Background & objectives: Enterococci are a part of normal intestinal flora of humans and animals but are increasingly being recognized as important human pathogens. Although they cause only a few clinical infections in human beings since the beginning of antibiotic era, they have posed major therapeutic challenges to humans. Material & methods: Various samples coming to Microbiology division of central laboratory such as blood, pus, urine etc. were included in the study. All the essential biochemical reactions needed to establish the identity of Enterococci spp. were put followed by antibiotic sensitivity testing by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion technique. Results: In our study we found the predominance of Enterococcus faecalis followed by E. faecium and E.columbae.44.4 % isolates were recovered from surgery ward predominantly from urine samples. Discussion: The present study was undertaken for phenotypic characterization of Enterococcus spp. Majority of cases belonged to surgery probably due to catheterization, surgical procedures and prolonged hospitalization.
{"title":"Characterization of Enterococcus species in a tertiary care hospital","authors":"S. Nautiyal, S. Jauhari, G. Joshi, V. Kataria","doi":"10.9790/3013-068014851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/3013-068014851","url":null,"abstract":"Background & objectives: Enterococci are a part of normal intestinal flora of humans and animals but are increasingly being recognized as important human pathogens. Although they cause only a few clinical infections in human beings since the beginning of antibiotic era, they have posed major therapeutic challenges to humans. Material & methods: Various samples coming to Microbiology division of central laboratory such as blood, pus, urine etc. were included in the study. All the essential biochemical reactions needed to establish the identity of Enterococci spp. were put followed by antibiotic sensitivity testing by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion technique. Results: In our study we found the predominance of Enterococcus faecalis followed by E. faecium and E.columbae.44.4 % isolates were recovered from surgery ward predominantly from urine samples. Discussion: The present study was undertaken for phenotypic characterization of Enterococcus spp. Majority of cases belonged to surgery probably due to catheterization, surgical procedures and prolonged hospitalization.","PeriodicalId":14540,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"28 1","pages":"48-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84224278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Namita Singh, Rajneesh Jaryal, S. Shweta, A. Devi, S. Panchal, P. Thakur
{"title":"Statistical optimization of bioactive metabolite production from Bacillus cereus NSD 10072 by using low cost substrate","authors":"Namita Singh, Rajneesh Jaryal, S. Shweta, A. Devi, S. Panchal, P. Thakur","doi":"10.9790/3013-068020815","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/3013-068020815","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14540,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"74 1","pages":"08-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80486026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ocular involvement in the acute phase of Kawasaki disease typically involves the anterior segment of the eye, and its associated treatment outcomes are generally excellent. However, there are rare reports of posterior segment involvement, and these are associated with poorer outcomes. This study reviewed six patients with recently reported blindness and/or ocular posterior segment involvement in the acute phase of Kawasaki disease. The median age of these patients was 8.5 years old (range: 6–12 years old). The ocular symptoms were photophobia, reduction of vision, blindness, and ocular pain. Five patients exhibited optic disc involvement and three patients showed retinal vessel involvement. All patients received intravenous immunoglobulin therapy and two patients received systemic corticosteroid administration. The visual acuity outcomes of treatment were excellent in five of the patients. However, in one patient there was still no light perception in the affected eye at two months after the initial onset of the disease. This was associated with the possible obstruction of the ophthalmic artery due to vasculitis. Older children may have a higher associated risk of blindness and ocular posterior segment involvement in the acute phase of Kawasaki disease.
