Pub Date : 2022-09-22DOI: 10.18500/1816-9775-2022-22-3-251-261
T. Bayburdov, S. L. Shmakov
A search and analysis has been carried out of English-language 2005–2020 scientific literature devoted to methods of obtaining branched (co)polymers of acrylamide, acrylic acid and (met)acrylates in order to obtain novel materials with valuable properties. It has been found that modern methods of controlled radical polymerization are mainly used for this purpose, namely, atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT) and group transfer polymerization (GTP). In most cases, original synthesized compounds were the chain transfer agents in RAFT. Depending on the order of synthesis, a distinction is made between the “core–arms” and “arms–core” approaches. The prospects of using branched polymers of acrylamide, acrylic acid and (met)acrylates for bioconjugation, surface immobilization, tissue engineering, oil production enhancement, and flocculation are estimated.
{"title":"Modern methods of controlled radical polymerization for obtaining branched polymers of acrylamide, acrylic acid and (met)acrylates","authors":"T. Bayburdov, S. L. Shmakov","doi":"10.18500/1816-9775-2022-22-3-251-261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18500/1816-9775-2022-22-3-251-261","url":null,"abstract":"A search and analysis has been carried out of English-language 2005–2020 scientific literature devoted to methods of obtaining branched (co)polymers of acrylamide, acrylic acid and (met)acrylates in order to obtain novel materials with valuable properties. It has been found that modern methods of controlled radical polymerization are mainly used for this purpose, namely, atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT) and group transfer polymerization (GTP). In most cases, original synthesized compounds were the chain transfer agents in RAFT. Depending on the order of synthesis, a distinction is made between the “core–arms” and “arms–core” approaches. The prospects of using branched polymers of acrylamide, acrylic acid and (met)acrylates for bioconjugation, surface immobilization, tissue engineering, oil production enhancement, and flocculation are estimated.","PeriodicalId":14627,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Chemistry. Biology. Ecology","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81082287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-22DOI: 10.18500/1816-9775-2022-22-3-292-301
N. E. Markina, A. Zakharevich, A. Markin
The work describes electrochemical (EC) protocol suitable for preparation of copper electrodes which can be used as substrates in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). These SERS-active electrodes have been used for electrospectral studies based on the combination of electrochemical and SERS analysis (EC-SRS analysis). Several endogenous bodyfluid components (urea, creatinine, uric acid, bilirubin) have been selected for the study because they can significantly affect the SERS-based determination of other analytes in bodyfluids (for example, drugs). The influence of the SERS-active electrode polarization (applied potential) and the pH level of the analyte solutions on the SERS signal and current value have been investigated. The polarization values corresponded to the maximum SERS signal are observed at negative values for all analytes (below −0.2 V vs. copper pseudo-reference electrode). The maximal SERS signal has been observed for most of the analytes in a neutral medium (at the optimum polarization value of the SERS-active electrode), and the weakest signal has been in an alkaline medium. The diminishing of EC-SERS signal at high pH values is explained by deprotonation of analyte molecules that deteriorates analyte adsorption onto the negatively polarized SERS-active electrodes. Analysis of the current-voltage curves has been used to estimate the possible influence of EC changes of the studied molecules on their EC-SERS signal. The results obtained in this work will be useful for the development of EC-SERS systems suitable for the determination of various endo- and exogenous compounds in human biofluids.
