A number of researchers have developed interatomic potentials for ZnS. The choice and reliability of a particular empirical ZnS potential is highly dependent on the application that the molecular mechanic simulation aims for, and therefore each of these potentials is designed to reproduce some specific ZnS properties. Therefore, in this work we proved the feasibility of using classical atomic simulations, namely molecular dynamics and molecular statics, to study the piezoelectric properties of bulk and nanobelts ZnS structures, by utilizing the core-shell atomic potential model. After conducting MD simulations of bulk and nanobelts ZnO piezoelectric constants, utilizing reliable ZnO core-shell potentials, we report the bulk ZnS piezoelectric constants calculated using three different classical interatomic core-shell ZnS potentials; the Wright and Jackson (1995) potential, the Wright and Gale (2004) potential, and the Namsani et al. (2015) potential. The simulation results showed that the Wright and Gale (2004) ZnS potential, which includes a four-body bonded term, is the most reliable potential to be used for large-scale atomic simulation of piezoelectric response of the bulk ZnS structures. Utilizing the Wright and Gale (2004) potential, we further studied the effect of size scale effect on the piezoelectric response of ZnS nanobelts by conduction molecular dynamics simulations for six ZnS nanobelts with length of 91.75 Å and transverse size of 22.94–42.06 Å. The results showed that, as with the ZnO nanobelts, the change of piezoelectric constant decreased with the increase of the size of the ZnS nanobelts structures.
{"title":"A Molecular Dynamics Study on the Piezoelectric Properties of Bulk ZnS and Nanobelts","authors":"I. Hijazi, Rui Xie, Regis Houachissi","doi":"10.1115/imece2022-95592","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-95592","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A number of researchers have developed interatomic potentials for ZnS. The choice and reliability of a particular empirical ZnS potential is highly dependent on the application that the molecular mechanic simulation aims for, and therefore each of these potentials is designed to reproduce some specific ZnS properties. Therefore, in this work we proved the feasibility of using classical atomic simulations, namely molecular dynamics and molecular statics, to study the piezoelectric properties of bulk and nanobelts ZnS structures, by utilizing the core-shell atomic potential model. After conducting MD simulations of bulk and nanobelts ZnO piezoelectric constants, utilizing reliable ZnO core-shell potentials, we report the bulk ZnS piezoelectric constants calculated using three different classical interatomic core-shell ZnS potentials; the Wright and Jackson (1995) potential, the Wright and Gale (2004) potential, and the Namsani et al. (2015) potential. The simulation results showed that the Wright and Gale (2004) ZnS potential, which includes a four-body bonded term, is the most reliable potential to be used for large-scale atomic simulation of piezoelectric response of the bulk ZnS structures. Utilizing the Wright and Gale (2004) potential, we further studied the effect of size scale effect on the piezoelectric response of ZnS nanobelts by conduction molecular dynamics simulations for six ZnS nanobelts with length of 91.75 Å and transverse size of 22.94–42.06 Å. The results showed that, as with the ZnO nanobelts, the change of piezoelectric constant decreased with the increase of the size of the ZnS nanobelts structures.","PeriodicalId":146276,"journal":{"name":"Volume 3: Advanced Materials: Design, Processing, Characterization and Applications; Advances in Aerospace Technology","volume":"107 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116034237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Energy harvesting from vibration sources was a very promising field of research throughout the last few decades among the engineers and scientist as considering the necessity of renewable/green energy for the welfare of mankind. Unused vibration energy exists in the surrounding or machineries was always tried to be utilized. Since then, by using piezoelectric transduction, researchers started to harvest the vibration energy. However, after the invention of piezo ceramics Macro Fiber Composites (MFC) by NASA, the research in this field augmented a lot due to its high efficiency to convert mechanical strain or vibration to useful electrical power and vice versa. Apart from energy harvesting researcher concentrated to utilize this harvested energy for daily life and hence application of this harvested energy for structural health monitoring inaugurated. Recent study showed that, the vibration energy harvested from the vehicles or aerospace (UAV) structure is good enough to power its onboard structural health monitoring unit though for feeding this power to any other onboard electrical system is still challenging due to low power generation