This study contains an analysis of mean monthly precipitation values, covering multiple profiles, in 13 Indian river catchment areas: Brahmaputra, Indus, Ganga, Mahi, Narmada, Tapti, Damodar, Brahmani, Krishna, Penner, Cauvery, Mahanadi and Godavari. The analysis covers data for the period 1901–2010 with a spatial resolution of 0.5°x°0.5° of geographic longitude and latitude (GPCC data). The data is analysed in monthly and calendar year profiles. The periodical nature of precipitation is assessed and the trends in climate changes calculated. The characteristics of trend in climate changes are described by linear equations with indicated boundary values of coefficients determined at a 5% significance level. The analyses discussed confirm spatial and temporal variability of precipitation in the key river catchment areas in India, feeding the country's surface and underground water resources. The statistics contained in this study demonstrate the regional nature of water supply, indicate the need to complete regional analyses of temporal and spatial variations in the volumes of water feeding Indian resources, and confirm that regional and local plans must be developed to adapt to climate change, based on the accepted scenarios aimed to compensate climate change effects.
{"title":"Characteristics of long-term variability of precipitation in selected river catchment areas in India based on GPCC data for the years 1901–2010","authors":"B. Twaróg","doi":"10.9790/2402-1105035173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-1105035173","url":null,"abstract":"This study contains an analysis of mean monthly precipitation values, covering multiple profiles, in 13 Indian river catchment areas: Brahmaputra, Indus, Ganga, Mahi, Narmada, Tapti, Damodar, Brahmani, Krishna, Penner, Cauvery, Mahanadi and Godavari. The analysis covers data for the period 1901–2010 with a spatial resolution of 0.5°x°0.5° of geographic longitude and latitude (GPCC data). The data is analysed in monthly and calendar year profiles. The periodical nature of precipitation is assessed and the trends in climate changes calculated. The characteristics of trend in climate changes are described by linear equations with indicated boundary values of coefficients determined at a 5% significance level. The analyses discussed confirm spatial and temporal variability of precipitation in the key river catchment areas in India, feeding the country's surface and underground water resources. The statistics contained in this study demonstrate the regional nature of water supply, indicate the need to complete regional analyses of temporal and spatial variations in the volumes of water feeding Indian resources, and confirm that regional and local plans must be developed to adapt to climate change, based on the accepted scenarios aimed to compensate climate change effects.","PeriodicalId":14546,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology","volume":"12 1","pages":"51-73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79712886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nine water wells serving nine different building residents in the Bourj Abi HaydarNuwayri region in Beirut (Lebanon) were tested for contamination with Gram negative bacteria by standard methods. The samples were obtained from the first outlet from the well that was available for the collection of the water by the users. Six of the wells grew numerous types of bacteria including coliforms and non-fermentative organisms. Two wells grew Salmonella and Shigella species respectively, while a third was recognized for the very big number of CFUs growing from the sample obtained. The three wells that did not grow organisms were obtained from a central tank in each building that was regularly chlorinated and from which the users collected their water supply, when needed. The results show that the substantial contamination obtained, prohibits the use of well-water in the region for any use, without proper treatment to avoid undesired medical consequences. Further studies and intervention of the public health authorities are needed, as the results of this study indicate that this problem seems to be of a bigger magnitude than presumed.
