With about 80% of people in Jigawa involved in agriculture, it is safe to say agriculture lies at the heart of the economy in the state. However, a combination of crude implements, inadequate artificial fertilizers, all add to the tedious environmental setting in which farming is carried out. This study attempts to show how agroforestry practice yields much needed benefits in the study area. The study used multistage sampling; three zones in the state, Jigawa northwest, Jigawa northeast and Jigawa south. Out of each zone, 3 Local Government LGA were selected, out of which 50 respondents were purposively targeted from each community making an overall total 450 respondents. Descriptive statistics using mean, percentages and use of table and figures were used for the analysis. The results show that the benefits derived by the respondents are fertility maintenance 83%, fodder for livestock 81%, Micro-climate has moderation 66%. Increasingly as in other parts northern Nigeria, results show a number of tree species noted for their medicinal value are becoming extinct due to the pressures of demand both in forests and on farms. The study recommends boosting further research to conserve these disappearing species from extinction.
{"title":"Benefits of Agroforestry on Smallholder Farms in Jigawa State, Nigeria","authors":"Attia M. El-Tantawi, A. Badr, Umar Saminu Daura","doi":"10.9790/2402-1105033138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-1105033138","url":null,"abstract":"With about 80% of people in Jigawa involved in agriculture, it is safe to say agriculture lies at the heart of the economy in the state. However, a combination of crude implements, inadequate artificial fertilizers, all add to the tedious environmental setting in which farming is carried out. This study attempts to show how agroforestry practice yields much needed benefits in the study area. The study used multistage sampling; three zones in the state, Jigawa northwest, Jigawa northeast and Jigawa south. Out of each zone, 3 Local Government LGA were selected, out of which 50 respondents were purposively targeted from each community making an overall total 450 respondents. Descriptive statistics using mean, percentages and use of table and figures were used for the analysis. The results show that the benefits derived by the respondents are fertility maintenance 83%, fodder for livestock 81%, Micro-climate has moderation 66%. Increasingly as in other parts northern Nigeria, results show a number of tree species noted for their medicinal value are becoming extinct due to the pressures of demand both in forests and on farms. The study recommends boosting further research to conserve these disappearing species from extinction.","PeriodicalId":14546,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology","volume":"51 1","pages":"31-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80174613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Budi, A. Akbar, J. Purnomo, S. Susi, Hisyam Musthafa Al Hakim
Research conducted by Akbar et all., (2015) showed that in general the Nypa Palmsap productivity remains low, whereas the required amount of sap relatively enough to produce the amount of brown sugar made many of them to be economical, there is no research about this, so research on productivity was needed. The research object is the population of Nypa Palm trees planted (J1) and a population of Nypa Palm trees that grow naturally (J2). In both populations tree fruit bunches is done wobble technique for tapping sap. The sap generated from both the tree population accommodated in containers that have been given treatment in the form of a mixture of lime and tannin (from jackfruit terrace), which is then measured to determine the sap productivity.The results showed that the average number of Nypa Palm sap obtained from measurements of the second week until the eighth week of each is 5,663 ml, 4,730 ml, 5,063 ml, 4,473 ml, 4,937 ml, 4,960 ml and 4,717 ml per stem per day. Dosage of a mixture of lime and tannin did not significantly affect the productivity of sap, but the type of Nypa Palm (naturalNypa Palm and plantedNypa Palm) has significant effect in which productivity of sap ofnatural Nypa Palm higher than the Nypa Palmsap of planted Nypa Palm with each value was 1,192.8 ml and 618.95 ml per stem per day.