along with its random production. Moreover, Macro Fiber Composites (MFC) can be used as an actuator to change the shape of aircraft wing to enhance aerodynamic performance and hence, application of MFC for wing morphing design has become popular throughout these years. The purpose of this research work is to depict the recent progress & development that took place in the field of energy harvesting & wing morphing research using macro fiber composites and combining the existing knowledge continue the work further, the future of this harvested energy, new design concept & upcoming challenges along with its possible solution. This work investigates the different configuration of macro fiber composites (MFC) for piezoelectric energy harvesting and its contribution for wing morphing design with enhanced aerodynamics. For the first part of this work, uniform MFC configuration was modeled and built up based on the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory. When the governing differential equations of the systems were derived, by applying the harmonic base excitation, coupled vibration response and the voltage response were obtained. The prediction of the mathematical model was at first verified by unimorph MFC with a brass substrate obtained from the state of art and then validation was justified by MFC unimorph along with three different substrate materials (copper, zinc alloy & galvanized steel) and thickness for the first time in this type of research. Computational & analytical solution revealed that, among these three substrates and for same thickness, maximum peak power at resonance excitation was obtained for the copper substrate. For the second part of the study (i) computational analysis was performed and the output was compared with the real time data obtained from the wind tunnel experiment and the conclusion stood that, wi
{"title":"Energy Harvesting and Wing Morphing Design Using Piezoelectric Macro Fiber Composites","authors":"Md Saifuddin Ahmed Atique, C. Yang","doi":"10.1115/imece2022-94146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-94146","url":null,"abstract":"Energy harvesting from vibration sources was a very promising field of research throughout the last few decades among the engineers and scientist as considering the necessity of renewable/green energy for the welfare of mankind. Unused vibration energy exists in the surrounding or machineries was always tried to be utilized. Since then, by using piezoelectric transduction, researchers started to harvest the vibration energy. However, after the invention of piezo ceramics Macro Fiber Composites (MFC) by NASA, the research in this field augmented a lot due to its high efficiency to convert mechanical strain or vibration to useful electrical power and vice versa. Apart from energy harvesting researcher concentrated to utilize this harvested energy for daily life and hence application of this harvested energy for structural health monitoring inaugurated. Recent study showed that, the vibration energy harvested from the vehicles or aerospace (UAV) structure is good enough to power its onboard structural health monitoring unit though for feeding this power to any other onboard electrical system is still challenging due to low power generation along with its random production. Moreover, Macro Fiber Composites (MFC) can be used as an actuator to change the shape of aircraft wing to enhance aerodynamic performance and hence, application of MFC for wing morphing design has become popular throughout these years. The purpose of this research work is to depict the recent progress & development that took place in the field of energy harvesting & wing morphing research using macro fiber composites and combining the existing knowledge continue the work further, the future of this harvested energy, new design concept & upcoming challenges along with its possible solution. This work investigates the different configuration of macro fiber composites (MFC) for piezoelectric energy harvesting and its contribution for wing morphing design with enhanced aerodynamics. For the first part of this work, uniform MFC configuration was modeled and built up based on the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory. When the governing differential equations of the systems were derived, by applying the harmonic base excitation, coupled vibration response and the voltage response were obtained. The prediction of the mathematical model was at first verified by unimorph MFC with a brass substrate obtained from the state of art and then validation was justified by MFC unimorph along with three different substrate materials (copper, zinc alloy & galvanized steel) and thickness for the first time in this type of research. Computational & analytical solution revealed that, among these three substrates and for same thickness, maximum peak power at resonance excitation was obtained for the copper substrate. For the second part of the study (i) computational analysis was