Energy efficiency investments are essential for transitioning to a carbon-neutral economy. Nevertheless, many energy efficiency investment opportunities do not materialise. The existing literature attributes this situation to financial and non-financial factors. Research suggests that many firms focus only on direct energy savings and neglect non-energy benefits that include increased labour productivity. Up to date, due to lack of high-quality data, few studies attempted to quantify the effects of the energy efficiency investments on firm-level outcomes other than the reductions in energy consumption. This paper overcomes this barrier by using novel data from a firm-level survey conducted by the European Investment Bank that covers more than 15,000 firms in 27 European Union member states and the UK during 2018-2019. It studies the relationship between the energy efficiency investment and the labour productivity of the European firms, utilising instrumental variables methodology to account for potential endogeneity. The results show a positive and causal relationship between energy efficiency investment and labour productivity. The findings of the paper suggest that firms can benefit much more from the energy efficiency investment than what is often assumed, and highlight a need for government policies that would increase firms’ awareness of the non-energy benefits.
{"title":"Labour Productivity Improvements from Energy Efficiency Investments: The Experience of European Firms","authors":"F. Kalantzis, Hanna Niczyporuk","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3884854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3884854","url":null,"abstract":"Energy efficiency investments are essential for transitioning to a carbon-neutral economy. Nevertheless, many energy efficiency investment opportunities do not materialise. The existing literature attributes this situation to financial and non-financial factors. Research suggests that many firms focus only on direct energy savings and neglect non-energy benefits that include increased labour productivity. Up to date, due to lack of high-quality data, few studies attempted to quantify the effects of the energy efficiency investments on firm-level outcomes other than the reductions in energy consumption. This paper overcomes this barrier by using novel data from a firm-level survey conducted by the European Investment Bank that covers more than 15,000 firms in 27 European Union member states and the UK during 2018-2019. It studies the relationship between the energy efficiency investment and the labour productivity of the European firms, utilising instrumental variables methodology to account for potential endogeneity. The results show a positive and causal relationship between energy efficiency investment and labour productivity. The findings of the paper suggest that firms can benefit much more from the energy efficiency investment than what is often assumed, and highlight a need for government policies that would increase firms’ awareness of the non-energy benefits.","PeriodicalId":14586,"journal":{"name":"IO: Productivity","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86019382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We use strategic interactions to analyze the role of China's state-subsidized production expansion in the recent downturn in solar photovoltaics innovation. To that end, we develop a dynamic game model in which N solar panel manufacturers compete in price and invest in cost-reducing research. The resulting Nash equilibrium reveals an inverted U relationship between a manufacturer's market share and her research effort. In the duopoly case, with a local firm competing against a foreign state-subsidized one, we obtain analytical and numerical results that are consistent with a set of stylized facts, namely (i) the foreign manufacturer progressively expands to become the dominant player (ii) competition and innovation bring marginal costs down to zero (iii) each manufacturer's research effort follows an increasing-then-decreasing curve. At a policy level, these theoretical results suggest that national technology-push policies can affect foreign innovation, by changing the structure of global competition.
{"title":"Green innovation downturn: the role of imperfect competition","authors":"R. Aïd, Mohamed Bahlali, A. Créti","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3943595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3943595","url":null,"abstract":"We use strategic interactions to analyze the role of China's state-subsidized production expansion in the recent downturn in solar photovoltaics innovation. To that end, we develop a dynamic game model in which N solar panel manufacturers compete in price and invest in cost-reducing research. The resulting Nash equilibrium reveals an inverted U relationship between a manufacturer's market share and her research effort. In the duopoly case, with a local firm competing against a foreign state-subsidized one, we obtain analytical and numerical results that are consistent with a set of stylized facts, namely (i) the foreign manufacturer progressively expands to become the dominant player (ii) competition and innovation bring marginal costs down to zero (iii) each manufacturer's research effort follows an increasing-then-decreasing curve. At a policy level, these theoretical results suggest that national technology-push policies can affect foreign innovation, by changing the structure of global competition.","PeriodicalId":14586,"journal":{"name":"IO: Productivity","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80017687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
How does an employee’s centrality in intrafirm research and development activities affect the employee’s propensity for outward mobility? Does this proclivity vary by the type of employment the employee seeks: moving to other firms versus founding a new venture? We maintain that, to answer these questions, we must distinguish between an employee’s centrality in the intrafirm collaboration network and the employee’s centrality in the intrafirm technological recombination network. We utilize the curricula vitae and patent data of corporate inventors at a leading semiconductor company between 1993 and 2012 to test our hypotheses. Contrary to prevailing views, our competing risk model indicates that corporate inventors who are central in the intrafirm collaboration and technological network and, thus, have the most opportunities are less likely to leave the current employer. However, when considering external employment opportunities, their preferences vary. Collaboration-central individuals are more likely to start a new venture than to move to another employer. Their skill in developing interpersonal relationships enables them to attract the tangible and intangible resources needed in a new firm. In contrast, inventors whose technological expertise is central to the firm’s technology recombination network are more likely to move to another employer than to start a new venture. In an established firm, they can leverage their technological know-how using the resources that a new venture would lack. Our theory highlights the trade-offs in employees’ attempts to take advantage of their internal and external value based on their position within the firm’s collaboration and technological networks.
