This paper analyzes the consequences of radical patent-regime change by exploiting a natural experiment: the forced adoption of the Prussian patent system in territories annexed after the Austro-Prussian War of 1866. Compared to other German states, Prussia granted patents more restrictively by setting higher novelty requirements, while patent fees were much lower. By using novel hand-collected data, we show that the forced adoption of the Prussian patent law caused a massive drop in the number of patents per capita in annexed territories. By contrast, we find a significantly positive effect of the patent-regime change on World’s Fair exhibits per capita, which we use as a proxy for non-patented innovation. We interpret this finding as evidence that restrictions on the granting of patents, which foster competition and technology diffusion, can be conducive for the generation of innovation
{"title":"The Consequences of Radical Patent-Regime Change","authors":"Alexander Donges, Felix Selgert","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3798363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3798363","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes the consequences of radical patent-regime change by exploiting a natural experiment: the forced adoption of the Prussian patent system in territories annexed after the Austro-Prussian War of 1866. Compared to other German states, Prussia granted patents more restrictively by setting higher novelty requirements, while patent fees were much lower. By using novel hand-collected data, we show that the forced adoption of the Prussian patent law caused a massive drop in the number of patents per capita in annexed territories. By contrast, we find a significantly positive effect of the patent-regime change on World’s Fair exhibits per capita, which we use as a proxy for non-patented innovation. We interpret this finding as evidence that restrictions on the granting of patents, which foster competition and technology diffusion, can be conducive for the generation of innovation","PeriodicalId":14586,"journal":{"name":"IO: Productivity","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73863233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Russian Abstract: В статье анализируются проблемы развития децентрализованных финансовых технологий. Предлагается ряд мероприятий по совершенствованию децентрализованных финансовых технологий, развитию доходного фермерства, децентрализованного кредитования, расширению возможностей торговли на децентрализованных биржах.
English Abstract: The article analyzes the problems of development of decentralized financial technologies. A number of measures are proposed to improve decentralized financial technologies, develop yield farming, decentralized lending and expand trading opportunities on decentralized exchanges.
{"title":"Проблемы Развития Децентрализованных Финансовых Технологий (Problems of Development of Decentralized Financial Technology)","authors":"Alexey Kondratjev","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3712447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3712447","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Russian Abstract:</b> В статье анализируются проблемы развития децентрализованных финансовых технологий. Предлагается ряд мероприятий по совершенствованию децентрализованных финансовых технологий, развитию доходного фермерства, децентрализованного кредитования, расширению возможностей торговли на децентрализованных биржах.<br><br><b>English Abstract:</b> The article analyzes the problems of development of decentralized financial technologies. A number of measures are proposed to improve decentralized financial technologies, develop yield farming, decentralized lending and expand trading opportunities on decentralized exchanges.","PeriodicalId":14586,"journal":{"name":"IO: Productivity","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89187892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During the Industrial Revolution and subsequently, it is widely believed that African Americans contributed disproportionately little to the economic development of the United States, especially in comparison to European Americans and immigrants from Europe. Yet, African Americans lived in entirely different institutional environments than other Americans, particularly in the South under Jim Crow laws. Using a new database that matches inventors to census records, we find that the share of patents invented by Black Americans living in the North matched their share of the U.S. population from 1870 to 1940 and exceeded it in some decades and in some Northern states throughout the period. We find that Black Americans from all regions were responsible for more patents than immigrants from all but two countries (Germany and England). Northern Black Americans patented at rates that exceeded Southern White Americans and were comparable to the highest patenting groups. In total, we estimate that African Americans were the identified inventors of 50,000 patents over the period. Thus, when freed of extreme political oppression, African American demonstrated level of inventiveness that matched the most inventive groups in U.S. history.