由阿克巴等人进行的研究。，(2015)表明，总的来说，Nypa棕榈树的生产力仍然很低，而所需的汁液量相对足够生产红糖的量，使得许多棕榈树是经济的，没有关于这方面的研究，所以需要对生产力进行研究。研究对象为种植的Nypa棕榈树种群(J1)和自然生长的Nypa棕榈树种群(J2)。在这两个种群中，树果束都采用了提取汁液的摇摆技术。两个种群产生的汁液都被安置在容器中，容器以石灰和单宁(来自菠萝蜜露台)的混合物的形式进行处理，然后测量以确定汁液的产量。结果表明，从第二周到第八周的测量中获得的Nypa棕榈汁的平均数量为5,663 ml, 4,730 ml, 5,063 ml, 4,473 ml, 4,937 ml, 4,960 ml和4,717 ml /茎。石灰和单宁的混合用量对树液的产量影响不显著，但不同种类的树液(天然树液和人工树液)对树液的产量影响显著，天然树液的产量高于人工树液，分别为1192.8 ml / d和618.95 ml / d。
{"title":"Effect of of Lime andTannin Dosage Against Productivity ofSapofNatural and Planted Nypa Palm","authors":"S. Budi, A. Akbar, J. Purnomo, S. Susi, Hisyam Musthafa Al Hakim","doi":"10.9790/2402-1105011722","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-1105011722","url":null,"abstract":"Research conducted by Akbar et all., (2015) showed that in general the Nypa Palmsap productivity remains low, whereas the required amount of sap relatively enough to produce the amount of brown sugar made many of them to be economical, there is no research about this, so research on productivity was needed. The research object is the population of Nypa Palm trees planted (J1) and a population of Nypa Palm trees that grow naturally (J2). In both populations tree fruit bunches is done wobble technique for tapping sap. The sap generated from both the tree population accommodated in containers that have been given treatment in the form of a mixture of lime and tannin (from jackfruit terrace), which is then measured to determine the sap productivity.The results showed that the average number of Nypa Palm sap obtained from measurements of the second week until the eighth week of each is 5,663 ml, 4,730 ml, 5,063 ml, 4,473 ml, 4,937 ml, 4,960 ml and 4,717 ml per stem per day. Dosage of a mixture of lime and tannin did not significantly affect the productivity of sap, but the type of Nypa Palm (naturalNypa Palm and plantedNypa Palm) has significant effect in which productivity of sap ofnatural Nypa Palm higher than the Nypa Palmsap of planted Nypa Palm with each value was 1,192.8 ml and 618.95 ml per stem per day.","PeriodicalId":14546,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology","volume":"30 1","pages":"17-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83328217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Industrial wastewater contain certain chemical nutrients especially compounds of nitrogen and phosphorus, and heavy metals which if discarded without treatment can lead to eutrophication and related environmental issues that affect the recycling processes of bio system. Currently, many efficient procedures exist for removing these nutrients but they usually present drawbacks in terms of cost-effectiveness, complexity of operation, waste generation (sludge) and/or high energy consumption. In order to overcome these problems, this research work focused on treating industrial wastewaters by using microalgae technology. Microalgae was cultivated on the industrial wastewater which provide not only water medium but also source of necessary nutrients suitable for algal cultivation, and thus treat the water by getting rid of these chemical nutrients. The algae selected for the study was spirulina sp. Various parameters like pH TDS, turbidity, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Ammonium, Nitrogen, Phosphate and heavy metals were observed after the treatment. Percentage reduction rate of 35.6% (BOD), Algal productivity rate of 42% (average), and nitrogen reduction rate of 0.8% (average) were observed. Heavy metals involved such as iron, lead, cadmium and Zinc are found to decrease in the range of 60 to 80% per day and per growth of microalgae. Simulating the model for the effect of addition of CO2 into the pond, shows that at a flowrate of 10 m 3 /hour, 62.5% increase of algal productivity is achieved and the maximum productivity is reached at 25 m 3 /hour. The rate of productivity improvement gradually reduces as the gas flowrate increases. In the end of the studies, the simulation provides useful insights into optimal approaches for algal growth and thereby reducing costly experimental efforts. Therefore using microalgae is an environmentally safe alternative for treating wastewater as evident by algal growth rate, productivity and nutrient removal efficiency.