performed and the output was compared with the real time data obtained from the wind tunnel experiment and the conclusion stood that, wi","PeriodicalId":146276,"journal":{"name":"Volume 3: Advanced Materials: Design, Processing, Characterization and Applications; Advances in Aerospace Technology","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117049432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, we use extensive molecular dynamics (MD) calculations based on a highly-accurate interatomic potential to examine how hydrogen atoms impact the mechanisms behind the mobilities of edge and screw dislocations in alpha-iron (α-Fe) at a temperature ranging from 300 K to 500 K. The dislocation mobility in α-Fe is shown to be temperature and hydrogen concentration-dependent in this MD investigation. It is demonstrated from the results that hydrogen impurities that are efficient in locking dislocations exist in the form of complexes that are scattered discretely along the dislocation line and that these complexes operate as extremely effective impediments to the mobility of dislocations. The hydrogen impact on the edge dislocation motion from the dislocation velocities versus shear stress reveals that the movement of edge dislocations in α-Fe with hydrogen is much damped as the hydrogen concentration increases. Furthermore, the motion of screw dislocations in the α-Fe is by the process of kink-pair nucleation and migration. according to the simulation results, the locking mechanism of the cross-slip seen along the dislocation path is due to the strong-feature energy landscape and inherent energy fluctuation in the system, resulting in jogs formation.
{"title":"Molecular Dynamics Simulation of the Effect of Hydrogen on the Interaction Between Dislocations in Alpha-Iron","authors":"S. Oyinbo, T. Jen","doi":"10.1115/imece2022-94722","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-94722","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In this study, we use extensive molecular dynamics (MD) calculations based on a highly-accurate interatomic potential to examine how hydrogen atoms impact the mechanisms behind the mobilities of edge and screw dislocations in alpha-iron (α-Fe) at a temperature ranging from 300 K to 500 K. The dislocation mobility in α-Fe is shown to be temperature and hydrogen concentration-dependent in this MD investigation. It is demonstrated from the results that hydrogen impurities that are efficient in locking dislocations exist in the form of complexes that are scattered discretely along the dislocation line and that these complexes operate as extremely effective impediments to the mobility of dislocations. The hydrogen impact on the edge dislocation motion from the dislocation velocities versus shear stress reveals that the movement of edge dislocations in α-Fe with hydrogen is much damped as the hydrogen concentration increases. Furthermore, the motion of screw dislocations in the α-Fe is by the process of kink-pair nucleation and migration. according to the simulation results, the locking mechanism of the cross-slip seen along the dislocation path is due to the strong-feature energy landscape and inherent energy fluctuation in the system, resulting in jogs formation.","PeriodicalId":146276,"journal":{"name":"Volume 3: Advanced Materials: Design, Processing, Characterization and Applications; Advances in Aerospace Technology","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125955001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hayk Vasilyan, O. Lapuz, R. Susantyoko, Ahmad Almheiri, Mozah Alyammahi
This work proposes metamaterial with a woodpile arrangement constructed of its electrically conductive constituent material. Electromechanical response of woodpile structured metamaterials, when compressed, was experimentally studied. Specifically, when they are compressed in the stacking direction, with struts symmetrically staggered in alternating layers. Additive manufacturing has enabled the fabrication of metamaterials with tunable electromechanical properties. Herein, the structure-resistance relationship was established as a function of microstructural parameters described by the geometry of the repetitive elements of the structure, such as characteristic diameter, length, or thickness. The relationship also can be expressed in the form of relative density. We found that conductive metamaterials with staggered-woodpile architecture could effectively manipulate the electrical properties when compressed due to their local bending motions and contact between members. Such metamaterials could have high sensitivity as well as high stiffness – low sensitivity by controlling the spacing and diameter of struts. The findings from this study suggest that structured woodpile metamaterials are promising as strain sensors when mechanically implied or human-induced forces are present. When loaded at ∼3 % compressive strain, the materials appeared to have a typical transition phase from high to low resistance.