本文描述了一种适合于制备铜电极的电化学(EC)方法，这种铜电极可以用作表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)的衬底。这些SERS活性电极已被用于基于电化学和SERS分析(EC-SRS分析)相结合的电谱研究。本研究选择了几种内源性体液成分(尿素、肌酐、尿酸、胆红素)，因为它们可以显著影响基于sers的体液中其他分析物(例如药物)的测定。研究了SERS活性电极极化(外加电位)和分析溶液的pH值对SERS信号和电流值的影响。所有分析物的最大SERS信号对应的极化值均为负值(低于- 0.2 V vs.铜伪参比电极)。大多数分析物在中性介质(在SERS活性电极的最佳极化值时)中SERS信号最大，在碱性介质中SERS信号最弱。高pH值下EC-SERS信号减弱的原因是分析物分子的去质子化使分析物在负极化的sers活性电极上的吸附恶化。通过分析电流-电压曲线来估计所研究分子EC变化对其EC- sers信号可能产生的影响。本工作的结果将有助于EC-SERS系统的发展，适用于测定人体生物体液中的各种内和外源性化合物。
{"title":"Electrochemical SERS study of some endogenous components of human biofluids","authors":"N. E. Markina, A. Zakharevich, A. Markin","doi":"10.18500/1816-9775-2022-22-3-292-301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18500/1816-9775-2022-22-3-292-301","url":null,"abstract":"The work describes electrochemical (EC) protocol suitable for preparation of copper electrodes which can be used as substrates in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). These SERS-active electrodes have been used for electrospectral studies based on the combination of electrochemical and SERS analysis (EC-SRS analysis). Several endogenous bodyfluid components (urea, creatinine, uric acid, bilirubin) have been selected for the study because they can significantly affect the SERS-based determination of other analytes in bodyfluids (for example, drugs). The influence of the SERS-active electrode polarization (applied potential) and the pH level of the analyte solutions on the SERS signal and current value have been investigated. The polarization values corresponded to the maximum SERS signal are observed at negative values for all analytes (below −0.2 V vs. copper pseudo-reference electrode). The maximal SERS signal has been observed for most of the analytes in a neutral medium (at the optimum polarization value of the SERS-active electrode), and the weakest signal has been in an alkaline medium. The diminishing of EC-SERS signal at high pH values is explained by deprotonation of analyte molecules that deteriorates analyte adsorption onto the negatively polarized SERS-active electrodes. Analysis of the current-voltage curves has been used to estimate the possible influence of EC changes of the studied molecules on their EC-SERS signal. The results obtained in this work will be useful for the development of EC-SERS systems suitable for the determination of various endo- and exogenous compounds in human biofluids.","PeriodicalId":14627,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Chemistry. Biology. Ecology","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81512728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-22DOI: 10.18500/1816-9775-2022-22-3-275-281
N. A. Ivantsova, E. N. Kuzin, A. A. Churina
Industrial development leads to an increasing number of persistent and highly toxic organic compounds such as phenol and formaldehyde. Chemical oxidation processes (in particular, photooxidation) are widely used for water treatment and wastewater and groundwater treatment. As part of the work done, an assessment of the possibility of using photocatalysis for post-treatment of wastewater from phenol, formaldehyde, and their mixtures has been carried out. The processes of photooxidation of formaldehyde, phenol and their mixtures in an aqueous medium under the individual and combined effects of ultraviolet radiation and titanyl sulfate have been studied. The high efficiency (up to 90%) of photocatalytic post-treatment of wastewater containing phenol and formaldehyde has been determined. It has been established that ultraviolet water treatment under static conditions can significantly reduce the concentrations of phenol and formaldehyde to the values of the discharge standard into the city water canal. It has been proven that the introduction of titanyl sulfate microadditives (homogeneous photocatalytic process) makes it possible to intensify the oxidation process, while the addition of titanium(IV) compounds, due to its chemical inertness, will not have a toxic effect on the activated sludge biocenosis. Possible intermediate products of photooxidative degradation of phenol and formaldehyde are qualitatively determined. The kinetic dependences of the oxidation of phenol, formaldehyde and their mixtures are obtained, which allow further scaling up the process of photodegradation with the introduction of homogeneous catalysts for industrial facilities into the system. The proposed post-treatment method is included in the Best Available Techniques directory and will improve environmental and industrial safety.