{"title":"Experimental Study and Model Development of Algal Based Industrial Wastewater Treatment","authors":"Tsado, D. G., A. M, Owolabi, O.E","doi":"10.9790/2402-1105040107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-1105040107","url":null,"abstract":"Industrial wastewater contain certain chemical nutrients especially compounds of nitrogen and phosphorus, and heavy metals which if discarded without treatment can lead to eutrophication and related environmental issues that affect the recycling processes of bio system. Currently, many efficient procedures exist for removing these nutrients but they usually present drawbacks in terms of cost-effectiveness, complexity of operation, waste generation (sludge) and/or high energy consumption. In order to overcome these problems, this research work focused on treating industrial wastewaters by using microalgae technology. Microalgae was cultivated on the industrial wastewater which provide not only water medium but also source of necessary nutrients suitable for algal cultivation, and thus treat the water by getting rid of these chemical nutrients. The algae selected for the study was spirulina sp. Various parameters like pH TDS, turbidity, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Ammonium, Nitrogen, Phosphate and heavy metals were observed after the treatment. Percentage reduction rate of 35.6% (BOD), Algal productivity rate of 42% (average), and nitrogen reduction rate of 0.8% (average) were observed. Heavy metals involved such as iron, lead, cadmium and Zinc are found to decrease in the range of 60 to 80% per day and per growth of microalgae. Simulating the model for the effect of addition of CO2 into the pond, shows that at a flowrate of 10 m 3 /hour, 62.5% increase of algal productivity is achieved and the maximum productivity is reached at 25 m 3 /hour. The rate of productivity improvement gradually reduces as the gas flowrate increases. In the end of the studies, the simulation provides useful insights into optimal approaches for algal growth and thereby reducing costly experimental efforts. Therefore using microalgae is an environmentally safe alternative for treating wastewater as evident by algal growth rate, productivity and nutrient removal efficiency.","PeriodicalId":14546,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology","volume":"60 1","pages":"01-07"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74589595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The levels of Selenium (Se) in vegetables, medicinal plants and soils from selected sites within the Lower Benue River Basin Development Authority catchment (spanning latitudes 6o 15’ and 9o 10’N and longitudes 6o 22’ and 10o 25’E) were determined as part of investigations of the element’s biogeochemistry in the area. Seventy eight (78) plant and forty (40) agricultural soil samples were obtained from eight sites in the study area and their levels of Se determined using the simple, sensitive and selective 2, 4-DNPH-NEDA spectrophotometric method. Results obtained showed soil Se in the whole area was in the range 1.0 x 10 -4 – 97.0 x 10 -4 mg/kg, with an average of 44.0 x 10 -4 ±0.0020 mg/kg, while the mean Se levels in vegetables and medicinal plants were 217.0 x 10 -4 ±0.0105 mg/kg and 206.0 x 10 -4 ±0.01 mg/kg respectively. These results show that Se in the soils and vegetation in the area is lower compared to literature reports. The Lower Benue Valley (LBV; coordinates of longitudes 7°00'E and 8°30'E and latitudes 5°00'N and 6°30'N) in Nigeria where HIV/AIDS prevalence is historically fairly high and considering the role of Se in the progression of this disease we embarked on studies of the phytopedochemical distribution of the element in the areas including LBV.