{"title":"The Differential Impact of Intra-Firm Collaboration and Technological Network Centrality on Employees' Likelihood of Leaving the Firm","authors":"Daniel Tzabbar, Bruno Cirillo, Stefano Breschi","doi":"10.1287/orsc.2021.1535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2021.1535","url":null,"abstract":"How does an employee’s centrality in intrafirm research and development activities affect the employee’s propensity for outward mobility? Does this proclivity vary by the type of employment the employee seeks: moving to other firms versus founding a new venture? We maintain that, to answer these questions, we must distinguish between an employee’s centrality in the intrafirm collaboration network and the employee’s centrality in the intrafirm technological recombination network. We utilize the curricula vitae and patent data of corporate inventors at a leading semiconductor company between 1993 and 2012 to test our hypotheses. Contrary to prevailing views, our competing risk model indicates that corporate inventors who are central in the intrafirm collaboration and technological network and, thus, have the most opportunities are less likely to leave the current employer. However, when considering external employment opportunities, their preferences vary. Collaboration-central individuals are more likely to start a new venture than to move to another employer. Their skill in developing interpersonal relationships enables them to attract the tangible and intangible resources needed in a new firm. In contrast, inventors whose technological expertise is central to the firm’s technology recombination network are more likely to move to another employer than to start a new venture. In an established firm, they can leverage their technological know-how using the resources that a new venture would lack. Our theory highlights the trade-offs in employees’ attempts to take advantage of their internal and external value based on their position within the firm’s collaboration and technological networks.","PeriodicalId":14586,"journal":{"name":"IO: Productivity","volume":"397 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74931954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper investigates how innovation responded to and shaped the economic impact of the American Dust Bowl, an environmental catastrophe that led to widespread soil erosion on the US Plains during the 1930s. Combining data on county-level erosion, the historical geography of crop production, and crop-specific innovation, I document that the crisis led to a major shift in agricultural technology development toward more Dust Bowl-exposed crops and, within crops, toward bio-chemical and planting technologies that could directly mitigate environmental distress. County-level exposure to Dust Bowl-induced innovation significantly dampened the effect of land erosion on agricultural land values and revenue. These results highlight the role of crises in shaping the direction of innovation and the importance of endogenous technological progress as an adaptive force in the face of disasters.
{"title":"Environmental Catastrophe and the Direction of Invention: Evidence from the American Dust Bowl","authors":"Jacob Moscona","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3924408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3924408","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates how innovation responded to and shaped the economic impact of the American Dust Bowl, an environmental catastrophe that led to widespread soil erosion on the US Plains during the 1930s. Combining data on county-level erosion, the historical geography of crop production, and crop-specific innovation, I document that the crisis led to a major shift in agricultural technology development toward more Dust Bowl-exposed crops and, within crops, toward bio-chemical and planting technologies that could directly mitigate environmental distress. County-level exposure to Dust Bowl-induced innovation significantly dampened the effect of land erosion on agricultural land values and revenue. These results highlight the role of crises in shaping the direction of innovation and the importance of endogenous technological progress as an adaptive force in the face of disasters.","PeriodicalId":14586,"journal":{"name":"IO: Productivity","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84408075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter overviews productivity research from an industrial organization perspective. We focus on what is known and what still needs to be learned about the productivity levels and dynamics of individual producers, but also how these interact through markets and industries to influence productivity aggregates. We overview productivity concepts, facts, data, measurement, analysis, and open questions.