{"title":"Photocatalytic water purification from phenol and formaldehyde","authors":"N. A. Ivantsova, E. N. Kuzin, A. A. Churina","doi":"10.18500/1816-9775-2022-22-3-275-281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18500/1816-9775-2022-22-3-275-281","url":null,"abstract":"Industrial development leads to an increasing number of persistent and highly toxic organic compounds such as phenol and formaldehyde. Chemical oxidation processes (in particular, photooxidation) are widely used for water treatment and wastewater and groundwater treatment. As part of the work done, an assessment of the possibility of using photocatalysis for post-treatment of wastewater from phenol, formaldehyde, and their mixtures has been carried out. The processes of photooxidation of formaldehyde, phenol and their mixtures in an aqueous medium under the individual and combined effects of ultraviolet radiation and titanyl sulfate have been studied. The high efficiency (up to 90%) of photocatalytic post-treatment of wastewater containing phenol and formaldehyde has been determined. It has been established that ultraviolet water treatment under static conditions can significantly reduce the concentrations of phenol and formaldehyde to the values of the discharge standard into the city water canal. It has been proven that the introduction of titanyl sulfate microadditives (homogeneous photocatalytic process) makes it possible to intensify the oxidation process, while the addition of titanium(IV) compounds, due to its chemical inertness, will not have a toxic effect on the activated sludge biocenosis. Possible intermediate products of photooxidative degradation of phenol and formaldehyde are qualitatively determined. The kinetic dependences of the oxidation of phenol, formaldehyde and their mixtures are obtained, which allow further scaling up the process of photodegradation with the introduction of homogeneous catalysts for industrial facilities into the system. The proposed post-treatment method is included in the Best Available Techniques directory and will improve environmental and industrial safety.","PeriodicalId":14627,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Chemistry. Biology. Ecology","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79068361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-22DOI: 10.18500/1816-9775-2022-22-3-351-359
A. S. Parkhomenko, A. O. Kondratieva, A. V. Bogoslov, I. V. Shilova, A. Kashin
The article presents the results of studying the ontogenetic and vitality structure of 13 cenopopulations of Globularia bisnagarica from the Middle and Lower Volga region. The assessment of the ontogenetic structure was carried out by constructing and analyzing the ontogenetic spectra of each of the studied cenopopulations, as well as the basic ontogenetic spectrum, followed by determining the type of cenopopulations according to the “delta-omega” criterion. On the basis of morphometric parameters, the vitality indices of individuals and cenopopulations were determined, followed by the identification of vitality types and the calculation of the dimensional plasticity index. It has been established that the ontogenetic spectra of the majority of cenopopulations are complete, asymmetric, with peaks in several age groups. The basic ontogenetic spectrum is bimodal, asymmetrical, with a maximum on virginal and mature generative individuals. The majority of G. bisnagarica cenopopulations are young, being dominated by individuals of the pregenerative state. The Srg cenopopulation growing on the territory of the Samara region consisted mainly of individuals of the post-generative state. Four cenopopulations (Pch, Grm, Lhv, Bkm) turned out to be transitional, since they are dominated by generative individuals. According to the assessment of the vitality state, individuals of the middle class of vitality predominated in all the studied cenopopulations. At the same time, most of the studied cenopopulations are defined as prosperous. Likewise, only two cenopopulations: Grm and Lhv from the Ulyanovsk region were characterized as depressed. Thus, taking into account the features above, the general condition of the three cenopopulations: Srg, Grm and Lhv is assessed as unsatisfactory, which makes them the most vulnerable in the event of the impact of adverse environmental factors or an increase in anthropogenic pressure on their habitats.
{"title":"Ontogenetic and vitality structure of Globularia bisnagarica L. cenopopulations in the Middle and Lower Volga regions","authors":"A. S. Parkhomenko, A. O. Kondratieva, A. V. Bogoslov, I. V. Shilova, A. Kashin","doi":"10.18500/1816-9775-2022-22-3-351-359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18500/1816-9775-2022-22-3-351-359","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents the results of studying the ontogenetic and vitality structure of 13 cenopopulations of Globularia bisnagarica from the Middle and Lower Volga region. The assessment of the ontogenetic structure was carried out by constructing and analyzing the ontogenetic spectra of each of the studied cenopopulations, as well as the basic ontogenetic spectrum, followed by determining the type of cenopopulations according to the “delta-omega” criterion. On the basis of morphometric parameters, the vitality indices of individuals and cenopopulations were determined, followed by the identification of vitality types and the calculation of the dimensional plasticity index. It has been established that the ontogenetic spectra of the majority of cenopopulations are complete, asymmetric, with peaks in several age groups. The basic ontogenetic spectrum is bimodal, asymmetrical, with a maximum on virginal and mature generative individuals. The majority of G. bisnagarica cenopopulations are young, being dominated by individuals of the pregenerative state. The Srg cenopopulation growing on the territory of the Samara region consisted mainly of individuals of the post-generative state. Four