{"title":"Reassessing the Contributions of African American Inventors to the Golden Age of Innovation","authors":"Michael J. Andrews, J. Rothwell","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3712547","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3712547","url":null,"abstract":"During the Industrial Revolution and subsequently, it is widely believed that African Americans contributed disproportionately little to the economic development of the United States, especially in comparison to European Americans and immigrants from Europe. Yet, African Americans lived in entirely different institutional environments than other Americans, particularly in the South under Jim Crow laws. Using a new database that matches inventors to census records, we find that the share of patents invented by Black Americans living in the North matched their share of the U.S. population from 1870 to 1940 and exceeded it in some decades and in some Northern states throughout the period. We find that Black Americans from all regions were responsible for more patents than immigrants from all but two countries (Germany and England). Northern Black Americans patented at rates that exceeded Southern White Americans and were comparable to the highest patenting groups. In total, we estimate that African Americans were the identified inventors of 50,000 patents over the period. Thus, when freed of extreme political oppression, African American demonstrated level of inventiveness that matched the most inventive groups in U.S. history.","PeriodicalId":14586,"journal":{"name":"IO: Productivity","volume":"205 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80371322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In our time automation, in combination with burgeoning fields such as Artificial Intelligence, has grown to be a significant factor, and with it the role of scientific and engineering knowledge in the working of firms has grown too. We present a model-based study of firms in which generation of new knowledge, and the application of accumulated knowledge are integral to business since these determine the range and scope of the firms' products, and also the efficiency of R&D and the production process. In our model the firm is organized as two functionally separate stages in series. Stage 1's activity is R&D which creates new concepts, methods and prototypes of products. Stage 2 deploys labor and capital, in the form of "machines'', in production, which transforms selected outputs of Stage 1 into marketable, profitable products. New knowledge is generated from dedicated research in Stage 1 as well as by Learning-by-Doing (LbD) in both stages. Knowledge is subject to obsolescence over time. The firm's investment policy determines the allocation of funds to each stage subject to a budget constraint, operations management controls the admission of the output of Stage 1 to Stage 2, and also the combination of labor and machines in Stage 2. We analyze the interaction of these decisions, and the dynamical evolution of the knowledge stock under two management strategies. The short-term-focused, myopic strategy takes the existing knowledge stock as given, and maximizes the immediate profit. The long-term-focused strategy takes into account the future benefits of generating new knowledge in the investment decision. We use commonly-used production functions to obtain nonlinear dynamical system models, which are analyzed. We show that for both strategies the system converges to a steady-state where the knowledge stock and investment allocation remain constant over time. In numerical studies we compare the system behavior for the two strategies, and characterize their dependencies on various factors, such as the strength of the LbD effect, return on knowledge stock, and the influence of knowledge in expanding the scope and range of the firm's products.
{"title":"Automation, Research and Investment Policies in Firms","authors":"D. Mitra, Qiong Wang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3709565","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3709565","url":null,"abstract":"In our time automation, in combination with burgeoning fields such as Artificial Intelligence, has grown to be a significant factor, and with it the role of scientific and engineering knowledge in the working of firms has grown too. We present a model-based study of firms in which generation of new knowledge, and the application of accumulated knowledge are integral to business since these determine the range and scope of the firms' products, and also the efficiency of R&D and the production process. In our model the firm is organized as two functionally separate stages in series. Stage 1's activity is R&D which creates new concepts, methods and prototypes of products. Stage 2 deploys labor and capital, in the form of \"machines'', in production, which transforms selected outputs of Stage 1 into marketable, profitable products. New knowledge is generated from dedicated research in Stage 1 as well as by Learning-by-Doing (LbD) in both stages. Knowledge is subject to obsolescence over time. The firm's investment policy determines the allocation of funds to each stage subject to a budget constraint, operations management controls the admission of the output of Stage 1 to Stage 2, and also the combination of labor and machines in Stage 2. We analyze the interaction of these decisions, and the dynamical evolution of the knowledge stock under two management strategies. The short-term-focused, myopic strategy takes the existing knowledge stock as given, and maximizes the immediate profit. The long-term-focused strategy takes into account the future benefits of generating new knowledge in the investment decision. We use commonly-used production functions to obtain nonlinear dynamical system models, which are analyzed. We show that for both strategies the system converges to a steady-state where the knowledge stock and investment allocation remain constant over time. In numerical studies we compare the system behavior for the two strategies, and characterize their dependencies on various factors, such as the strength of the LbD effect, return on knowledge stock, and the influence of knowledge in expanding the scope and range of the firm's products.","PeriodicalId":14586,"journal":{"name":"IO: Productivity","volume":"466 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85828077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The behavior of nature at the smallest scale can be strange and counterintuitive. In addition to unique physical characteristics, quantum technology has many legal aspects. In this article, we first explain what quantum technology entails. Next, we discuss implementation and areas of application, including quantum computing, quantum sensing and the quantum internet. Through an interdisciplinary lens, we then focus on intellectual property (‘IP’), standardization, ethical, legal & social aspects (‘ELSA’) as well as horizontal & industry-specific regulation of this transformative technology.