{"title":"Blindness and ocular posterior segment involvement in the acute phase of Kawasaki disease: a mini-review","authors":"T. Nakad","doi":"10.9790/3013-068012629","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/3013-068012629","url":null,"abstract":"Ocular involvement in the acute phase of Kawasaki disease typically involves the anterior segment of the eye, and its associated treatment outcomes are generally excellent. However, there are rare reports of posterior segment involvement, and these are associated with poorer outcomes. This study reviewed six patients with recently reported blindness and/or ocular posterior segment involvement in the acute phase of Kawasaki disease. The median age of these patients was 8.5 years old (range: 6–12 years old). The ocular symptoms were photophobia, reduction of vision, blindness, and ocular pain. Five patients exhibited optic disc involvement and three patients showed retinal vessel involvement. All patients received intravenous immunoglobulin therapy and two patients received systemic corticosteroid administration. The visual acuity outcomes of treatment were excellent in five of the patients. However, in one patient there was still no light perception in the affected eye at two months after the initial onset of the disease. This was associated with the possible obstruction of the ophthalmic artery due to vasculitis. Older children may have a higher associated risk of blindness and ocular posterior segment involvement in the acute phase of Kawasaki disease.","PeriodicalId":14540,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"180 1","pages":"26-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78020995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Previous reviews revealed that many medicinal plants affected central nervous functions and can be utilize for therapeutic purposes as antiepileptic, antidepressant, anxiolytic, sedative, anti-Parkinson, antipsychotic, neuroprotective and many other effects. This review will highlight the central nervous effects of medicinal plants as a second part of our previous review.
{"title":"Medicinal plants with central nervous effects (part 2): plant based review","authors":"A. Al-Snafi","doi":"10.9790/3013-068015275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/3013-068015275","url":null,"abstract":"Previous reviews revealed that many medicinal plants affected central nervous functions and can be utilize for therapeutic purposes as antiepileptic, antidepressant, anxiolytic, sedative, anti-Parkinson, antipsychotic, neuroprotective and many other effects. This review will highlight the central nervous effects of medicinal plants as a second part of our previous review.","PeriodicalId":14540,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"8 1","pages":"52-75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89844886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
-Traumatic hip dislocation in children is a relatively rare injury. If gone unnoticed and reduced later than six hours after injury it can have complications like avascular necrosis of the femoral head. We present a case of paediatric posterior hip dislocation: A nine-year-old female child with a history of fall from height (5 feet) following which patient suffered a right-sided posterior hip dislocation which was reduced within four hours of injury under general anesthesia followed by immobilization in a Thomas splint. The patient followed up after eight months with a completely normal hip.Closed reduction as rapidly as possible following the trauma or an open relocation of the dislocated hip under general anesthesia is the treatment recommended. As pain sensitivity in children differs from that in adults the examiner must always do a hip examination following a trauma to the lower limb in children. Hence, it is imperative for the examiner to assess the child holistically and not to exclude any hip joint condition without proper examination and accompanying radiology.
{"title":"Traumatic Posterior Hip Dislocation In A 9 Year Child: A Case Report","authors":"Khandge Av","doi":"10.9790/3013-06712326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/3013-06712326","url":null,"abstract":"-Traumatic hip dislocation in children is a relatively rare injury. If gone unnoticed and reduced later than six hours after injury it can have complications like avascular necrosis of the femoral head. We present a case of paediatric posterior hip dislocation: A nine-year-old female child with a history of fall from height (5 feet) following which patient suffered a right-sided posterior hip dislocation which was reduced within four hours of injury under general anesthesia followed by immobilization in a Thomas splint. The patient followed up after eight months with a completely normal hip.Closed reduction as rapidly as possible following the trauma or an open relocation of the dislocated hip under general anesthesia is the treatment recommended. As pain sensitivity in children differs from that in adults the examiner must always do a hip examination following a trauma to the lower limb in children. Hence, it is imperative for the examiner to assess the child holistically and not to exclude any hip joint condition without proper examination and accompanying radiology.","PeriodicalId":14540,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83479205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alzheimer ́s disease (AD) is the most prominent type of dementia in elderly population. The etiology is multifactorial, and pathophysiology of disease is complex with slowly progressive and irreversible deterioration. Traditionally, AD researches have focused on the pathogenesis caused by Neuritic Plaques (NPs) and Neurofibrilary Tangles (NFTs); however, in the pathologic spectrum of disease, there are others independent pathways involved. Although several genetic alterations have been associated with AD, as memory as AD seem to be influenced by genetic, physiologic and environmental factors, resulted of accumulate over time. The current therapeutic approaches for AD temporarily improve the symptoms; and despite intensive efforts, none of the treatments available today alter the course of disease. Nevertheless, one of the most promising approaches for treating it is to enhance acetylcholine level and decrease oxidative stress in brain of AD patients. In line with this, different studies indicate that the alkaloids belonging to Amaryllidaceae family exhibit a wide range of biological activities. Galantamine has become the most attractive of alkaloids for its use in the treatment of AD; however, Amaryllidaceaes contain other alkaloids which have high potential as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (ACHEI) and antioxidant.
