The sensory analysis of blend juice from cashew apple juice (Anacardium Occidentale L.) and passion juice (Paciflora Edulis) was conducted. Of the three proportions of mixture (v/v), the mixture C (90/10) seems best appreciated by the panelists. This study shows that cashew apple can be valued in juice with better acceptance if mixed with exotic fruit juices such as passion fruit.
{"title":"Technical Sheet of Valorization of Cashew Apple Juice (Anacardium Occidentale L.) By Association with Passion Fruit Juice (Paciflora Edulis)","authors":"A. Marc, K. Olivier, Kouadio Degbeu Claver","doi":"10.9790/3013-0705016164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/3013-0705016164","url":null,"abstract":"The sensory analysis of blend juice from cashew apple juice (Anacardium Occidentale L.) and passion juice (Paciflora Edulis) was conducted. Of the three proportions of mixture (v/v), the mixture C (90/10) seems best appreciated by the panelists. This study shows that cashew apple can be valued in juice with better acceptance if mixed with exotic fruit juices such as passion fruit.","PeriodicalId":14540,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"24 1","pages":"61-64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84755906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Bokhari, M. Aly, Amany Al Kelany, Samar O. Rabah
Although rumen flora protects dairy animals against exposure to mycotoxins, various mycotoxins can pass this barrier to the animal milk. The major metabolite excreted with milk in dairy sheep, cows and other ruminants is Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1). In this connection, 160 milk samples of camel, cow milk, goat, sheep and pasteurized milk samples were collected from different farms and supermarkets of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. For mycotoxins detection, all milk samples were screened for Aflatoxin M1 using immunoaffinity columns coupled with a Fluorometer. Out of 160 tested milk samples, 74 (47%) were contaminated with AFM1and the contamination level was less than 0.5 ppm. The less milk contaminated samples with AFM1 were camel milk samples< pasteurized milk< goat milk< sheep milk< cow milk. Out of 32 camel milk samples, 10(31%) were contaminated with AFM1. The quantity of AFM1 detected in camel milk was ranged from 0.017 -0. 140 ppb with mean value of 0.046 ppb which is lower than that of USA recommended limit (0.5 ppb). Statistical analysis showed that camel milk samples were significantly less contaminated compared to other milk samples. On conclusion, all examined milk samples collected from Jeddah were contaminated with AFM1 and the contamination levels were not exceed the USA limit, thus milk is a save food for consummation by human and infants.
{"title":"Presence of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk Samples Collected from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","authors":"F. Bokhari, M. Aly, Amany Al Kelany, Samar O. Rabah","doi":"10.9790/3013-0705014952","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/3013-0705014952","url":null,"abstract":"Although rumen flora protects dairy animals against exposure to mycotoxins, various mycotoxins can pass this barrier to the animal milk. The major metabolite excreted with milk in dairy sheep, cows and other ruminants is Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1). In this connection, 160 milk samples of camel, cow milk, goat, sheep and pasteurized milk samples were collected from different farms and supermarkets of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. For mycotoxins detection, all milk samples were screened for Aflatoxin M1 using immunoaffinity columns coupled with a Fluorometer. Out of 160 tested milk samples, 74 (47%) were contaminated with AFM1and the contamination level was less than 0.5 ppm. The less milk contaminated samples with AFM1 were camel milk samples< pasteurized milk< goat milk< sheep milk< cow milk. Out of 32 camel milk samples, 10(31%) were contaminated with AFM1. The quantity of AFM1 detected in camel milk was ranged from 0.017 -0. 140 ppb with mean value of 0.046 ppb which is lower than that of USA recommended limit (0.5 ppb). Statistical analysis showed that camel milk samples were significantly less contaminated compared to other milk samples. On conclusion, all examined milk samples collected from Jeddah were contaminated with AFM1 and the contamination levels were not exceed the USA limit, thus milk is a save food for consummation by human and infants.","PeriodicalId":14540,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"2 1","pages":"49-52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78663315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction:Ochratoxin A is a mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus and Penicilliumfungi. It is a food contaminant found in cereals, coffee, dried fruits, beer, wine, and cocoa. The aim of this study was to identify potentially ochratoxinogenic fungi and OTA contamination depending on pod quality and post-harvest operations of cocoa beans. Methodology: Collected and sorted cocoa pods were divided into four categories depending on their quality (intact, pricked, rotten, and injured). Cocoa bean samples were taken at different steps of production: podopening, fermentation, and drying. The molds were identified after growing them on Malt Extract Agar medium. The ochratoxin A was extracted from samples using a mixture of methanol/3% sodium hydrogen carbonate in water (50/50), followed by purification using an immunoaffinity column and quantified by high performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection. Results: The average level of ochratoxin A contamination varied depending on the quality of the pods: 0.16 μg/kg (intact pod); 1.10 μg/kg (rotted pod); 1.51 μg/kg (pricked pod), and 1.56 μg/kg (injured pod). We identified four genera offungi:Aspergillus(51.3%), Penicillium(13.01%), Alternaria(13.01%), and Fusarium(9.23%). There was a significant association between damaged cocoa pods and the presence of ochratoxinogenic fungi and the level of ochratoxinA contamination in cocoa beans. Conclusion: Properagricultural practices could reduce ochratoxinAcontaminationin cocoa.