{"title":"Structure-Resistance Relationship of 3D Printed Electrically Conductive Woodpile-Structured Metamaterials","authors":"Hayk Vasilyan, O. Lapuz, R. Susantyoko, Ahmad Almheiri, Mozah Alyammahi","doi":"10.1115/imece2022-94945","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-94945","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This work proposes metamaterial with a woodpile arrangement constructed of its electrically conductive constituent material. Electromechanical response of woodpile structured metamaterials, when compressed, was experimentally studied. Specifically, when they are compressed in the stacking direction, with struts symmetrically staggered in alternating layers. Additive manufacturing has enabled the fabrication of metamaterials with tunable electromechanical properties. Herein, the structure-resistance relationship was established as a function of microstructural parameters described by the geometry of the repetitive elements of the structure, such as characteristic diameter, length, or thickness. The relationship also can be expressed in the form of relative density. We found that conductive metamaterials with staggered-woodpile architecture could effectively manipulate the electrical properties when compressed due to their local bending motions and contact between members. Such metamaterials could have high sensitivity as well as high stiffness – low sensitivity by controlling the spacing and diameter of struts. The findings from this study suggest that structured woodpile metamaterials are promising as strain sensors when mechanically implied or human-induced forces are present. When loaded at ∼3 % compressive strain, the materials appeared to have a typical transition phase from high to low resistance.","PeriodicalId":146276,"journal":{"name":"Volume 3: Advanced Materials: Design, Processing, Characterization and Applications; Advances in Aerospace Technology","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128191485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Rahman, I. Abu-Mahfouz, Amit Banerjee, Johnmark Wisniewski
One of the widely used aerospace alloys is 7075 aluminum alloy (AA) because of its high tensile and compressive strength and good response to exfoliation corrosion. A solution heat treatment followed by artificial ageing is known as T6 temper designation was initially used to obtain peak strength for 7075 AA. The artificial aging, done at 115°C to 130°C (T6 temper), increases strength of 7075 AA to a peak level then decreases, however, resistance to stress-corrosion cracking is decreased. Recent trend shows that the strength can be increased more by applying multi-stage aging process. This research focuses on the effect of multiple aging temperature, time on the mechanical properties of 7075 aluminum alloys. ASTM standard coupons were machined from an as received aluminum plate and applied different combination of RRA age treatment. The initial results on mechanical properties are reported. The maximum tensile strength obtained was over 100 ksi for a double RRA at 200°C for 10 min. The hardness was measured using a micro hardness tester. The Vickers hardness numbers were within the range in literatures.
{"title":"The Effect of Multi-Stage Age Treatment on Mechanical Properties of 7075 Al Alloy","authors":"A. Rahman, I. Abu-Mahfouz, Amit Banerjee, Johnmark Wisniewski","doi":"10.1115/imece2022-95883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-95883","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 One of the widely used aerospace alloys is 7075 aluminum alloy (AA) because of its high tensile and compressive strength and good response to exfoliation corrosion. A solution heat treatment followed by artificial ageing is known as T6 temper designation was initially used to obtain peak strength for 7075 AA. The artificial aging, done at 115°C to 130°C (T6 temper), increases strength of 7075 AA to a peak level then decreases, however, resistance to stress-corrosion cracking is decreased. Recent trend shows that the strength can be increased more by applying multi-stage aging process. This research focuses on the effect of multiple aging temperature, time on the mechanical properties of 7075 aluminum alloys. ASTM standard coupons were machined from an as received aluminum plate and applied different combination of RRA age treatment. The initial results on mechanical properties are reported. The maximum tensile strength obtained was over 100 ksi for a double RRA at 200°C for 10 min. The hardness was measured using a micro hardness tester. The Vickers hardness numbers were within the range in literatures.","PeriodicalId":146276,"journal":{"name":"Volume 3: Advanced Materials: Design, Processing, Characterization and Applications; Advances in Aerospace Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125905815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aluminium is a material of choice in the industry for numerous applications due to its excellent properties. Unfortunately, the films formed are amphoteric and break when exposed to alkali and strong acid, making aluminium corrode. Diverse techniques have been used in mitigating aluminum against corrosion; product fluid blending, upgrading materials, chemical inhibition, and process control. Among these techniques, the use of inhibitors is considered one of the cheapest and most convenient means to fight corrosion, especially in chloride environments. Several organic and inorganic inhibitors for corrosion protection processes have been utilized in the industry, unfortunately, most corrosion inhibitors used in the industry are toxic and expensive, research has recently moved in the direction of nontoxic and low-cost inhibitors. Therefore, in the present work, the corrosion inhibition of AA6063-T5 aluminium alloy in sodium chloride (3.5% wt) solution by Prunus Domestica extract was studied. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, potentiodynamic polarization, and gravimetric techniques were utilized in this study. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray techniques were employed to describe the surface morphology and elemental analysis, respectively. The results demonstrated that the presence of Prunus Domestica inhibits the corrosion of AA6063-T5 aluminium alloy with 99.01 % efficiency. The high corrosion resistance and low values of corrosion current, obtained from the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, potentiodynamic polarization, and gravimetric experiments, affirmed the adequacy of Prunus Domestica as an excellent corrosion inhibitor for AA6063-T5 aluminium alloy.
{"title":"Exploring the Potential Role of Prunus Domestica in Corrosion Inhibition of AA6063-T5 Aluminium Alloy in Sodium Chloride Media","authors":"O. Sanni, J. Ren, T. Jen","doi":"10.1115/imece2022-94911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-94911","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Aluminium is a material of choice in the industry for numerous applications due to its excellent properties. Unfortunately, the films formed are amphoteric and break when exposed to alkali and strong acid, making aluminium corrode. Diverse techniques have been used in mitigating aluminum against corrosion; product fluid blending, upgrading materials, chemical inhibition, and process control. Among these techniques, the use of inhibitors is considered one of the cheapest and most convenient means to fight corrosion, especially in chloride environments. Several organic and inorganic inhibitors for corrosion protection processes have been utilized in the industry, unfortunately, most corrosion inhibitors used in the industry are toxic and expensive, research has recently moved in the direction of nontoxic and low-cost inhibitors. Therefore, in the present work, the corrosion inhibition of AA6063-T5 aluminium alloy in sodium chloride (3.5% wt) solution by Prunus Domestica extract was studied. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, potentiodynamic polarization, and gravimetric techniques were utilized in this study. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray techniques were employed to describe the surface morphology and elemental analysis, respectively. The results demonstrated that the presence of Prunus Domestica inhibits the corrosion of AA6063-T5 aluminium alloy with 99.01 % efficiency. The high corrosion resistance and low values of corrosion current, obtained from the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, potentiodynamic polarization, and gravimetric experiments, affirmed the adequacy of Prunus Domestica as an excellent corrosion inhibitor for AA6063-T5 aluminium alloy.","PeriodicalId":146276,"journal":{"name":"Volume 3: Advanced Materials: Design, Processing, Characterization and Applications; Advances in Aerospace Technology","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131340883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thangapandian Nagamalai, R. Shanmugam, T. Murugan, M. Vinayagam, Seth Dennison
In this work, the graphene nanoplatelets were reinforced in the GFRP composites to improve their mechanical, vibrational, and flame retardant properties. Three nanocomposites plates namely G1 (GFRP+0.25 wt.% graphene), G2 (GFRP+0.5 wt.% graphene), G3 (GFRP+1 wt.% graphene), and a neat composite plate (G0) were fabricated using hand layup method followed by compression molding. The effect of graphene on the damping properties of the composites was studied by using a free vibration test. The reduction in natural frequency was witnessed in the nanocomposite material ensuring the effective interfacial bonding between the graphene and matrix. The rate of burning test results confirms that the addition of graphene resulted in improved flame retardancy due to the formation of a protective char layer. The highest tensile strength value was observed in the 0.5 wt.% graphene composites, which is ∼1.5 times higher than that of the neat composites. The strength reduction in 1 wt.% graphene composites is due to the percolation of graphene, which acts as a potential site for stress concentration. Unlike tensile strength, the shore hardness value increased with the wt.% of the graphene reinforcement. This study elaborates the synergetic effect of graphene on the mechanical and vibrational characteristics of the composites.