{"title":"Amary llidaceae Perspectives In Alzheimer´S Disease","authors":"W. O. Castillo","doi":"10.9790/3013-06712733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/3013-06712733","url":null,"abstract":"Alzheimer ́s disease (AD) is the most prominent type of dementia in elderly population. The etiology is multifactorial, and pathophysiology of disease is complex with slowly progressive and irreversible deterioration. Traditionally, AD researches have focused on the pathogenesis caused by Neuritic Plaques (NPs) and Neurofibrilary Tangles (NFTs); however, in the pathologic spectrum of disease, there are others independent pathways involved. Although several genetic alterations have been associated with AD, as memory as AD seem to be influenced by genetic, physiologic and environmental factors, resulted of accumulate over time. The current therapeutic approaches for AD temporarily improve the symptoms; and despite intensive efforts, none of the treatments available today alter the course of disease. Nevertheless, one of the most promising approaches for treating it is to enhance acetylcholine level and decrease oxidative stress in brain of AD patients. In line with this, different studies indicate that the alkaloids belonging to Amaryllidaceae family exhibit a wide range of biological activities. Galantamine has become the most attractive of alkaloids for its use in the treatment of AD; however, Amaryllidaceaes contain other alkaloids which have high potential as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (ACHEI) and antioxidant.","PeriodicalId":14540,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"119 ","pages":"27-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91459983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
-OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this prospective observational study were to study (i) the prevalence of pulmonary hypertension (PH) in patients who are on conservative management, haemodialysis or continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, (ii) the co-relation of PH with variables such as A-V fistula, hypertension, diabetes Mellitus & duration for dialysis, and (iii) the co-relation of PH with biochemical parameters.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted in a tertiary care centre in Mumbai over a period 12 months after obtaining approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee. 245 CKD patients, on conservative management, haemodialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis were enrolled in this study, taking into consideration the inclusion & exclusion criteria and appropriate informed consent after taking detailed history of every patient. All patients underwent routine investigations and 2D ECHO for pulmonary hypertension. RESULTS: Our study enrolled 245 patients in the age group of 20 to 85 years where 68.6% patients were male and 31.4% were females. 28.2% patients had CKD with PH while 71.8% had CKD without PH. The proportion of patients with PH having AV fistula was significantly more than those without AV fistula. Of the 28.2% patients with PH, 33.6% had hypertension and 22% were diabetic. Our study revealed a positive association between the duration of dialysis and the prevalence of PH along-with low levels of haemoglobin and serum bicarbonate, and high levels of uric acid, BUN and creatinine. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of PH was found to be 28.2%. PH is positively correlated with chemical as well as biochemical parameters.