{"title":"Ochratoxinogenic fungi And Ochratoxin A contamination Of Cocoa Beans","authors":"P. Manda","doi":"10.9790/3013-0705016571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/3013-0705016571","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction:Ochratoxin A is a mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus and Penicilliumfungi. It is a food contaminant found in cereals, coffee, dried fruits, beer, wine, and cocoa. The aim of this study was to identify potentially ochratoxinogenic fungi and OTA contamination depending on pod quality and post-harvest operations of cocoa beans. Methodology: Collected and sorted cocoa pods were divided into four categories depending on their quality (intact, pricked, rotten, and injured). Cocoa bean samples were taken at different steps of production: podopening, fermentation, and drying. The molds were identified after growing them on Malt Extract Agar medium. The ochratoxin A was extracted from samples using a mixture of methanol/3% sodium hydrogen carbonate in water (50/50), followed by purification using an immunoaffinity column and quantified by high performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection. Results: The average level of ochratoxin A contamination varied depending on the quality of the pods: 0.16 μg/kg (intact pod); 1.10 μg/kg (rotted pod); 1.51 μg/kg (pricked pod), and 1.56 μg/kg (injured pod). We identified four genera offungi:Aspergillus(51.3%), Penicillium(13.01%), Alternaria(13.01%), and Fusarium(9.23%). There was a significant association between damaged cocoa pods and the presence of ochratoxinogenic fungi and the level of ochratoxinA contamination in cocoa beans. Conclusion: Properagricultural practices could reduce ochratoxinAcontaminationin cocoa.","PeriodicalId":14540,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"1 1","pages":"65-71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90472224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Innocent IgwebuezeOkafor, Boniface UwaezuokeOdugu, E. Ndibuagu
Objectives: To determine the patterns of routine antenatal care laboratory test results at booking in Enugu State University Teaching Hospital (ESUTH), Enugu, and to review the literature on the subject. Methods: The registers for the results of routine laboratory tests at booking in ESUTH, Enugu were reviewed from April 1, 2014 to August 31, 2016. Data on age, blood group, rhesus status, hemoglobin genotype, packed cell volume; human immunodeficiency virus screening (HIV), venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL) and hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) tests at booking were collected and analyzed with Excel 2007 software. The results were presented in tables, percentages and graphs. Results: A total of 5293 mothers were tested; 2706 (51.12%) and 2500 (47.23%) of them were of ages <30 and 30-40 years respectively (Table 1). Table 2 showed the commonest blood group was ‘O’ 3062(57.85%). Most of the mothers 4811(90.89%) were Rhesus D positive while 482(9.11%) of them were negative. Hemoglobin genotype results were: AA 4066(76.82%), AS 1217(22.99%), and SS 8(0.15%). About 3819(72.15%) had packed cell volume of 31% and above. Table 3 revealed 232(4.83%) women tested positive to HIV, but 17(0.32%) only were new cases. Twenty eight (0.53%) women were reactive to VDRL while 166(3.14%) tested positive to HBsAg test. Many women 5061(95.62%) and 5127(96.86%) tested negative to HIV and HBsAg tests respectively. Conclusion: Most women are young (<40 years), have blood group O rhesus D positive, hemoglobin AA genotype, and are not anemic at booking. Many women are non-reactive to VDRL, HIV and HBsAg tests; and are vulnerable to infections. The marked reductions on SS genotype, VDRL and HIV new cases in this study have justified the critical preventive role of routine ANC laboratory tests in our current obstetric practice and the need for the continuation of the practice.