{"title":"A Study on the Effect of Graphene on the Vibrational and Flame Retardant Characteristics of the GFRP Composites","authors":"Thangapandian Nagamalai, R. Shanmugam, T. Murugan, M. Vinayagam, Seth Dennison","doi":"10.1115/imece2022-95066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-95066","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In this work, the graphene nanoplatelets were reinforced in the GFRP composites to improve their mechanical, vibrational, and flame retardant properties. Three nanocomposites plates namely G1 (GFRP+0.25 wt.% graphene), G2 (GFRP+0.5 wt.% graphene), G3 (GFRP+1 wt.% graphene), and a neat composite plate (G0) were fabricated using hand layup method followed by compression molding. The effect of graphene on the damping properties of the composites was studied by using a free vibration test. The reduction in natural frequency was witnessed in the nanocomposite material ensuring the effective interfacial bonding between the graphene and matrix. The rate of burning test results confirms that the addition of graphene resulted in improved flame retardancy due to the formation of a protective char layer. The highest tensile strength value was observed in the 0.5 wt.% graphene composites, which is ∼1.5 times higher than that of the neat composites. The strength reduction in 1 wt.% graphene composites is due to the percolation of graphene, which acts as a potential site for stress concentration. Unlike tensile strength, the shore hardness value increased with the wt.% of the graphene reinforcement. This study elaborates the synergetic effect of graphene on the mechanical and vibrational characteristics of the composites.","PeriodicalId":146276,"journal":{"name":"Volume 3: Advanced Materials: Design, Processing, Characterization and Applications; Advances in Aerospace Technology","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129975311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abinash Satapathy, Lakshay Battu, L. Watson, Nazanin Rajabi, Jungkyu Park
In comparison to various other materials, carbon fiber, specifically carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) remains pre-eminent amongst other materials for use on aeronautical systems. Due to its high specific strength (strength-to-weight ratio), CFRP has been able to carry heavy loads while maintaining a lightweight build. This strength and weight efficiency has allowed for commercial airplanes such as the Airbus A350 and the Boeing-787 Dreamliner to greatly outperform common aluminum frame airplanes. Despite its extraordinary strength and light weight efficiency, when influenced by heat resulting from air resistance, CFRP is known to undergo serious degradation that would significantly decrease the effectiveness of the polymers. To prevent this degradation and maintain the strength of the CFRP, thermal protective layers (TPLs) are designed to shield the CFRP from heat exposure. This research is focused on the examination of the effectiveness of TPLs, that are hybrid compositions of epoxy resins and buckypaper (carbon nanotubes) for 3K 2 × 2 twill carbon-fiber, through experimental methods. Experimental thermal analysis of the CFRP is performed at 225 °C for hot plate testing and 650 °C for heat gun testing. The results show that the addition of buckypaper in the thermal protective layer seemed to detect nearly 48°C less heat on average of the four measured intervals in hot plate tests. From heat gun tests, moreover, it was clearly seen that the carbon fiber TPL that contains the epoxy and buckypaper is dominant in terms of heat dispersion. The anisotropic thermal transport property of nanostructured carbon is expected to spread heat accumulated in hot spots efficiently, preventing the heat from being propagated into the CFRP body material. In the near future, the authors will use analytical method and FEA simulations to explain this heat dissipation phenomena.