{"title":"Levels of Selenium in Vegetables, Medicinal Plants and Soils from Selected Sites within the Lower Benue River Basin Development Authority Catchment, Nigeria","authors":"A. Oklo, R. Sha’Ato, I. S. Eneji, M. Igyor","doi":"10.9790/2402-1105032130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-1105032130","url":null,"abstract":"The levels of Selenium (Se) in vegetables, medicinal plants and soils from selected sites within the Lower Benue River Basin Development Authority catchment (spanning latitudes 6o 15’ and 9o 10’N and longitudes 6o 22’ and 10o 25’E) were determined as part of investigations of the element’s biogeochemistry in the area. Seventy eight (78) plant and forty (40) agricultural soil samples were obtained from eight sites in the study area and their levels of Se determined using the simple, sensitive and selective 2, 4-DNPH-NEDA spectrophotometric method. Results obtained showed soil Se in the whole area was in the range 1.0 x 10 -4 – 97.0 x 10 -4 mg/kg, with an average of 44.0 x 10 -4 ±0.0020 mg/kg, while the mean Se levels in vegetables and medicinal plants were 217.0 x 10 -4 ±0.0105 mg/kg and 206.0 x 10 -4 ±0.01 mg/kg respectively. These results show that Se in the soils and vegetation in the area is lower compared to literature reports. The Lower Benue Valley (LBV; coordinates of longitudes 7°00'E and 8°30'E and latitudes 5°00'N and 6°30'N) in Nigeria where HIV/AIDS prevalence is historically fairly high and considering the role of Se in the progression of this disease we embarked on studies of the phytopedochemical distribution of the element in the areas including LBV.","PeriodicalId":14546,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology","volume":"40 1","pages":"21-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89207796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Energy dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) technique was applied for determination of heavy metals present in some selected varieties of leafy vegetables, mostly consumed in Ethiopia such as Ethiopian kale (Brassica carinata), Lettuce (Lactuca Sativa var.capitata), chard (Beta vulgaris), cauliflower (brassica oleracea.var.botrytis), Cabbage, Collard green (brassica oleracea), Siberian kale (Brassica napus var.pabularia) and Russian kale collected from Akaki, Kera and Debre Berhan. The concentration of 9 heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, Mn, Cr, As and Pb) were analyzed in the selected leafy vegetables. The foodstuffs examined for metal constituents are the basis of human nutrition in the study area except Siberian kale and Russian kale. The highest level of heavy metals were found in vegetables which are grown in Akaki and Kera, compared to samples of Debre Berhan , because Debre Berhan city is the place with no specific type of pollution. Metal levels observed in different sources were compared with WHO/FAO, and established permissible levels reported by different authors. Accumulation of most of the heavy metals in vegetables studied was higher than the recommended maximum tolerable levels proposed by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (1999), with the exception of copper, iron, cobalt and nickel, which exhibited lowlying content. Among all selected leafy vegetables, Swiss chard accumulate much higher concentrations of metals and toxic metals like As and Pb was not detected in Abyssinia kale collected from Debre Berhan.
{"title":"Study of Heavy Metals Accumulation in Leafy Vegetables of Ethiopia","authors":"W. Gezahegn","doi":"10.9790/2402-1105015768","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-1105015768","url":null,"abstract":"Energy dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) technique was applied for determination of heavy metals present in some selected varieties of leafy vegetables, mostly consumed in Ethiopia such as Ethiopian kale (Brassica carinata), Lettuce (Lactuca Sativa var.capitata), chard (Beta vulgaris), cauliflower (brassica oleracea.var.botrytis), Cabbage, Collard green (brassica oleracea), Siberian kale (Brassica napus var.pabularia) and Russian kale collected from Akaki, Kera and Debre Berhan. The concentration of 9 heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, Mn, Cr, As and Pb) were analyzed in the selected leafy vegetables. The foodstuffs examined for metal constituents are the basis of human nutrition in the study area except Siberian kale and Russian kale. The highest level of heavy metals were found in vegetables which are grown in Akaki and Kera, compared to samples of Debre Berhan , because Debre Berhan city is the place with no specific type of pollution. Metal levels observed in different sources were compared with WHO/FAO, and established permissible levels reported by different authors. Accumulation of most of the heavy metals in vegetables studied was higher than the recommended maximum tolerable levels proposed by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (1999), with the exception of copper, iron, cobalt and nickel, which exhibited lowlying content. Among all selected leafy vegetables, Swiss chard accumulate much higher concentrations of metals and toxic metals like As and Pb was not detected in Abyssinia kale collected from Debre Berhan.","PeriodicalId":14546,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology","volume":"114 1","pages":"57-68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80280889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A long-term research was made (2000-2015) of air pollution in the industrial region of Devnya, located in North-east Bulgaria. It has powerful industrial enterprises of great significance for the national economy: production of soda ash, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilisers, clinker and cement, as well as a coalfired thermal power plant. Basic pollutants were studied: SO2, NO2, CO, O3, PM10, NH3 and C6H6. The results indicate a significant decrease in the concentrations of all air pollutants after the introduction of the IPPC permits for the industrial and combustion plants (2005-2006) for the implementation of best available techniques, efficient purification facilities of waste gases, and strict control of harmful substances. The concentrations of pollutants at the end of period are much lower than in comparison with the start of the study, and the differences are of high statistical significance (0.001 ≤ Р ≤ 0.05). Implementation of the measures in IPPC permits, as well as measures aimed at lightand heavy-duty vehicles, fugitive emissions, an information campaign among the population regarding the quality of the fuels used and their impact on air pollution, as well as energy efficiency of buildings and its impact on fuel consumption, etc., are contributing to improving air quality.