{"title":"Patterns of Routine Antenatal Laboratory Test Results at Booking in Enugu State University Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Southeast Nigeria","authors":"Innocent IgwebuezeOkafor, Boniface UwaezuokeOdugu, E. Ndibuagu","doi":"10.9790/3013-0705014148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/3013-0705014148","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: To determine the patterns of routine antenatal care laboratory test results at booking in Enugu State University Teaching Hospital (ESUTH), Enugu, and to review the literature on the subject. Methods: The registers for the results of routine laboratory tests at booking in ESUTH, Enugu were reviewed from April 1, 2014 to August 31, 2016. Data on age, blood group, rhesus status, hemoglobin genotype, packed cell volume; human immunodeficiency virus screening (HIV), venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL) and hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) tests at booking were collected and analyzed with Excel 2007 software. The results were presented in tables, percentages and graphs. Results: A total of 5293 mothers were tested; 2706 (51.12%) and 2500 (47.23%) of them were of ages <30 and 30-40 years respectively (Table 1). Table 2 showed the commonest blood group was ‘O’ 3062(57.85%). Most of the mothers 4811(90.89%) were Rhesus D positive while 482(9.11%) of them were negative. Hemoglobin genotype results were: AA 4066(76.82%), AS 1217(22.99%), and SS 8(0.15%). About 3819(72.15%) had packed cell volume of 31% and above. Table 3 revealed 232(4.83%) women tested positive to HIV, but 17(0.32%) only were new cases. Twenty eight (0.53%) women were reactive to VDRL while 166(3.14%) tested positive to HBsAg test. Many women 5061(95.62%) and 5127(96.86%) tested negative to HIV and HBsAg tests respectively. Conclusion: Most women are young (<40 years), have blood group O rhesus D positive, hemoglobin AA genotype, and are not anemic at booking. Many women are non-reactive to VDRL, HIV and HBsAg tests; and are vulnerable to infections. The marked reductions on SS genotype, VDRL and HIV new cases in this study have justified the critical preventive role of routine ANC laboratory tests in our current obstetric practice and the need for the continuation of the practice.","PeriodicalId":14540,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"126 1","pages":"41-48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87713298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As a pathology that requires lifelong treatment, primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) causes significant increase in direct (pharmacotherapy) and indirect costs (associated with partial or complete disability of patients with POAG). The work presents the results of pharmacoeconomic "budget impact" analysis of antiglaucoma medicines (AGMs), recommended for inclusion in the formulary (FL) and insurance (IL) lists of pharmaceutical servicing patients with POAG on the basis of results obtained from previous studies. The "budget impact" analysis is an important part of integrated pharmacoeconomic evaluation of the health care system with the results needed by public funding bodies, namely for compensation of costs for pharmacotherapy to patients and approval of documents for refunding. The results of pharmacoeconomic study of POAG treatment with medications, recommended for inclusion in FL and IL, allowed to indicate the POAG treatment regimens, which help not only save costs in context of perspective of budget impact, but also provide significant advantage in achievement of target intraocular pressure (IOP) (characterized by the lowest "cost-efficacy" rate); POAG pharmacotherapy regimens is considered cost-effective, which, requiring additional costs nevertheless provides greater efficacy in lowering IOP; dominant schemes, switching to which requires additional costs.