采用标准方法对贝鲁特(黎巴嫩)Bourj Abi HaydarNuwayri地区9个不同建筑居民的9口水井进行了革兰氏阴性菌污染检测。样品是从用户可用于收集水的井的第一个出口获得的。其中6口井生长了多种细菌，包括大肠菌群和非发酵生物。两个井分别生长沙门氏菌和志贺氏菌，而第三个井被认为从获得的样品中生长了大量的cfu。三个不生长生物的井是从每栋楼的中央水箱中获得的，这些水箱定期进行氯化处理，用户在需要时从那里收集水。结果表明，所获得的严重污染，禁止使用该地区的井水作任何用途，如果不进行适当处理，以避免不良的医疗后果。公共卫生当局需要进一步的研究和干预，因为这项研究的结果表明，这一问题似乎比预期的要严重。
{"title":"Bacterial contamination of urban water wells in the Nuwayri region of Beirut - Lebanon","authors":"T. Nawas, H. Koussa","doi":"10.9790/2402-1105038185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-1105038185","url":null,"abstract":"Nine water wells serving nine different building residents in the Bourj Abi HaydarNuwayri region in Beirut (Lebanon) were tested for contamination with Gram negative bacteria by standard methods. The samples were obtained from the first outlet from the well that was available for the collection of the water by the users. Six of the wells grew numerous types of bacteria including coliforms and non-fermentative organisms. Two wells grew Salmonella and Shigella species respectively, while a third was recognized for the very big number of CFUs growing from the sample obtained. The three wells that did not grow organisms were obtained from a central tank in each building that was regularly chlorinated and from which the users collected their water supply, when needed. The results show that the substantial contamination obtained, prohibits the use of well-water in the region for any use, without proper treatment to avoid undesired medical consequences. Further studies and intervention of the public health authorities are needed, as the results of this study indicate that this problem seems to be of a bigger magnitude than presumed.","PeriodicalId":14546,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology","volume":"72 1","pages":"81-85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73880752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Jain, Neeraj Chuadhary, V. Singh, R. Srivastava
Due to various health risks associated with contaminated sites, health risk assessment has gained a lot of attention among the researchers worldwide. Health risk analysis is also one of the elementary steps involved in the selection of a cleanup program for a site. In this paper, the non carcinogenic (as Hazard Index) and carcinogenic health risks are evaluated for the three contaminated sites located in different parts of India i.e. Balanagar industrial area (Hyderabad), Pali industrial area (Rajasthan) and Surat industrial area situated in south Gujarat, to identify the potential health risks to human involved with the exposure to the site. Analysis was made for three receptors (i.e., child, adult and industrial worker) by considering three types of exposure pathways (ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact). Results demonstrated site 1 to be highly contaminated as the induced risks were much higher than safe level. Site 2 was mainly polluted by Cr and Pb only. High carcinogenic risk was induced with the exposure to site 3 due to accumulation of high concentration of Cr.
{"title":"Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contaminated Sites in India","authors":"M. Jain, Neeraj Chuadhary, V. Singh, R. Srivastava","doi":"10.9790/2402-1105027883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-1105027883","url":null,"abstract":"Due to various health risks associated with contaminated sites, health risk assessment has gained a lot of attention among the researchers worldwide. Health risk analysis is also one of the elementary steps involved in the selection of a cleanup program for a site. In this paper, the non carcinogenic (as Hazard Index) and carcinogenic health risks are evaluated for the three contaminated sites located in different parts of India i.e. Balanagar industrial area (Hyderabad), Pali industrial area (Rajasthan) and Surat industrial area situated in south Gujarat, to identify the potential health risks to human involved with the exposure to the site. Analysis was made for three receptors (i.e., child, adult and industrial worker) by considering three types of exposure pathways (ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact). Results demonstrated site 1 to be highly contaminated as the induced risks were much higher than safe level. Site 2 was mainly polluted by Cr and Pb only. High carcinogenic risk was induced with the exposure to site 3 due to accumulation of high concentration of Cr.","PeriodicalId":14546,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology","volume":"31 1","pages":"78-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75639706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Characteristic geomorphological evidences, preserved around the snout of the Bara Shigri Glacier in the district of Lahaul-spiti in the Himachal Himalaya, suggest that this glacier underwent successive stages of fluctuation during its retreat after a considerable surge in the Little Ice Age under climatic deterioration. Three sets of conspicuous retreat moraines with varying sizes and extensions have been identified and interpreted. Fresh lateral and terminal moraines, extending from the snout of the glacier down to the Chandra River bed for a distance of about four kilometres, suggest that the maximum advance during the Little Ice Age took place down to that position and formed a temporary shallow lake to the west of the existing morainic ridge which dammed the Chandra River. The study also reveals that in the present day the glacier is shrinking alarmingly under the Global Climate Change. Occurrence of fresh hummocky morainic drift in the foreground of the retreating snout has been attributed to this contemporary rapid retreat of the glacier.
{"title":"Geomorphological evidences of fluctuations of the Bara Shigri Glacier in the Himachal Himalaya, India under Global Climate Change","authors":"Guru Prasad Chattopadhyay","doi":"10.9790/2402-1105011316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-1105011316","url":null,"abstract":"Characteristic geomorphological evidences, preserved around the snout of the Bara Shigri Glacier in the district of Lahaul-spiti in the Himachal Himalaya, suggest that this glacier underwent successive stages of fluctuation during its retreat after a considerable surge in the Little Ice Age under climatic deterioration. Three sets of conspicuous retreat moraines with varying sizes and extensions have been identified and interpreted. Fresh lateral and terminal moraines, extending from the snout of the glacier down to the Chandra River bed for a distance of about four kilometres, suggest that the maximum advance during the Little Ice Age took place down to that position and formed a temporary shallow lake to the west of the existing morainic ridge which dammed the Chandra River. The study also reveals that in the present day the glacier is shrinking alarmingly under the Global Climate Change. Occurrence of fresh hummocky morainic drift in the foreground of the retreating snout has been attributed to this contemporary rapid retreat of the glacier.","PeriodicalId":14546,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology","volume":"34 1","pages":"13-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72839972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-01DOI: 10.9790/2402-110402122128
Stanley H. O, Offorbuike, O. M, Stanley C.N.