{"title":"Long-term Observation of Atmospheric Pollution in an Industrial Region in North-East Bulgaria during 2000-2015: Possibilities to Improve Air Quality","authors":"R. Chuturkova","doi":"10.9790/2402-1105023142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-1105023142","url":null,"abstract":"A long-term research was made (2000-2015) of air pollution in the industrial region of Devnya, located in North-east Bulgaria. It has powerful industrial enterprises of great significance for the national economy: production of soda ash, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilisers, clinker and cement, as well as a coalfired thermal power plant. Basic pollutants were studied: SO2, NO2, CO, O3, PM10, NH3 and C6H6. The results indicate a significant decrease in the concentrations of all air pollutants after the introduction of the IPPC permits for the industrial and combustion plants (2005-2006) for the implementation of best available techniques, efficient purification facilities of waste gases, and strict control of harmful substances. The concentrations of pollutants at the end of period are much lower than in comparison with the start of the study, and the differences are of high statistical significance (0.001 ≤ Р ≤ 0.05). Implementation of the measures in IPPC permits, as well as measures aimed at lightand heavy-duty vehicles, fugitive emissions, an information campaign among the population regarding the quality of the fuels used and their impact on air pollution, as well as energy efficiency of buildings and its impact on fuel consumption, etc., are contributing to improving air quality.","PeriodicalId":14546,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology","volume":"28 1","pages":"31-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74493580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Polyhydroxybutyrate as Bio-Degradable Plastic – A Review","authors":"K. ShivalkarYadav, R. Prabha","doi":"10.9790/2402-1105011012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-1105011012","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14546,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology","volume":"40 1","pages":"10-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84276279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Due to continuous increase in population, many new communities have been established in Heliopolis basin, one of the main watersheds located east of Cairo. The main objective of the present study is to highlight and to analyze the change in surface runoff due to the change in land use in Heliopolis basin between years 1984 and 2009 using Landsat satellite data for the years 1984, 2006 and 2009 with the aid of Digital Elevation Models (DEM). The techniques utilized in this investigation involved a supervised classification of the Landsat images. Results showed that urban area located in Heliopolis basin has increased more than 30% during the last 30 years which led to a decrease in infiltration rates and an increase in surface runoff depth.