{"title":"Study Of Prevalence Of Pulmonary Hypertension In Chronic Kidney Disease And Its Co-Relation With Clinical & Biochemical Parameters.","authors":"Dr.Neelam Redkar","doi":"10.9790/3013-06711822","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/3013-06711822","url":null,"abstract":"-OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this prospective observational study were to study (i) the prevalence of pulmonary hypertension (PH) in patients who are on conservative management, haemodialysis or continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, (ii) the co-relation of PH with variables such as A-V fistula, hypertension, diabetes Mellitus & duration for dialysis, and (iii) the co-relation of PH with biochemical parameters.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted in a tertiary care centre in Mumbai over a period 12 months after obtaining approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee. 245 CKD patients, on conservative management, haemodialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis were enrolled in this study, taking into consideration the inclusion & exclusion criteria and appropriate informed consent after taking detailed history of every patient. All patients underwent routine investigations and 2D ECHO for pulmonary hypertension. RESULTS: Our study enrolled 245 patients in the age group of 20 to 85 years where 68.6% patients were male and 31.4% were females. 28.2% patients had CKD with PH while 71.8% had CKD without PH. The proportion of patients with PH having AV fistula was significantly more than those without AV fistula. Of the 28.2% patients with PH, 33.6% had hypertension and 22% were diabetic. Our study revealed a positive association between the duration of dialysis and the prevalence of PH along-with low levels of haemoglobin and serum bicarbonate, and high levels of uric acid, BUN and creatinine. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of PH was found to be 28.2%. PH is positively correlated with chemical as well as biochemical parameters.","PeriodicalId":14540,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"4 1","pages":"18-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87447248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-05DOI: 10.9790/3013-040120101617027
S. Srivastava, J. Banerjee, Nomi Srestha
Various novel, mild, eco-friendly and efficient methods has been developed for the preparation of quinoxaline derivatives in high yields via condensation of aromatic diamine and 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds or alphahydroxyketones in the presence of different catalyst such as CuSO4/KMno4 , iodine, phenol similarly by using different solvents such as water, ethanol. As part of current studies, we here in report efficient practical techniques likesonication (sonochemistry sythesis), heating, grinding and simple mortal-pastel methods (mechanochemistry). However, all results suggest a mild and heterogeneous nature of these mechanisms, shorter time of reaction and higher yield or similar to reported older methods, the review here is to highlight some convenient methods of synthesis with keeping an eye to their various biological importances. KEYWORDS-alphahydroxyketones, sonochemistry, antioxidantactivity. Methods for synthesis of quinoxaline:
{"title":"Quinoxaline as a potent heterocyclic moiety","authors":"S. Srivastava, J. Banerjee, Nomi Srestha","doi":"10.9790/3013-040120101617027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/3013-040120101617027","url":null,"abstract":"Various novel, mild, eco-friendly and efficient methods has been developed for the preparation of quinoxaline derivatives in high yields via condensation of aromatic diamine and 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds or alphahydroxyketones in the presence of different catalyst such as CuSO4/KMno4 , iodine, phenol similarly by using different solvents such as water, ethanol. As part of current studies, we here in report efficient practical techniques likesonication (sonochemistry sythesis), heating, grinding and simple mortal-pastel methods (mechanochemistry). However, all results suggest a mild and heterogeneous nature of these mechanisms, shorter time of reaction and higher yield or similar to reported older methods, the review here is to highlight some convenient methods of synthesis with keeping an eye to their various biological importances. KEYWORDS-alphahydroxyketones, sonochemistry, antioxidantactivity. Methods for synthesis of quinoxaline:","PeriodicalId":14540,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"90 1","pages":"17-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83909056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-05DOI: 10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.1294838.V1
Phr Iosr, S. Nomi