This study was conducted to investigate the extent of degradation of crude oil in contaminated soil by harnessing the remedial potential of Pleurotuspulmonarius when grown in soil with saw dust and rice bran as amendment additives. Physico-chemical parameters such as pH, total organic carbon (%TOC), total organic matter (%TOM), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (P), available potassium (K) and total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) of the contaminated soil and soil amended with saw dust and rice bran were monitored during the study period. Homogenized sterilized soil (700g) each was amended with 150 g of saw dust, rice bran and inoculated with P.pulmonariusspawn,to establish A (soil + saw dust + rice bran + P.pulmonarius), B (soil + rice bran + P.pulmonarius), C (soil + saw dust + P.pulmonarius) and D (soil + saw dust + rice bran) experimental set-up. The experiment was allowed to run for 60 days with periodic sampling every 15 days intervals for analysis. The results revealed a sharp decrease in TPH concentration after 15 days, which progressively decreased further over the subsequent sampling intervals; with a corresponding increase in the removal rate of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Set-up A and D emerged as the maximum and minimum for the removal of TPH components at the end of the bioremediation process as illustrated in the order: A (90.12%) > B (77.42%) > C (72.20%) > D (9.98%). It was observed that the saw dust and rice bran blend had sufficient amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) to sustain biodegradation of crude oil components in the contaminated soil. Biodegradation of the hydrocarbon components of the crude oil was confirmed using gas chromatography and reduction of crude fractions with carbon atoms ranging from C10-C40 was observed. This study showed that P.pulmonarius is effective at decontaminating crude oil polluted soil.
利用肺侧耳菌在添加锯末和米糠的土壤中对原油的修复作用，研究了其对污染土壤中原油的降解程度。在研究期间，对污染土壤和木屑米糠改良土壤的pH、总有机碳(%TOC)、总有机质(%TOM)、全氮(TN)、有效磷(P)、有效钾(K)和总石油烃(TPH)等理化参数进行了监测。分别在匀浆消毒后的土壤(700g)中添加锯末、米糠150 g，接种肺弧菌菌种，分别建立A(土壤+锯末+米糠+肺弧菌)、B(土壤+米糠+肺弧菌)、C(土壤+锯末+肺弧菌)和D(土壤+锯末+米糠)试验装置。实验为期60天，每隔15天定期取样进行分析。结果显示，TPH浓度在15天后急剧下降，在随后的采样间隔内进一步逐渐下降;同时对氮、磷、钾的去除率也相应提高。设置A和D是生物修复过程结束时TPH组分去除率的最大值和最小值，其顺序为:A (90.12%) > B (77.42%) > C (72.20%) > D(9.98%)。结果表明，锯末米糠混合料具有足够的氮、磷、钾(NPK)含量，可维持污染土壤中原油组分的生物降解。气相色谱法证实了原油中碳氢化合物组分的生物降解作用，并观察到原油馏分的碳原子范围为C10-C40。本研究表明，肺芽孢杆菌对原油污染土壤具有良好的净化效果。
{"title":"Bioremediation of Crude Oil Contaminated Soil Using Pleurotuspulmonarius, a White-rot Fungus","authors":"Stanley H. O, Offorbuike, O. M, Stanley C.N.","doi":"10.9790/2402-110402122128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-110402122128","url":null,"abstract":"This study was conducted to investigate the extent of degradation of crude oil in contaminated soil by harnessing the remedial potential of Pleurotuspulmonarius when grown in soil with saw dust and rice bran as amendment additives. Physico-chemical parameters such as pH, total organic carbon (%TOC), total organic matter (%TOM), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (P), available potassium (K) and total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) of the contaminated soil and soil amended with saw dust and rice bran were monitored during the study period. Homogenized sterilized soil (700g) each was amended with 150 g of saw dust, rice bran and inoculated with P.pulmonariusspawn,to establish A (soil + saw dust + rice bran + P.pulmonarius), B (soil + rice bran + P.pulmonarius), C (soil + saw dust + P.pulmonarius) and D (soil + saw dust + rice bran) experimental set-up. The experiment was allowed to run for 60 days with periodic sampling every 15 days intervals for analysis. The results revealed a sharp decrease in TPH concentration after 15 days, which progressively decreased further over the subsequent sampling intervals; with a corresponding increase in the removal rate of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Set-up A and D emerged as the maximum and minimum for the removal of TPH components at the end of the bioremediation process as illustrated in the order: A (90.12%) > B (77.42%) > C (72.20%) > D (9.98%). It was observed that the saw dust and rice bran blend had sufficient amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) to sustain biodegradation of crude oil components in the contaminated soil. Biodegradation of the hydrocarbon components of the crude oil was confirmed using gas chromatography and reduction of crude fractions with carbon atoms ranging from C10-C40 was observed. This study showed that P.pulmonarius is effective at decontaminating crude oil polluted soil.","PeriodicalId":14546,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology","volume":"87 1","pages":"122-128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76842739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Influence of Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Soils on Heavy Metal Contamination in Makurdi, Benue State","authors":"Odueze, J. Chibuzor