The Quantum Age raises many legal questions. For example, which existing legislation applies to quantum technology? What types of IP rights can be vested in the components of a scalable quantum computer? Are there sufficient market-set innovation incentives for the development and dissemination of quantum software and hardware structures? Or is there a need for open source ecosystems, enrichment of the public domain and even democratization of quantum technology? Should we create global quantum safety, security and interoperability standards and make them mandatory in each area of application? In what way can quantum technology enhance artificial intelligence (‘AI’) that is legal, ethical and technically robust?
The article argues that the pervasiveness of quantum technology asks for a holistic view on a regulatory framework, that balances the interests of stakeholders and that of society at large. It demands for an agile legislative system that can adapt quickly to changing circumstances and societal needs.
How can policy makers realize these objectives and regulate quantum computing, quantum sensing and the quantum internet in a socially responsible manner? Regulation that addresses risks in a proportional manner, whilst optimizing the benefits of this cutting edge technology? Without hindering sustainable innovation, including the apportionment of rights, responsibilities and duties of care? What are the effects of standardization and certification on innovation, intellectual property, competition and market-entrance of quantum-startups?
Moreover, which culturally sensitive ethical issues play a role in these regulations? Would it be a good first step to link the governance of quantum & AI hybrids to the Trustworthy AI principles? Do quantum’s different physical properties call for additional core rules? Is it wise to embed our democratic values into the architecture of quantum systems, by way of Trustworthy Quantum Technology by Design? The article explores possible answers to these tantalizing questions.
Particles and energy at the subatomic level do not follow the same rules as the objects we can detect around us in our everyday lives. In addition to universal, overarching guiding principles of Trustworthy & Responsible Quantum Technology that are in line with the unique physical characteristics of quan
{"title":"Regulating Transformative Technology in The Quantum Age: Intellectual Property, Standardization & Sustainable Innovation","authors":"Mauritz Kop","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3653544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3653544","url":null,"abstract":"The behavior of nature at the smallest scale can be strange and counterintuitive. In addition to unique physical characteristics, quantum technology has many legal aspects. In this article, we first explain what quantum technology entails. Next, we discuss implementation and areas of application, including quantum computing, quantum sensing and the quantum internet. Through an interdisciplinary lens, we then focus on intellectual property (‘IP’), standardization, ethical, legal & social aspects (‘ELSA’) as well as horizontal & industry-specific regulation of this transformative technology.<br><br>The Quantum Age raises many legal questions. For example, which existing legislation applies to quantum technology? What types of IP rights can be vested in the components of a scalable quantum computer? Are there sufficient market-set innovation incentives for the development and dissemination of quantum software and hardware structures? Or is there a need for open source ecosystems, enrichment of the public domain and even democratization of quantum technology? Should we create global quantum safety, security and interoperability standards and make them mandatory in each area of application? In what way can quantum technology enhance artificial intelligence (‘AI’) that is legal, ethical and technically robust? <br><br>The article argues that the pervasiveness of quantum technology asks for a holistic view on a regulatory framework, that balances the interests of stakeholders and that of society at large. It demands for an agile legislative system that can adapt quickly to changing circumstances and societal needs. <br><br>How can policy makers realize these objectives and regulate quantum computing, quantum sensing and the quantum internet in a socially responsible manner? Regulation that addresses risks in a proportional manner, whilst optimizing the benefits of this cutting edge technology? Without hindering sustainable innovation, including the apportionment of rights, responsibilities and duties of care? What are the effects of standardization and certification on innovation, intellectual property, competition and market-entrance of quantum-startups?<br><br>Moreover, which culturally sensitive ethical issues play a role in these regulations? Would it be a good first step to link the governance of quantum & AI hybrids to the Trustworthy AI principles? Do quantum’s different physical properties call for additional core rules? Is it wise to embed our democratic values into the architecture of quantum systems, by way of Trustworthy Quantum Technology by Design? The article explores possible answers to these tantalizing questions.