cenopopulations (Pch, Grm, Lhv, Bkm) turned out to be transitional, since they are dominated by generative individuals. According to the assessment of the vitality state, individuals of the middle class of vitality predominated in all the studied cenopopulations. At the same time, most of the studied cenopopulations are defined as prosperous. Likewise, only two cenopopulations: Grm and Lhv from the Ulyanovsk region were characterized as depressed. Thus, taking into account the features above, the general condition of the three cenopopulations: Srg, Grm and Lhv is assessed as unsatisfactory, which makes them the most vulnerable in the event of the impact of adverse environmental factors or an increase in anthropogenic pressure on their habitats.","PeriodicalId":14627,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Chemistry. Biology. Ecology","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73862713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-22DOI: 10.18500/1816-9775-2022-22-3-302-312
Ivan A. Mukhin, Nataliya L. Bolotova, M. Y. Voronin, O. Lopicheva, Mariya D. Petukhova, Ivan S. Podol’skiy
The formation of stable periphyton communities is undesirable for all types of hydrotechnical systems, especially functioning watercooling systems. To combat the development of biological fouling in the cooling ponds of nuclear power plants bioreclamation species are widely used, which include Mozambican tilapia. It was unintentionally brought into the cooling reservoir of the Novovoronezh nuclear power plant; however, it formed a stable and numerous population there. The food base for the fish population in the cooling pond is depleted due to difficult (sometimes extreme) environmental conditions, which can lead to competition for food items. Under these conditions, tilapia switches to feeding on bacterial-algal mats, which develop abundantly in the warm-water part of the reservoir. In areas eaten by tilapia, the biomass of fouling is reduced by one and a half times and the content of mineral substances decreases. The study of the contents of the intestines of tilapia made it possible to confirm these observations, since representatives of the phytoperiphyton were found in the food bolus: cyanoprokaryotes, diatoms and green algae, for which even a taxonomic affiliation was established. The results of the research made it possible to clarify the mechanism o f integration of this southern species into the ichthyocenosis of the reservoir and its positive role in reducing biofouling.
{"title":"Mozambique Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) bacterial-algae mats in the cooling pool of Novovoronezh NPP nutrition","authors":"Ivan A. Mukhin, Nataliya L. Bolotova, M. Y. Voronin, O. Lopicheva, Mariya D. Petukhova, Ivan S. Podol’skiy","doi":"10.18500/1816-9775-2022-22-3-302-312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18500/1816-9775-2022-22-3-302-312","url":null,"abstract":"The formation of stable periphyton communities is undesirable for all types of hydrotechnical systems, especially functioning watercooling systems. To combat the development of biological fouling in the cooling ponds of nuclear power plants bioreclamation species are widely used, which include Mozambican tilapia. It was unintentionally brought into the cooling reservoir of the Novovoronezh nuclear power plant; however, it formed a stable and numerous population there. The food base for the fish population in the cooling pond is depleted due to difficult (sometimes extreme) environmental conditions, which can lead to competition for food items. Under these conditions, tilapia switches to feeding on bacterial-algal mats, which develop abundantly in the warm-water part of the reservoir. In areas eaten by tilapia, the biomass of fouling is reduced by one and a half times and the content of mineral substances decreases. The study of the contents of the intestines of tilapia made it possible to confirm these observations, since representatives of the phytoperiphyton were found in the food bolus: cyanoprokaryotes, diatoms and green algae, for which even a taxonomic affiliation was established. The results of the research made it possible to clarify the mechanism o f integration of this southern species into the ichthyocenosis of the reservoir and its positive role in reducing biofouling.","PeriodicalId":14627,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Chemistry. Biology. Ecology","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83200553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-22DOI: 10.18500/1816-9775-2022-22-3-267-274
The relevance of this study is due to the need to develop methods for the extraction and quantitative determination of higher carboxylic acids in fish. In this work, we propose a simple, inexpensive, and highly sensitive extraction-photometric technique for the selective determination of the total content of fatty acids. This technique is selective and is based on the quantitative extraction into the organic phase of ionic associates of the cationic dye pyronin G (Y) with highly hydrophobic carboxylic acids and seems promising for the quantitative determination of the fatty carboxylic acids in fish. Considerable attention is paid to the sample preparation, which is the most important stage of analysis, since the work is carried out with a natural sample that has a complex composition. The technique has been tested on real objects, also using this technique, a directly proportional dependence of the concentration of higher carboxylic acids in fish on the storage time has been obtained. It has been established that the heptane/iso-propanol system is the most effective for the extraction of higher carboxylic acids. The limit of detection of higher carboxylic acids by the extraction-photometric method using the cationic dye pyronin G(Y) in fish is 4,4 10-7 M. The results obtained allow us to state that the developed method can be used to determine the freshness of fish.