Nwakonobi","doi":"10.9790/2402-1105028492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-1105028492","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14546,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology","volume":"4 1","pages":"84-92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86942300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Study on Awareness of Domestic Solid Waste Management among High School Students.","authors":"M. Anitha","doi":"10.9790/2402-1105024348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-1105024348","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14546,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology","volume":"22 1","pages":"43-48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79332930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With about 80% of people in Jigawa involved in agriculture, it is safe to say agriculture lies at the heart of the economy in the state. However, a combination of crude implements, inadequate artificial fertilizers, all add to the tedious environmental setting in which farming is carried out. This study attempts to show how agroforestry practice yields much needed benefits in the study area. The study used multistage sampling; three zones in the state, Jigawa northwest, Jigawa northeast and Jigawa south. Out of each zone, 3 Local Government LGA were selected, out of which 50 respondents were purposively targeted from each community making an overall total 450 respondents. Descriptive statistics using mean, percentages and use of table and figures were used for the analysis. The results show that the benefits derived by the respondents are fertility maintenance 83%, fodder for livestock 81%, Micro-climate has moderation 66%. Increasingly as in other parts northern Nigeria, results show a number of tree species noted for their medicinal value are becoming extinct due to the pressures of demand both in forests and on farms. The study recommends boosting further research to conserve these disappearing species from extinction.
{"title":"Benefits of Agroforestry on Smallholder Farms in Jigawa State, Nigeria","authors":"Attia M. El-Tantawi, A. Badr, Umar Saminu Daura","doi":"10.9790/2402-1105033138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-1105033138","url":null,"abstract":"With about 80% of people in Jigawa involved in agriculture, it is safe to say agriculture lies at the heart of the economy in the state. However, a combination of crude implements, inadequate artificial fertilizers, all add to the tedious environmental setting in which farming is carried out. This study attempts to show how agroforestry practice yields much needed benefits in the study area. The study used multistage sampling; three zones in the state, Jigawa northwest, Jigawa northeast and Jigawa south. Out of each zone, 3 Local Government LGA were selected, out of which 50 respondents were purposively targeted from each community making an overall total 450 respondents. Descriptive statistics using mean, percentages and use of table and figures were used for the analysis. The results show that the benefits derived by the respondents are fertility maintenance 83%, fodder for livestock 81%, Micro-climate has moderation 66%. Increasingly as in other parts northern Nigeria, results show a number of tree species noted for their medicinal value are becoming extinct due to the pressures of demand both in forests and on farms. The study recommends boosting further research to conserve these disappearing species from extinction.","PeriodicalId":14546,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology","volume":"51 1","pages":"31-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80174613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Budi, A. Akbar, J. Purnomo, S. Susi, Hisyam Musthafa Al Hakim
Research conducted by Akbar et all., (2015) showed that in general the Nypa Palmsap productivity remains low, whereas the required amount of sap relatively enough to produce the amount of brown sugar made many of them to be economical, there is no research about this, so research on productivity was needed. The research object is the population of Nypa Palm trees planted (J1) and a population of Nypa Palm trees that grow naturally (J2). In both populations tree fruit bunches is done wobble technique for tapping sap. The sap generated from both the tree population accommodated in containers that have been given treatment in the form of a mixture of lime and tannin (from jackfruit terrace), which is then measured to determine the sap productivity.The results showed that the average number of Nypa Palm sap obtained from measurements of the second week until the eighth week of each is 5,663 ml, 4,730 ml, 5,063 ml, 4,473 ml, 4,937 ml, 4,960 ml and 4,717 ml per stem per day. Dosage of a mixture of lime and tannin did not significantly affect the productivity of sap, but the type of Nypa Palm (naturalNypa Palm and plantedNypa Palm) has significant effect in which productivity of sap ofnatural Nypa Palm higher than the Nypa Palmsap of planted Nypa Palm with each value was 1,192.8 ml and 618.95 ml per stem per day.