<br><br>Particles and energy at the subatomic level do not follow the same rules as the objects we can detect around us in our everyday lives. In addition to universal, overarching guiding principles of Trustworthy & Responsible Quantum Technology that are in line with the unique physical characteristics of quan","PeriodicalId":14586,"journal":{"name":"IO: Productivity","volume":"150 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91444438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper aims to analyze the matter concerning the challenges and issues in promoting “Eco-Patenting: A techno-legal weapon to mitigate climate change”. The paper broadly covers and attempts to answer the prominent questions like, what encourages green technology transfer? What is the impact of green technology on climate change? Does IP law inhibit technology transfer? What role do patents play in encouraging green technology innovation? How can compulsory licensing be used in green technology? Further, it also discusses the requirement of the de-blocking provisions and the generous experimental use clause in patent laws for encouraging improvements and know-how transfer in green technology. Furthermore, the paper elaborates on the importance of invoking compulsory licensing provisions in developing countries for ESTs in light of public health and welfare. Also, the paper mentions the use of the proposed “modified” international exhaustion principle to maintain a balance between the interest of innovators and public needs. The author proposes to build an environment in developing countries like India that can resolve the issues of climate change using the model of Eco-patenting without prejudicing the rights and interests of innovators. [enter Abstract Body]
{"title":"Challenges and Issues in Promoting 'Eco-Patenting: A Techno-Legal Weapon to Mitigate Climate Change'","authors":"K. Goyal","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3903965","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3903965","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to analyze the matter concerning the challenges and issues in promoting “Eco-Patenting: A techno-legal weapon to mitigate climate change”. The paper broadly covers and attempts to answer the prominent questions like, what encourages green technology transfer? What is the impact of green technology on climate change? Does IP law inhibit technology transfer? What role do patents play in encouraging green technology innovation? How can compulsory licensing be used in green technology? Further, it also discusses the requirement of the de-blocking provisions and the generous experimental use clause in patent laws for encouraging improvements and know-how transfer in green technology. Furthermore, the paper elaborates on the importance of invoking compulsory licensing provisions in developing countries for ESTs in light of public health and welfare. Also, the paper mentions the use of the proposed “modified” international exhaustion principle to maintain a balance between the interest of innovators and public needs. The author proposes to build an environment in developing countries like India that can resolve the issues of climate change using the model of Eco-patenting without prejudicing the rights and interests of innovators. [enter Abstract Body]","PeriodicalId":14586,"journal":{"name":"IO: Productivity","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85940308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since the liberation from the Japanese occupation in 1945, South Korea has achieved substantial improvement in the nutritional status of the population, as indicated by the increase in adult heights. Recent studies suggest that increase in local food availability was an important contributing factor of the increased heights of the individuals born prior to 1960. Besides its significance as a long-term factor of improvement in nutritional status, measuring agricultural productivity and determining its major factors in the 1960s and 1970s is an important issue in its own right given the relative size of the Korean agricultural sector at the time. However, in-depth studies on agricultural productions in the past are restricted by the shortage of micro-level data covering the periods prior the 1980s.
In this study, I collected data sources (statistical yearbooks published by each province and county) and constructed databased containing variables regarding major inputs of agricultural productions in the 1960s and 1970s. I examined how major agricultural inputs (including land, labor, agricultural machines, and chemical fertilizers) changed over time and across provinces. By linking the data on inputs with the county-level agricultural production data, I also estimated agricultural production functions, focusing on the production of rice, the most important crop in Korean agriculture.
The present study is distinct from previous studies on Korean agricultural production in several respects. First, this research investigates agricultural production in Korean prior to 1980 based on county-level data, whereas most of previous studies that looked into the period are largely based on aggregate data of the country as a whole. Secondly, this study is the first to utilize the comprehensive county-level agricultural data on both outputs and inputs that are drawn from statistical yearbooks covering the two decades from 1960 to 1980. Finally, the present studies consider a wider range of agricultural inputs than those included in previous studies, including individual machinery and chemical fertilizer.
The area planted with all food crops and the size of rice-cultivating area increased and reached the peak in the mid 1965s. Afterwards, it declined over time. During the Korean War (1950 to 1953), the cultivated area temporarily diminished perhaps due to wartime destructions. The area of arable lands considerably differed by province. During the three decades under study, the province with the largest planted area was Gyeongbuk, followed by Jeonnam and Gyeongnam. By the 1970s, Jeonnam overtook Gyeongnam at the number one province in terms of the arable land area.