{"title":"The study of \"budget impact\" of antiglaucoma medicines, recommended for inclusion in formulary and insurance lists","authors":"O. Makarenko, O. Kryvoviaz, S. Kryvoviaz","doi":"10.9790/3013-0705012427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/3013-0705012427","url":null,"abstract":"As a pathology that requires lifelong treatment, primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) causes significant increase in direct (pharmacotherapy) and indirect costs (associated with partial or complete disability of patients with POAG). The work presents the results of pharmacoeconomic \"budget impact\" analysis of antiglaucoma medicines (AGMs), recommended for inclusion in the formulary (FL) and insurance (IL) lists of pharmaceutical servicing patients with POAG on the basis of results obtained from previous studies. The \"budget impact\" analysis is an important part of integrated pharmacoeconomic evaluation of the health care system with the results needed by public funding bodies, namely for compensation of costs for pharmacotherapy to patients and approval of documents for refunding. The results of pharmacoeconomic study of POAG treatment with medications, recommended for inclusion in FL and IL, allowed to indicate the POAG treatment regimens, which help not only save costs in context of perspective of budget impact, but also provide significant advantage in achievement of target intraocular pressure (IOP) (characterized by the lowest \"cost-efficacy\" rate); POAG pharmacotherapy regimens is considered cost-effective, which, requiring additional costs nevertheless provides greater efficacy in lowering IOP; dominant schemes, switching to which requires additional costs.","PeriodicalId":14540,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"27 1","pages":"24-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86439532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sahar K. Hgazy, M. Gabr, N. El‐Ashmawy, Maha A. Younis
NAFLD is estimated to be the most common cause of chronic liver disease and there are increasing rates of NASH-related liver transplantation. This study evaluates the effect of two different insulin sensitizers, pioglitazone and metformin, on liver fat content, lipolysis and insulin sensitivity in Egyptian patients with non alcoholic fatty liver disease. Forty Egyptian patients with fatty liver were enrolled in a six-month prospective study. The patients were recruited from outpatient clinics of Department of Internal Medicine, Tanta University Hospitals with ultrasonographic diagnosis of fatty liver. The patients were randomly divided into two groups; Group I (pioglitazone group) was treated by 45 mg pioglitazone/day and Group II (metformin group) was treated by metformin 20mg/kg/day. A third group of healthy subjects served as control group. The study indicated that both antihyperglycemic drugs decreased homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (p<0.01), plasma free fatty acids (p<0.01) and liver fat content (p<0.01) associated with improvement of hyperechogenicity in liver ultrasound in both the pioglitazone group (p<0.001) and the metformin group (p=0.47). Both treatments also improved serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (p<0.01), aspartate aminotransferase (p<0.01), high density lipoprotein–cholesterol (p<0.01) and adiponectin (p<0.01). The insulin sensitizers pioglitazone and metformin exhibited a beneficial role in management of NAFLD. Meanwhile, pioglitazone was superior to metformin in improving liver stestosis and could provide a therapeutic option to guard against disease complications.
{"title":"Pioglitazone versus metformin in Egyptian non diabetic patients with Non Alcholic Fatty Liver Disease: A randomized controlled trial.","authors":"Sahar K. Hgazy, M. Gabr, N. El‐Ashmawy, Maha A. Younis","doi":"10.9790/3013-0705010108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/3013-0705010108","url":null,"abstract":"NAFLD is estimated to be the most common cause of chronic liver disease and there are increasing rates of NASH-related liver transplantation. This study evaluates the effect of two different insulin sensitizers, pioglitazone and metformin, on liver fat content, lipolysis and insulin sensitivity in Egyptian patients with non alcoholic fatty liver disease. Forty Egyptian patients with fatty liver were enrolled in a six-month prospective study. The patients were recruited from outpatient clinics of Department of Internal Medicine, Tanta University Hospitals with ultrasonographic diagnosis of fatty liver. The patients were randomly divided into two groups; Group I (pioglitazone group) was treated by 45 mg pioglitazone/day and Group II (metformin group) was treated by metformin 20mg/kg/day. A third group of healthy subjects served as control group. The study indicated that both antihyperglycemic drugs decreased homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (p<0.01), plasma free fatty acids (p<0.01) and liver fat content (p<0.01) associated with improvement of hyperechogenicity in liver ultrasound in both the pioglitazone group (p<0.001) and the metformin group (p=0.47). Both treatments also improved serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (p<0.01), aspartate aminotransferase (p<0.01), high density lipoprotein–cholesterol (p<0.01) and adiponectin (p<0.01). The insulin sensitizers pioglitazone and metformin exhibited a beneficial role in management of NAFLD. Meanwhile, pioglitazone was superior to metformin in improving liver stestosis and could provide a therapeutic option to guard against disease complications.","PeriodicalId":14540,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"33 1","pages":"01-08"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76976966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. González-González, Oscar Zúñiga-Lemus, M. C. Hernández-Galindo
Caffeine and theophylline are methyl-xantine drugs, which are affected by water leading to their hydrated forms. The purpose of this work was to prepare and characterize hydrated forms of caffeine and theophylline by mechanochemistry. The obtained products were characterized by infrared spectroscopy and Xray powder diffraction. The infrared spectra and diffractograms of the ground products were similar to the reported for caffeine and theophylline hydrates.