由阿克巴等人进行的研究。，(2015)表明，总的来说，Nypa棕榈树的生产力仍然很低，而所需的汁液量相对足够生产红糖的量，使得许多棕榈树是经济的，没有关于这方面的研究，所以需要对生产力进行研究。研究对象为种植的Nypa棕榈树种群(J1)和自然生长的Nypa棕榈树种群(J2)。在这两个种群中，树果束都采用了提取汁液的摇摆技术。两个种群产生的汁液都被安置在容器中，容器以石灰和单宁(来自菠萝蜜露台)的混合物的形式进行处理，然后测量以确定汁液的产量。结果表明，从第二周到第八周的测量中获得的Nypa棕榈汁的平均数量为5,663 ml, 4,730 ml, 5,063 ml, 4,473 ml, 4,937 ml, 4,960 ml和4,717 ml /茎。石灰和单宁的混合用量对树液的产量影响不显著，但不同种类的树液(天然树液和人工树液)对树液的产量影响显著，天然树液的产量高于人工树液，分别为1192.8 ml / d和618.95 ml / d。
{"title":"Effect of of Lime andTannin Dosage Against Productivity ofSapofNatural and Planted Nypa Palm","authors":"S. Budi, A. Akbar, J. Purnomo, S. Susi, Hisyam Musthafa Al Hakim","doi":"10.9790/2402-1105011722","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-1105011722","url":null,"abstract":"Research conducted by Akbar et all., (2015) showed that in general the Nypa Palmsap productivity remains low, whereas the required amount of sap relatively enough to produce the amount of brown sugar made many of them to be economical, there is no research about this, so research on productivity was needed. The research object is the population of Nypa Palm trees planted (J1) and a population of Nypa Palm trees that grow naturally (J2). In both populations tree fruit bunches is done wobble technique for tapping sap. The sap generated from both the tree population accommodated in containers that have been given treatment in the form of a mixture of lime and tannin (from jackfruit terrace), which is then measured to determine the sap productivity.The results showed that the average number of Nypa Palm sap obtained from measurements of the second week until the eighth week of each is 5,663 ml, 4,730 ml, 5,063 ml, 4,473 ml, 4,937 ml, 4,960 ml and 4,717 ml per stem per day. Dosage of a mixture of lime and tannin did not significantly affect the productivity of sap, but the type of Nypa Palm (naturalNypa Palm and plantedNypa Palm) has significant effect in which productivity of sap ofnatural Nypa Palm higher than the Nypa Palmsap of planted Nypa Palm with each value was 1,192.8 ml and 618.95 ml per stem per day.","PeriodicalId":14546,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology","volume":"30 1","pages":"17-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83328217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sukanya Karuppannan, Amruth Chandran, Faxen Francis, Javith Khan, D. Dhinakaran
The calciner uses furnace oil as its fuel. The flue gases coming from the calciner has a high thermal energy. This work is done to effectively utilize the thermal energy produced and hence to reduce the fuel consumption. By utilizing the heat energy of flue gases, the TiO2 slurry can be preheated using a heat exchanger. This preheating can reduce the total amount of the furnace oil used in the combustion chamber. Also by effectively utilizing the remaining heat of the gases using another heat exchanger, the furnace oil can be preheated which in turn eliminates the use of heating coil. Thus the efficiency of the plant can be improved by this technique.
{"title":"Effective Utilization of Flue Gas from Titanium Dioxide Production Plant","authors":"Sukanya Karuppannan, Amruth Chandran, Faxen Francis, Javith Khan, D. Dhinakaran","doi":"10.9790/2402-1105020911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-1105020911","url":null,"abstract":"The calciner uses furnace oil as its fuel. The flue gases coming from the calciner has a high thermal energy. This work is done to effectively utilize the thermal energy produced and hence to reduce the fuel consumption. By utilizing the heat energy of flue gases, the TiO2 slurry can be preheated using a heat exchanger. This preheating can reduce the total amount of the furnace oil used in the combustion chamber. Also by effectively utilizing the remaining heat of the gases using another heat exchanger, the furnace oil can be preheated which in turn eliminates the use of heating coil. Thus the efficiency of the plant can be improved by this technique.","PeriodicalId":14546,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology","volume":"155 1","pages":"09-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77990849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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