{"title":"Assessment of Surface Runoff Change Due to Urbanization Growth in Heliopolis Basin","authors":"A. Elmoustafa, E. S. Helmy","doi":"10.9790/2402-1104029095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-1104029095","url":null,"abstract":"Due to continuous increase in population, many new communities have been established in Heliopolis basin, one of the main watersheds located east of Cairo. The main objective of the present study is to highlight and to analyze the change in surface runoff due to the change in land use in Heliopolis basin between years 1984 and 2009 using Landsat satellite data for the years 1984, 2006 and 2009 with the aid of Digital Elevation Models (DEM). The techniques utilized in this investigation involved a supervised classification of the Landsat images. Results showed that urban area located in Heliopolis basin has increased more than 30% during the last 30 years which led to a decrease in infiltration rates and an increase in surface runoff depth.","PeriodicalId":14546,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology","volume":"72 1","pages":"90-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77481080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Rendevski, Ahmed Sulaiman Ali Alghanbeer Alkhanbouli, Khaled Saif Mohamed Ali Al Shaabi, S. A. Ahmed
Milk adulteration is a problem for the dairy industry. It can cause economic losses, lowering the quality of products and putting the consumers’ safety in risk, especially milk products for children and infants. Adding water to milk is a common practice by farmers in many countries. A method of electrical conductance measurement at high frequency can give information if the milk is with added water before processing it. The objective of the research is to develop a measuring method with handheld device that can detect added water in fresh milk by measuring the electrical conductance. Namely, if there is no added water, the conductance will drop down of the initial value if we add 1 % water, but will rise to initial value if we add 2 % and after will decrease continuously with addition of 3 % or more. If there was already added water, the conductance of the milk will decrease only with addition of water without noticeable drop of the value when we add 1-2 %.
{"title":"Testing For Added Water in Milk with Handheld LCR Meter","authors":"S. Rendevski, Ahmed Sulaiman Ali Alghanbeer Alkhanbouli, Khaled Saif Mohamed Ali Al Shaabi, S. A. Ahmed","doi":"10.9790/2402-1105012330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-1105012330","url":null,"abstract":"Milk adulteration is a problem for the dairy industry. It can cause economic losses, lowering the quality of products and putting the consumers’ safety in risk, especially milk products for children and infants. Adding water to milk is a common practice by farmers in many countries. A method of electrical conductance measurement at high frequency can give information if the milk is with added water before processing it. The objective of the research is to develop a measuring method with handheld device that can detect added water in fresh milk by measuring the electrical conductance. Namely, if there is no added water, the conductance will drop down of the initial value if we add 1 % water, but will rise to initial value if we add 2 % and after will decrease continuously with addition of 3 % or more. If there was already added water, the conductance of the milk will decrease only with addition of water without noticeable drop of the value when we add 1-2 %.","PeriodicalId":14546,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology","volume":"58 1","pages":"23-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76212798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
White tea is just made by drying only without any other normal fermentation process which is adopted for other tea varieties. The biochemical components like flavonoids, total polyphenols, tannins and catcehins are prominent in white tea. Catechin content is higher than tannin content. All those active components are higher in methanolic extracts than their corresponding aqueous extracts. The higher antioxidant activities are manifestations of all those active components. Higher antimicrobial property (inhibition of growth in liquid and solid medium against Gram positive and Gram negative organism) is a beneficial aspect of white tea regarding health concern. Moreover lowering of in vitro blood glucose level and inhibition of digestive enzymes ( amylase, -D Glucosidase, lipase) may attribute to the biomedical application of white tea.
{"title":"Biochemical and Microbiological Characterization of White Tea","authors":"G. Saha, S. Choudhury, B. Bera, P. Kumar","doi":"10.9790/2402-1105037480","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-1105037480","url":null,"abstract":"White tea is just made by drying only without any other normal fermentation process which is adopted for other tea varieties. The biochemical components like flavonoids, total polyphenols, tannins and catcehins are prominent in white tea. Catechin content is higher than tannin content. All those active components are higher in methanolic extracts than their corresponding aqueous extracts. The higher antioxidant activities are manifestations of all those active components. Higher antimicrobial property (inhibition of growth in liquid and solid medium against Gram positive and Gram negative organism) is a beneficial aspect of white tea regarding health concern. Moreover lowering of in vitro blood glucose level and inhibition of digestive enzymes ( amylase, -D Glucosidase, lipase) may attribute to the biomedical application of white tea.","PeriodicalId":14546,"journal":{"name":"IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":"74-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73300444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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