{"title":"An Industrial Organization Perspective on Productivity","authors":"Jan De Loecker, C. Syverson","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3924319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3924319","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter overviews productivity research from an industrial organization perspective. We focus on what is known and what still needs to be learned about the productivity levels and dynamics of individual producers, but also how these interact through markets and industries to influence productivity aggregates. We overview productivity concepts, facts, data, measurement, analysis, and open questions.","PeriodicalId":14586,"journal":{"name":"IO: Productivity","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87715432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-31DOI: 10.15587/1729-4061.2021.237900
M. Adamenko, O. Kornukh
It has been substantiated that personnel is the driving force of innovative development of enterprises. The interrelation of the components of the formation of innovativeness of the company’s personnel, such as innovative potential, the innovative activity of employees, and the effectiveness of their innovative activity was demonstrated. A comprehensive approach to assessing the innovativeness of the company’s personnel, which consists of six stages describing the procedure of such evaluation, was proposed. It was proved that it is appropriate to evaluate the innovativeness of the company’s personnel in the areas of innovative activity of employees and the effectiveness of their innovative activities. The systems of partial, integrated, and general indicators of innovativeness of the company’s personnel and criteria for assessing its level were proposed. A system of indicators of innovative activity of personnel based on qualimetric assessment of their innovative potential was offered. The procedure for assessing the level of innovative activity of employees was improved by introducing a partial indicator of personnel’s desire to carry out innovative activities. A system of indicators for assessing the effectiveness of innovative activities of personnel, including two groups, was proposed. The first group of partial indicators characterizes the effectiveness of innovative activity of the company’s personnel, the second group focuses on the effectiveness of commercialization of innovative products. To determine the level of innovativeness of the company’s personnel, a matrix that combines assessment of the levels of innovative activity and effectiveness of innovative activities of employees was proposed. The results of the study make it possible to determine the level of innovativeness of personnel, to develop an effective strategy for the creation and commercialization of innovative products of an enterprise.
{"title":"Devising an Integrated Approach to Assessing the Indicators of Personnel Innovativeness Under Conditions of Innovative Development of an Enterprise","authors":"M. Adamenko, O. Kornukh","doi":"10.15587/1729-4061.2021.237900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.237900","url":null,"abstract":"It has been substantiated that personnel is the driving force of innovative development of enterprises. The interrelation of the components of the formation of innovativeness of the company’s personnel, such as innovative potential, the innovative activity of employees, and the effectiveness of their innovative activity was demonstrated. A comprehensive approach to assessing the innovativeness of the company’s personnel, which consists of six stages describing the procedure of such evaluation, was proposed. It was proved that it is appropriate to evaluate the innovativeness of the company’s personnel in the areas of innovative activity of employees and the effectiveness of their innovative activities. The systems of partial, integrated, and general indicators of innovativeness of the company’s personnel and criteria for assessing its level were proposed. A system of indicators of innovative activity of personnel based on qualimetric assessment of their innovative potential was offered. The procedure for assessing the level of innovative activity of employees was improved by introducing a partial indicator of personnel’s desire to carry out innovative activities. A system of indicators for assessing the effectiveness of innovative activities of personnel, including two groups, was proposed. The first group of partial indicators characterizes the effectiveness of innovative activity of the company’s personnel, the second group focuses on the effectiveness of commercialization of innovative products. To determine the level of innovativeness of the company’s personnel, a matrix that combines assessment of the levels of innovative activity and effectiveness of innovative activities of employees was proposed. The results of the study make it possible to determine the level of innovativeness of personnel, to develop an effective strategy for the creation and commercialization of innovative products of an enterprise.","PeriodicalId":14586,"journal":{"name":"IO: Productivity","volume":"108 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80916338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We document a growing link between university research and development expenditures and patenting activity in the surrounding metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) since 1980. The gap in patents per capita between MSAs with and without a research university has doubled, while the elasticity of patents per capita with respect to university R&D has tripled. We establish that this trend reflects growing knowledge spillovers from university R&D by showing that it survives controlling for MSA and university characteristics; that it holds by research/patent field; and that it is stronger in areas where universities do more basic R&D. We show that a portion of this change can be linked to the passage of the Bayh-Dole Act, which was designed in part to improve knowledge flows between universities and firms. The growing importance of teams for leading scientific research and reduction in corporate basic research likely also play a role.