{"title":"Novel Thermal Coating for High-Speed Airplanes","authors":"Abinash Satapathy, Lakshay Battu, L. Watson, Nazanin Rajabi, Jungkyu Park","doi":"10.1115/imece2022-95482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-95482","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In comparison to various other materials, carbon fiber, specifically carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) remains pre-eminent amongst other materials for use on aeronautical systems. Due to its high specific strength (strength-to-weight ratio), CFRP has been able to carry heavy loads while maintaining a lightweight build. This strength and weight efficiency has allowed for commercial airplanes such as the Airbus A350 and the Boeing-787 Dreamliner to greatly outperform common aluminum frame airplanes. Despite its extraordinary strength and light weight efficiency, when influenced by heat resulting from air resistance, CFRP is known to undergo serious degradation that would significantly decrease the effectiveness of the polymers. To prevent this degradation and maintain the strength of the CFRP, thermal protective layers (TPLs) are designed to shield the CFRP from heat exposure. This research is focused on the examination of the effectiveness of TPLs, that are hybrid compositions of epoxy resins and buckypaper (carbon nanotubes) for 3K 2 × 2 twill carbon-fiber, through experimental methods. Experimental thermal analysis of the CFRP is performed at 225 °C for hot plate testing and 650 °C for heat gun testing. The results show that the addition of buckypaper in the thermal protective layer seemed to detect nearly 48°C less heat on average of the four measured intervals in hot plate tests. From heat gun tests, moreover, it was clearly seen that the carbon fiber TPL that contains the epoxy and buckypaper is dominant in terms of heat dispersion. The anisotropic thermal transport property of nanostructured carbon is expected to spread heat accumulated in hot spots efficiently, preventing the heat from being propagated into the CFRP body material. In the near future, the authors will use analytical method and FEA simulations to explain this heat dissipation phenomena.","PeriodicalId":146276,"journal":{"name":"Volume 3: Advanced Materials: Design, Processing, Characterization and Applications; Advances in Aerospace Technology","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134066569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Additive manufacturing (AM) is transforming industrial production. AM can produce parts with complex geometries and functionality. However, one of the biggest challenges in the AM world is limited material options. The purpose of this research is to develop new material mixtures and determine their mechanical properties for use at the MSOE Rapid Prototyping Center and provide valuable insight into beta materials for use in AM industry. Elastomeric polyurethane (EPU 40) and Rigid polyurethane (RPU 70), resins developed by Carbon3D, are employed for this research. Initially, EPU 40 (100%) and RPU 70 (100%) were used to print tensile and hardness test specimens so that their mechanical properties could be compared to the standard values presented by Carbon3D and used as benchmarks for newly developed material. Mixtures of the two materials, EPU 40 and RPU 70, in multiple ratios were then created and used to print tensile and hardness test specimens. Data collected from tensile and hardness tests show that EPU 40 and RPU 70 can be combined in various ratios to obtain material properties that lie between the two individual components. In addition to developing these new materials, the effect of printing orientation on mechanical properties was also studied in this paper.