The farm population sharply fell from 1949 to 1951 as a consequence of wartime deaths. After the Korean War, the farm population gradually increased until 1967, and then declined over time thereafter. During the three decades under study, the top three provinces in terms of the
{"title":"Constructing County-Level Data for Agricultural Inputs and Analyzing Agricultural Productivity, 1951-1980","authors":"C. Lee","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3693547","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3693547","url":null,"abstract":"Since the liberation from the Japanese occupation in 1945, South Korea has achieved substantial improvement in the nutritional status of the population, as indicated by the increase in adult heights. Recent studies suggest that increase in local food availability was an important contributing factor of the increased heights of the individuals born prior to 1960. Besides its significance as a long-term factor of improvement in nutritional status, measuring agricultural productivity and determining its major factors in the 1960s and 1970s is an important issue in its own right given the relative size of the Korean agricultural sector at the time. However, in-depth studies on agricultural productions in the past are restricted by the shortage of micro-level data covering the periods prior the 1980s.<br><br>In this study, I collected data sources (statistical yearbooks published by each province and county) and constructed databased containing variables regarding major inputs of agricultural productions in the 1960s and 1970s. I examined how major agricultural inputs (including land, labor, agricultural machines, and chemical fertilizers) changed over time and across provinces. By linking the data on inputs with the county-level agricultural production data, I also estimated agricultural production functions, focusing on the production of rice, the most important crop in Korean agriculture.<br><br>The present study is distinct from previous studies on Korean agricultural production in several respects. First, this research investigates agricultural production in Korean prior to 1980 based on county-level data, whereas most of previous studies that looked into the period are largely based on aggregate data of the country as a whole. Secondly, this study is the first to utilize the comprehensive county-level agricultural data on both outputs and inputs that are drawn from statistical yearbooks covering the two decades from 1960 to 1980. Finally, the present studies consider a wider range of agricultural inputs than those included in previous studies, including individual machinery and chemical fertilizer.<br><br>The area planted with all food crops and the size of rice-cultivating area increased and reached the peak in the mid 1965s. Afterwards, it declined over time. During the Korean War (1950 to 1953), the cultivated area temporarily diminished perhaps due to wartime destructions. The area of arable lands considerably differed by province. During the three decades under study, the province with the largest planted area was Gyeongbuk, followed by Jeonnam and Gyeongnam. By the 1970s, Jeonnam overtook Gyeongnam at the number one province in terms of the arable land area.<br><br>The farm population sharply fell from 1949 to 1951 as a consequence of wartime deaths. After the Korean War, the farm population gradually increased until 1967, and then declined over time thereafter. During the three decades under study, the top three provinces in terms of the ","PeriodicalId":14586,"journal":{"name":"IO: Productivity","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89902863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Innovation is vital for all organizations and is the lifeblood for their existence and growth. Ultimate aim of all Innovations are to add value for consumers. Innovation enhances the growth and survival of firms on one hand while it is a very complex and risky process, with low success rates, and sometimes-lethal effects. Innovation can be represented by the following equations Innovation = Creativity * Risk Taking Innovation = Idea Generation + Development of Concept + Implementation + Exploitation The main aim of Innovations are to add value for consumers. In order to adopt a new process, firm must utilize technological and process capabilities successfully. Innovation can be analyzed through many dimensions like the different generations and contexts. The articles traces out these generations and contexts then looks at the stage gate model of innovation and the importance of digitalization. ***************************
{"title":"Introduction to Innovation Management","authors":"Dr. Ramakrishnan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3728864","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3728864","url":null,"abstract":"Innovation is vital for all organizations and is the lifeblood for their existence and growth. Ultimate aim of all Innovations are to add value for consumers. Innovation enhances the growth and survival of firms on one hand while it is a very complex and risky process, with low success rates, and sometimes-lethal effects. Innovation can be represented by the following equations \u0000 \u0000Innovation = Creativity * Risk Taking \u0000 \u0000Innovation = Idea Generation + Development of Concept + Implementation + Exploitation \u0000 \u0000The main aim of Innovations are to add value for consumers. In order to adopt a new process, firm must utilize technological and process capabilities successfully. Innovation can be analyzed through many dimensions like the different generations and contexts. The articles traces out these generations and contexts then looks at the stage gate model of innovation and the importance of digitalization. \u0000***************************","PeriodicalId":14586,"journal":{"name":"IO: Productivity","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73867992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The blockchain technology came to light in 2008 as a decentralised peer to peer network structure, with the ability to ensure security for transactions made on bitcoin cryptocurrency, without the need of any central server to validate transactions. Although it started with the advent of cryptocurrencies,it is being used in several areas to develop different projects like electronic voting, supply chain management, banking. With its vast usage, issues arise with potential attacks on mining pools of blockchain. This paper classifies the various mining pool attacks and their existing countermeasures.