{"title":"The Growing Importance of Universities for Patenting and Innovation","authors":"Todd Schoellman, V. Smirnyagin","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3911375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3911375","url":null,"abstract":"We document a growing link between university research and development expenditures and patenting activity in the surrounding metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) since 1980. The gap in patents per capita between MSAs with and without a research university has doubled, while the elasticity of patents per capita with respect to university R&D has tripled. We establish that this trend reflects growing knowledge spillovers from university R&D by showing that it survives controlling for MSA and university characteristics; that it holds by research/patent field; and that it is stronger in areas where universities do more basic R&D. We show that a portion of this change can be linked to the passage of the Bayh-Dole Act, which was designed in part to improve knowledge flows between universities and firms. The growing importance of teams for leading scientific research and reduction in corporate basic research likely also play a role.","PeriodicalId":14586,"journal":{"name":"IO: Productivity","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81079276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Janis, Ted Sichelman, J. Allison, Thomas F. Cotter, C. Cotropia, Dmitry Karshtedt, Jeffrey A. Lefstin, Jason A. Rantanen, David O. Taylor, S. Tu
Less than a handful of casebooks are truly open source, in the sense of being fully modifiable. Patent Law: An Open-Source Casebook is the first patent law casebook that provides adopting professors, students, and others the ability to fully modify its contents. This file comprises the casebook in its entirety, including the cover, table of contents, preface, and chapters covering historical and economic perspectives on patent law, an overview of the modern patent system, the patent document and its claims, subject matter eligibility, utility, disclosure, anticipation, obviousness, infringement, defenses, and remedies.
{"title":"Patent Law: An Open-Source Casebook (Entire Book)","authors":"M. Janis, Ted Sichelman, J. Allison, Thomas F. Cotter, C. Cotropia, Dmitry Karshtedt, Jeffrey A. Lefstin, Jason A. Rantanen, David O. Taylor, S. Tu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3840631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3840631","url":null,"abstract":"Less than a handful of casebooks are truly open source, in the sense of being fully modifiable. Patent Law: An Open-Source Casebook is the first patent law casebook that provides adopting professors, students, and others the ability to fully modify its contents. This file comprises the casebook in its entirety, including the cover, table of contents, preface, and chapters covering historical and economic perspectives on patent law, an overview of the modern patent system, the patent document and its claims, subject matter eligibility, utility, disclosure, anticipation, obviousness, infringement, defenses, and remedies.","PeriodicalId":14586,"journal":{"name":"IO: Productivity","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75121818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An online survey conducted in June-July 2021 among Facebook users showed that significant intergenerational differences in attitudes towards remote work emerged over the past year. On average, young people have a much more positive attitude towards it compared to older respondents. Estimates also vary considerably depending on the type of activity of the companies employing the survey participants.
{"title":"Distant Employment: Remote Mode Becomes the Norm in a Number of Professions","authors":"V. Lyashok","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3901429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3901429","url":null,"abstract":"An online survey conducted in June-July 2021 among Facebook users showed that significant intergenerational differences in attitudes towards remote work emerged over the past year. On average, young people have a much more positive attitude towards it compared to older respondents. Estimates also vary considerably depending on the type of activity of the companies employing the survey participants.","PeriodicalId":14586,"journal":{"name":"IO: Productivity","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79047544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We address an important issue the Supreme Court left unaddressed this spring in its blockbuster Google v. Oracle decision: are computer interfaces copyrightable at all? We argue that they aren’t, and that the Federal Circuit's decision to the contrary is an aberration that should not undermine a quarter century of consensus on the importance of interoperability and open APIs. In our view, denying copyright protection for APIs and encouraging interoperability is important not only for innovation in the software world but for restoring competition to a technology industry dominated by a few incumbent firms.
{"title":"Interfaces and Interoperability After Google v. Oracle","authors":"Mark A. Lemley, Pamela Samuelson","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3898154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3898154","url":null,"abstract":"We address an important issue the Supreme Court left unaddressed this spring in its blockbuster Google v. Oracle decision: are computer interfaces copyrightable at all? We argue that they aren’t, and that the Federal Circuit's decision to the contrary is an aberration that should not undermine a quarter century of consensus on the importance of interoperability and open APIs. In our view, denying copyright protection for APIs and encouraging interoperability is important not only for innovation in the software world but for restoring competition to a technology industry dominated by a few incumbent firms.","PeriodicalId":14586,"journal":{"name":"IO: Productivity","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76078688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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