{"title":"Characterization of Additively Manufactured Beta Materials","authors":"Efrem Dawit Dana, S. Kumpaty, Jordan Weston","doi":"10.1115/imece2022-88301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-88301","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Additive manufacturing (AM) is transforming industrial production. AM can produce parts with complex geometries and functionality. However, one of the biggest challenges in the AM world is limited material options. The purpose of this research is to develop new material mixtures and determine their mechanical properties for use at the MSOE Rapid Prototyping Center and provide valuable insight into beta materials for use in AM industry. Elastomeric polyurethane (EPU 40) and Rigid polyurethane (RPU 70), resins developed by Carbon3D, are employed for this research. Initially, EPU 40 (100%) and RPU 70 (100%) were used to print tensile and hardness test specimens so that their mechanical properties could be compared to the standard values presented by Carbon3D and used as benchmarks for newly developed material. Mixtures of the two materials, EPU 40 and RPU 70, in multiple ratios were then created and used to print tensile and hardness test specimens. Data collected from tensile and hardness tests show that EPU 40 and RPU 70 can be combined in various ratios to obtain material properties that lie between the two individual components. In addition to developing these new materials, the effect of printing orientation on mechanical properties was also studied in this paper.","PeriodicalId":146276,"journal":{"name":"Volume 3: Advanced Materials: Design, Processing, Characterization and Applications; Advances in Aerospace Technology","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133645597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, the reduction in the entry cost of additive manufacturing has allowed for a paradigm shift in research and development methodologies worldwide. Explicitly focusing on FDM-based manufacturing and its role in the e-design process, this technology has dramatically reduced the idea to market timeframe compared to traditional manufacturing. However, the most significant drawback to this change is that these technologies are currently limited to low load and thermally static applications based on the material capabilities of many FDM machines. The exception to this rule is the few machines capable of printing with materials such as ULTEM and PEEK with thermally controlled chambers to address the above problems. Unfortunately, these machines are generally out of reach for most due to their cost and proprietary materials and software. This paper will outline the development and construction of a printer capable of working with materials at 500 degrees centigrade by utilizing a water-cooled dual extrusion system. This system will be operating inside a closed chamber capable of holding temperatures constant at 100 degrees centigrade. The entire system was manufactured for only 4% of the cost of current market offerings. The printer is based on a market available platform that has been upgraded to include a direct drive water-cooled dual extrusion head. The chamber heating is handled by a 110-volt platform that pairs with secondary heaters to control the interior temperature. The entire motion system is enclosed to control thermal swings, and all electronics are exterior mounted and cloud-based for monitoring and operation. In addition, this printer allows the fabrication of designs that produce parts that are up to six times stronger, three times more heat resilient, and three times less water absorbent. The reduction in entry cost to work with engineering-grade thermoplastics will significantly increase the adoption rate of additive manufacturing in small businesses and design shops.
{"title":"Development and Implementation of a High-Temperature FDM Machine for Additive Manufacturing of Thermoplastics","authors":"C. Billings, M. Saha, Yingtao Liu","doi":"10.1115/imece2022-94361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-94361","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In recent years, the reduction in the entry cost of additive manufacturing has allowed for a paradigm shift in research and development methodologies worldwide. Explicitly focusing on FDM-based manufacturing and its role in the e-design process, this technology has dramatically reduced the idea to market timeframe compared to traditional manufacturing. However, the most significant drawback to this change is that these technologies are currently limited to low load and thermally static applications based on the material capabilities of many FDM machines. The exception to this rule is the few machines capable of printing with materials such as ULTEM and PEEK with thermally controlled chambers to address the above problems. Unfortunately, these machines are generally out of reach for most due to their cost and proprietary materials and software. This paper will outline the development and construction of a printer capable of working with materials at 500 degrees centigrade by utilizing a water-cooled dual extrusion system. This system will be operating inside a closed chamber capable of holding temperatures constant at 100 degrees centigrade. The entire system was manufactured for only 4% of the cost of current market offerings. The printer is based on a market available platform that has been upgraded to include a direct drive water-cooled dual extrusion head. The chamber heating is handled by a 110-volt platform that pairs with secondary heaters to control the interior temperature. The entire motion system is enclosed to control thermal swings, and all electronics are exterior mounted and cloud-based for monitoring and operation. In addition, this printer allows the fabrication of designs that produce parts that are up to six times stronger, three times more heat resilient, and three times less water absorbent. The reduction in entry cost to work with engineering-grade thermoplastics will significantly increase the adoption rate of additive manufacturing in small businesses and design shops.","PeriodicalId":146276,"journal":{"name":"Volume 3: Advanced Materials: Design, Processing, Characterization and Applications; Advances in Aerospace Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130410668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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