{"title":"Hydrated Solid Forms of Theophylline and Caffeine Obtained by Mechanochemistry","authors":"J. González-González, Oscar Zúñiga-Lemus, M. C. Hernández-Galindo","doi":"10.9790/3013-0705012830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/3013-0705012830","url":null,"abstract":"Caffeine and theophylline are methyl-xantine drugs, which are affected by water leading to their hydrated forms. The purpose of this work was to prepare and characterize hydrated forms of caffeine and theophylline by mechanochemistry. The obtained products were characterized by infrared spectroscopy and Xray powder diffraction. The infrared spectra and diffractograms of the ground products were similar to the reported for caffeine and theophylline hydrates.","PeriodicalId":14540,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"22 1","pages":"28-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73729136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
-Quality and affordable health services at a health facility and access toward the same by those who need continue to be pursued by Kenya government as progress towards achieving Universal health coverage. The government has over the years endeavored to provide a strong, efficient and a well-run health system with sufficient capacity of well-trained, motivated health workers and a system for financing health services. This is evidenced in the various policies and strategies including devolution of public health care to county governance units. In the paper, an empirical analysis is undertaken to provide situational analysis on how these initiatives particularly has impacted on universal health coverage in terms of health equity concerns of access, quality of care, distribution of health resources including health workers, finance and infrastructure, among others. To accomplish this, both primary and secondary data were collected. Whereas secondary data was collected from published documents and reports, primary data was collected through in-depth interviews with key stakeholders. The analysis reveals government commitment towards universal coverage through increased revenue allocation in absolute terms, pooling of resources, investment in both health infrastructure and personnel over the years, that is, however uncoordinated and unplanned. Others findings include cases of health inequity in terms inadequate health facilities; lack of comprehensive investment plans; stock-outs of drugs and other medical supplies, inadequate skilled and skewed distribution of the health workers, catastrophic health spending, limited solidarity in financing of health care. Other equity concerns relate to inadequate and dilapidated health infrastructure, skewed distribution of health resources, disease burden, and differences in health outcomes across the country. Various recommendations are made including concerted efforts towards solidarity in health care financing, political will towards the development of a comprehensive health sector investment plan, revising and implementing the infrastructural norms and standards; fast tracking the enactment of Health Act; Procurement Bill for drugs and pharmaceutical supplies. Other recommendations include enforcement of standards in the public health sector with respect to infrastructure, human resource, skills and supplies, civic education for all for purposes of enforcement demand for quality care; and finally, enhance the pharmaceutical management information system for purposes of proving accurate and reliable evidence based information for estimation of Essential Medicines and Medical Supplies needs and well as enhancing quality assurance and quality control activities.