{"title":"Survey on Mining Attacks on Blockchain","authors":"D. Swapna","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3690116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3690116","url":null,"abstract":"The blockchain technology came to light in 2008 as a decentralised peer to peer network structure, with the ability to ensure security for transactions made on bitcoin cryptocurrency, without the need of any central server to validate transactions. Although it started with the advent of cryptocurrencies,it is being used in several areas to develop different projects like electronic voting, supply chain management, banking. With its vast usage, issues arise with potential attacks on mining pools of blockchain. This paper classifies the various mining pool attacks and their existing countermeasures.","PeriodicalId":14586,"journal":{"name":"IO: Productivity","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84383704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this discussion paper explains economic theory for research and development (R&D) policy. Dasgupta and Stiglitz (1980) illustrated the reasons for economic theory to be much complicated in the information field. Because economic results in an asymmetric information condition. This in turn causes a market failure. Therefore, technological policy was noted that Research and development (R&D) benefits depended on the technological opportunities. This technological condition is combined with several other structures, industries, patent laws, maintaining secrecy etc. Therefore, economic theory in the field of technology becomes more complicated. As a reason the most important concept of the economy theory engages in Research and development (R&D) because of R&D expenditure is designed to locate new or improved products and to reduce the manufacturing cost of the industry. At the same time, industrial structure determines the process of the R&D in the economy. This concept and indeed most of the theoretical investigations in recent years on the economic and technological changes have contributed to new economic trends. We called this “Positive economics”. These Positive economies are mainly oriented with research, because the Research can be described as a science that was developed to meet crucial problems. It is basically relevant to the countries engage in the R&D, to international relationships and to technological arguments. It is solely depended on the government Expenditure of the R&D. According to the empirical data shows government expenditure of the R&D in large six industrial countries in 1981, US 54%, UK 49%, France 39%, Sweden 15%, Switzerland 12%, Germany 9%, Japan 2%. These countries focus on a small number of technologies of strategic importance, primarily in aerospace, electronics, and nuclear energy. Therefore, today these countries were reached number of significant economics results and growth. In conclusion this structure of the investment in R&D yield two outcomes; research, and a higher level of intermediate skill in the working population (Human capital) . The fact that these skills are certified through a standardized system of examinations makes the internal labor market efficiency and informational efficiency of the human capital. Finally, this strong R&D policy motivated these countries to industrialize, and this process impacted on education push or countries establishing innovative education systems and rapid economic growth.
{"title":"Empirical Discussion of Economics Theory for R&D Policy in Positive Economics","authors":"K. R.A","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3687300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3687300","url":null,"abstract":"In this discussion paper explains economic theory for research and development (R&D) policy. Dasgupta and Stiglitz (1980) illustrated the reasons for economic theory to be much complicated in the information field. Because economic results in an asymmetric information condition. This in turn causes a market failure. Therefore, technological policy was noted that Research and development (R&D) benefits depended on the technological opportunities. This technological condition is combined with several other structures, industries, patent laws, maintaining secrecy etc. Therefore, economic theory in the field of technology becomes more complicated. As a reason the most important concept of the economy theory engages in Research and development (R&D) because of R&D expenditure is designed to locate new or improved products and to reduce the manufacturing cost of the industry. At the same time, industrial structure determines the process of the R&D in the economy. This concept and indeed most of the theoretical investigations in recent years on the economic and technological changes have contributed to new economic trends. We called this “Positive economics”. These Positive economies are mainly oriented with research, because the Research can be described as a science that was developed to meet crucial problems. It is basically relevant to the countries engage in the R&D, to international relationships and to technological arguments. It is solely depended on the government Expenditure of the R&D. According to the empirical data shows government expenditure of the R&D in large six industrial countries in 1981, US 54%, UK 49%, France 39%, Sweden 15%, Switzerland 12%, Germany 9%, Japan 2%. These countries focus on a small number of technologies of strategic importance, primarily in aerospace, electronics, and nuclear energy. Therefore, today these countries were reached number of significant economics results and growth. In conclusion this structure of the investment in R&D yield two outcomes; research, and a higher level of intermediate skill in the working population (Human capital) . The fact that these skills are certified through a standardized system of examinations makes the internal labor market efficiency and informational efficiency of the human capital. Finally, this strong R&D policy motivated these countries to industrialize, and this process impacted on education push or countries establishing innovative education systems and rapid economic growth.","PeriodicalId":14586,"journal":{"name":"IO: Productivity","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74011036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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