Benzimidazole is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound. It is an important pharmacophore and privileged structure in medicinal chemistry. It plays a very important role with plenty of useful therapeutic activities such as: antiulcers, antihypertensives, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-virals, antifungals, anticancers, and antihistaminics. The review of the literature shows that the benzimidazole derivatives are outstandingly effective compound and number of reviews available for biochemical and pharmacological studies conformed that their molecules are useful against a wide variety of micro-organisms. Because of their importance, the methods for their synthesis have become a focus of Synthetic Organic Chemists. Therefore in the present review we tried to compile the chemistry of different derivative of substituted benzimidazole as well as various pharmacological activities and some of the important methodologies used for the synthesis. KEYWORDSpharmacophore,Benzimidazole, anti-hypertensive,anti-histaminic,
{"title":"A review on chemistry and biological significance of benzimidaole nucleus","authors":"Phr Iosr, S. Nomi","doi":"10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.1294838.V1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.1294838.V1","url":null,"abstract":"Benzimidazole is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound. It is an important pharmacophore and privileged structure in medicinal chemistry. It plays a very important role with plenty of useful therapeutic activities such as: antiulcers, antihypertensives, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-virals, antifungals, anticancers, and antihistaminics. The review of the literature shows that the benzimidazole derivatives are outstandingly effective compound and number of reviews available for biochemical and pharmacological studies conformed that their molecules are useful against a wide variety of micro-organisms. Because of their importance, the methods for their synthesis have become a focus of Synthetic Organic Chemists. Therefore in the present review we tried to compile the chemistry of different derivative of substituted benzimidazole as well as various pharmacological activities and some of the important methodologies used for the synthesis. KEYWORDSpharmacophore,Benzimidazole, anti-hypertensive,anti-histaminic,","PeriodicalId":14540,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"12 1","pages":"28-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79691453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-12-05DOI: 10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.1294836.V1
Phr Iosr, Mustafa P.Muthusamy Ss. Hussain SC.Shimmi MM.Sein Murtaza
Uveitis a vision threatening inflammation of uvea is prevalent worldwide. In the United States uveitis has prevalence of 2.3 million people and causes 10% of all cases of blindness. Uveitis is classified by the ocular structures involved e.g., anterior, intermediate, posterior and panuveitis.0cular TB(Eales’ disease) is common in patients from Indian sub-continent. Frequent uveitis etiologies includes, Herpes simplex, Herpes zoster, cytomegalovirus, syphilis, tuberculosis, Lyme disease, toxoplasmosis and fungi. Diagnosis of uveitis is always presumptive and cannot be proved by pathology or by culture. PCR has proven most useful in diagnosis of uveitis. Treatment is mostly by acyclovir, intravenous antiviral agents, anti TB drugs for ocular tuberculosis, intravenous penicillin for ocular syphilis and sulfadiazine for Toxoplasmosis, with corticosteroids added to prevent intraocular or sight threatening inflammation. Early diagnosis and treatment of uveitis can prevent vision loss. KEYWORS: Uveitis, Acute retinal necrosis, Progressive outer retinal necrosis, Herpetic anterior uveitis, and
{"title":"Uveitis: Pathogenesis, Clinical presentations and Treatment","authors":"Phr Iosr, Mustafa P.Muthusamy Ss. Hussain SC.Shimmi MM.Sein Murtaza","doi":"10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.1294836.V1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.1294836.V1","url":null,"abstract":"Uveitis a vision threatening inflammation of uvea is prevalent worldwide. In the United States uveitis has prevalence of 2.3 million people and causes 10% of all cases of blindness. Uveitis is classified by the ocular structures involved e.g., anterior, intermediate, posterior and panuveitis.0cular TB(Eales’ disease) is common in patients from Indian sub-continent. Frequent uveitis etiologies includes, Herpes simplex, Herpes zoster, cytomegalovirus, syphilis, tuberculosis, Lyme disease, toxoplasmosis and fungi. Diagnosis of uveitis is always presumptive and cannot be proved by pathology or by culture. PCR has proven most useful in diagnosis of uveitis. Treatment is mostly by acyclovir, intravenous antiviral agents, anti TB drugs for ocular tuberculosis, intravenous penicillin for ocular syphilis and sulfadiazine for Toxoplasmosis, with corticosteroids added to prevent intraocular or sight threatening inflammation. Early diagnosis and treatment of uveitis can prevent vision loss. KEYWORS: Uveitis, Acute retinal necrosis, Progressive outer retinal necrosis, Herpetic anterior uveitis, and","PeriodicalId":14540,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"192 1","pages":"42-47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85466120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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