from 16 ± 2.41 mm to 24 ± 0.58 mm) except that the aqueous extract was found to be slightly active against the organism at lower concentrations with zones of inhibition ranging from 8 ± 1.22 mm to 11 ± 1.23 mm with measurable zones of inhibition at higher concentrations. CONCLUSION: Methanol extract of mango kernel at different concentrations inhibited the growth of A. caviae.
{"title":"Phytochemical Screening and In-vitro Antibacterial Activity of Mangifera indica (Mango) Kernel on Aeromonas caviae","authors":"A. M. Talba, M. Suleiman, M. Raji","doi":"10.9790/3013-04010045050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/3013-04010045050","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVE: To determine the phytoconstituents of Mangifera indica kernel and its antibacterial activity against Aeromonas caviae. METHODS: Methanol extract of mango kernel was used to identify secondary metabolites of mango kernel. Aqueous and methanol extracts of mango kernel were tested in-vitro for antibacterial activity. Colony of pure culture of A. caviae was inoculated onto sterile plate of Muller-Hinton agar. Five wells (6mm in diameter) were made in circular pattern equidistance in each of the plates using a sterile cup borer. One hundred microliters of different concentrations of both aqueous and methanol extracts of mango kernel were placed into the wells using sterile pipettes and 100μl of sterile distilled water in a given well as negative control. The test was performed in triplicates (3 plates for every extract), the plates were incubated at 37oC for 24 hours. RESULTS: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of Carbohydrates, Triterpenes, Unsaturated sterols, Cardiac glycosides, Saponins, Tannins and Flavonoids. Methanol extract used at different concentrations showed varying degrees of inhibition against A. caviae (ranging from 16 ± 2.41 mm to 24 ± 0.58 mm) except that the aqueous extract was found to be slightly active against the organism at lower concentrations with zones of inhibition ranging from 8 ± 1.22 mm to 11 ± 1.23 mm with measurable zones of inhibition at higher concentrations. CONCLUSION: Methanol extract of mango kernel at different concentrations inhibited the growth of A. caviae.","PeriodicalId":14540,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"49 1","pages":"45-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73477529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
. The present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of dual stressors cadmium (Cd) and Aeromonas hydrophila (AH) on pro-and antioxidant status in gills, kidneys and liver tissues of fishes, Catla catla treated with or without silver nano-particles. Significant elevation in the lipid peroxidation levels with a significant decrease in the activity levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione-S-transferase in were observed in gills, kidneys and liver tissues of fishes exposed to individual and/or in combination with Cd and AH over controls. However, significant elevation in the activity levels of xanthine oxidase was observed in the selected tissues of fishes treated with Cd, AH and Cd+AH over controls. On the other hand, AgNPs showed a reversal effect on Cd-, AHand Cd+AH-induced alterations in lipid peroxidation levels and antioxidant enzymes in gills, kidneys and liver tissues of fishes over their respective controls. No significant changes were observed in lipid peroxidation levels and antioxidant enzymes in selected tissues of fishes exposed to AgNPs alone as compared to untreated fishes. From the findings it is clear that AgNPs protects gills, kidneys and liver against Cd and AH induced oxidative stress. Further studies in this direction might definitely augment the use of nano-based compounds as therapeutic candidates in fisheries. KEY WORDSA. hydrophila, Catla catla, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes, silver nanoparticles
． 本研究旨在探讨双应激源镉(Cd)和嗜水气单胞菌(AH)对加或不加纳米银颗粒处理的鲇鱼鳃、肾脏和肝脏组织中促氧化和抗氧化状态的影响。与对照组相比，单独和/或联合接触Cd和AH的鱼鳃、肾脏和肝脏组织中脂质过氧化水平显著升高，超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、谷胱甘肽- s -转移酶活性显著降低。然而，在Cd、AH和Cd+AH处理的鱼的特定组织中，黄嘌呤氧化酶的活性水平明显高于对照组。另一方面，AgNPs对Cd-、a -和Cd+ ah诱导的鱼鳃、肾脏和肝脏组织脂质过氧化水平和抗氧化酶的改变具有逆转作用。与未处理的鱼相比，单独暴露于AgNPs的鱼的选定组织中的脂质过氧化水平和抗氧化酶没有明显变化。从研究结果可以清楚地看出，AgNPs保护鳃、肾脏和肝脏免受Cd和AH诱导的氧化应激。在这个方向上的进一步研究肯定会增加纳米化合物作为渔业治疗候选药物的使用。关键WORDSA。亲水，Catla Catla，脂质过氧化，抗氧化酶，纳米银
{"title":"Studies on combined effect of Aeromonas hydrophila and cadmium on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in selected tissues of Indian freshwater major carp, Catla catla: role of silver nanoparticles","authors":"T. K. Reddy, T. Prasad, S. J. Reddy","doi":"10.9790/3013-040100107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/3013-040100107","url":null,"abstract":". The present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of dual stressors cadmium (Cd) and Aeromonas hydrophila (AH) on pro-and antioxidant status in gills, kidneys and liver tissues of fishes, Catla catla treated with or without silver nano-particles. Significant elevation in the lipid peroxidation levels with a significant decrease in the activity levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione-S-transferase in were observed in gills, kidneys and liver tissues of fishes exposed to individual and/or in combination with Cd and AH over controls. However, significant elevation in the activity levels of xanthine oxidase was observed in the selected tissues of fishes treated with Cd, AH and Cd+AH over controls. On the other hand, AgNPs showed a reversal effect on Cd-, AHand Cd+AH-induced alterations in lipid peroxidation levels and antioxidant enzymes in gills, kidneys and liver tissues of fishes over their respective controls. No significant changes were observed in lipid peroxidation levels and antioxidant enzymes in selected tissues of fishes exposed to AgNPs alone as compared to untreated fishes. From the findings it is clear that AgNPs protects gills, kidneys and liver against Cd and AH induced oxidative stress. Further studies in this direction might definitely augment the use of nano-based compounds as therapeutic candidates in fisheries. KEY WORDSA. hydrophila, Catla catla, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes, silver nanoparticles","PeriodicalId":14540,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"122 1","pages":"01-07"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88580660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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