{"title":"Devolution of Public Health care Services in Kenya and its Implication on Universal Health Coverage","authors":"T. Okech","doi":"10.9790/3013-0705010923","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/3013-0705010923","url":null,"abstract":"-Quality and affordable health services at a health facility and access toward the same by those who need continue to be pursued by Kenya government as progress towards achieving Universal health coverage. The government has over the years endeavored to provide a strong, efficient and a well-run health system with sufficient capacity of well-trained, motivated health workers and a system for financing health services. This is evidenced in the various policies and strategies including devolution of public health care to county governance units. In the paper, an empirical analysis is undertaken to provide situational analysis on how these initiatives particularly has impacted on universal health coverage in terms of health equity concerns of access, quality of care, distribution of health resources including health workers, finance and infrastructure, among others. To accomplish this, both primary and secondary data were collected. Whereas secondary data was collected from published documents and reports, primary data was collected through in-depth interviews with key stakeholders. The analysis reveals government commitment towards universal coverage through increased revenue allocation in absolute terms, pooling of resources, investment in both health infrastructure and personnel over the years, that is, however uncoordinated and unplanned. Others findings include cases of health inequity in terms inadequate health facilities; lack of comprehensive investment plans; stock-outs of drugs and other medical supplies, inadequate skilled and skewed distribution of the health workers, catastrophic health spending, limited solidarity in financing of health care. Other equity concerns relate to inadequate and dilapidated health infrastructure, skewed distribution of health resources, disease burden, and differences in health outcomes across the country. Various recommendations are made including concerted efforts towards solidarity in health care financing, political will towards the development of a comprehensive health sector investment plan, revising and implementing the infrastructural norms and standards; fast tracking the enactment of Health Act; Procurement Bill for drugs and pharmaceutical supplies. Other recommendations include enforcement of standards in the public health sector with respect to infrastructure, human resource, skills and supplies, civic education for all for purposes of enforcement demand for quality care; and finally, enhance the pharmaceutical management information system for purposes of proving accurate and reliable evidence based information for estimation of Essential Medicines and Medical Supplies needs and well as enhancing quality assurance and quality control activities.","PeriodicalId":14540,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"6 1","pages":"09-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79764192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A review on the cell biology and toxicology within the correlation to a new achievement","authors":"D. Naji, M. Badran","doi":"10.9790/3013-0704011517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/3013-0704011517","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14540,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"13 1","pages":"15-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85201161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This work focuses primarily on the effects of Moringa oleiferaleaf extract on histopathology of silk dye effluent induced histopathotoxicity in swiss albino male mice Mus musculus. The histopathological parameters have been taken an account. The mice were divided into 5 Groups i.e. Group I (Control), Group II (fed with 50% silk dye), Group III (fed with 100% silk dye), Group IV (mice fed with 50% dye treated with M. oleifera leaves powder), Group V (mice fed with 100% dye treated with M. oleifera leaves powder) have been taken for experiment. The dose of silk dye was 2ml/day to both groups II and III and M. oleifera leaf is given as per the standard dose (300mg/kg b.w) to both animals of group IV and V.Administration of silk dye waste result were demonstrated atrophy of germinal epithelial cells, basement membrane, and process of spermatogenesis in different stage in case of testis and in case of liver, enlargement of the sinusoidal space, vacuole formations in hepatocyte, infiltrations with haemorrhage in hepatic tissuebut used of Moringa oleifera leafs powder it was significantly recovered the damage tissues has been observed. This study suggested that the extract may have beneficial effect on histopathological constituents such as Liver and testis.
{"title":"Role of Moringa oleifera leaf extract on silk dye waste effluent inducedhistopathotoxicity on liver and testis of Swiss albino male mice Mus musculus","authors":"S. Khatun, M. Varma","doi":"10.9790/3013-0704010107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/3013-0704010107","url":null,"abstract":"This work focuses primarily on the effects of Moringa oleiferaleaf extract on histopathology of silk dye effluent induced histopathotoxicity in swiss albino male mice Mus musculus. The histopathological parameters have been taken an account. The mice were divided into 5 Groups i.e. Group I (Control), Group II (fed with 50% silk dye), Group III (fed with 100% silk dye), Group IV (mice fed with 50% dye treated with M. oleifera leaves powder), Group V (mice fed with 100% dye treated with M. oleifera leaves powder) have been taken for experiment. The dose of silk dye was 2ml/day to both groups II and III and M. oleifera leaf is given as per the standard dose (300mg/kg b.w) to both animals of group IV and V.Administration of silk dye waste result were demonstrated atrophy of germinal epithelial cells, basement membrane, and process of spermatogenesis in different stage in case of testis and in case of liver, enlargement of the sinusoidal space, vacuole formations in hepatocyte, infiltrations with haemorrhage in hepatic tissuebut used of Moringa oleifera leafs powder it was significantly recovered the damage tissues has been observed. This study suggested that the extract may have beneficial effect on histopathological constituents such as Liver and testis.","PeriodicalId":14540,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"48 1","pages":"01-07"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85734864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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