本研究的相关性是由于需要开发鱼类中高羧酸的提取和定量测定方法。在这项工作中，我们提出了一种简单，廉价，高灵敏度的提取光度法技术，用于选择性测定脂肪酸的总含量。该技术是选择性的，基于将阳离子染料pyronin G (Y)与高疏水性羧酸的离子缔合物定量提取到有机相中，似乎有望用于鱼中脂肪羧酸的定量测定。相当多的注意力放在样品制备上，这是分析中最重要的阶段，因为这项工作是用具有复杂成分的天然样品进行的。该技术已在实物上进行了测试，同样使用该技术，获得了鱼中较高羧酸的浓度与储存时间成正比关系。庚烷/异丙醇体系是萃取高羧酸最有效的体系。用阳离子染料pyronin G(Y)提取光度法对鱼中较高羧酸的检出限为4、4 ~ 7 m，结果表明该方法可用于鱼的新鲜度测定。
{"title":"Application of cationic dye pyronin G (Y) for quantitative extraction-photometric determination of higher carboxylic acids in fish","authors":"","doi":"10.18500/1816-9775-2022-22-3-267-274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18500/1816-9775-2022-22-3-267-274","url":null,"abstract":"The relevance of this study is due to the need to develop methods for the extraction and quantitative determination of higher carboxylic acids in fish. In this work, we propose a simple, inexpensive, and highly sensitive extraction-photometric technique for the selective determination of the total content of fatty acids. This technique is selective and is based on the quantitative extraction into the organic phase of ionic associates of the cationic dye pyronin G (Y) with highly hydrophobic carboxylic acids and seems promising for the quantitative determination of the fatty carboxylic acids in fish. Considerable attention is paid to the sample preparation, which is the most important stage of analysis, since the work is carried out with a natural sample that has a complex composition. The technique has been tested on real objects, also using this technique, a directly proportional dependence of the concentration of higher carboxylic acids in fish on the storage time has been obtained. It has been established that the heptane/iso-propanol system is the most effective for the extraction of higher carboxylic acids. The limit of detection of higher carboxylic acids by the extraction-photometric method using the cationic dye pyronin G(Y) in fish is 4,4 10-7 M. The results obtained allow us to state that the developed method can be used to determine the freshness of fish.","PeriodicalId":14627,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Chemistry. Biology. Ecology","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91116083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-22DOI: 10.18500/1816-9775-2022-22-3-331-336
S. Vorobeva, A. V. Gaeva, O. S. Durakova, A. Kritsky, O. Gromova, O. A. Volokh
Cultivation of production strains of Vibrio cholerae is one of the most important stages in the production of cholera bivalent chemical vaccines. In the production of immunobiological preparations, it is necessary to use producer strains with stable properties that persist in a number of generations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of the ctxA gene using molecular genetic methods of the V. cholerae 569B producing strain. By PCR with electrophoretic accounting of the results, the presence of this strain of the ctxA gene in the chromosome was established. The expression of this gene in all hourly samples of culture fluid was recorded by the method of PCR with reverse transcription, taking into account the results in real time and digital drip PCR. Immunochemical methods confirmed the presence of cholera toxin in the samples, with a maximum mark at the ninth hour, which corresponded to the maximum indicators of the “concentration of microbial cells”. Thus, molecular genetic methods have shown the stability of the production strain V. cholerae 569B in samples of 4 independent cultivations.
{"title":"Evaluation of ctxA gene expression of Vibrio cholerae strain 569B in the production of cholera vaccine","authors":"S. Vorobeva, A. V. Gaeva, O. S. Durakova, A. Kritsky, O. Gromova, O. A. Volokh","doi":"10.18500/1816-9775-2022-22-3-331-336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18500/1816-9775-2022-22-3-331-336","url":null,"abstract":"Cultivation of production strains of Vibrio cholerae is one of the most important stages in the production of cholera bivalent chemical vaccines. In the production of immunobiological preparations, it is necessary to use producer strains with stable properties that persist in a number of generations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of the ctxA gene using molecular genetic methods of the V. cholerae 569B producing strain. By PCR with electrophoretic accounting of the results, the presence of this strain of the ctxA gene in the chromosome was established. The expression of this gene in all hourly samples of culture fluid was recorded by the method of PCR with reverse transcription, taking into account the results in real time and digital drip PCR. Immunochemical methods confirmed the presence of cholera toxin in the samples, with a maximum mark at the ninth hour, which corresponded to the maximum indicators of the “concentration of microbial cells”. Thus, molecular genetic methods have shown the stability of the production strain V. cholerae 569B in samples of 4 independent cultivations.","PeriodicalId":14627,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Chemistry. Biology. Ecology","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89283134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-22DOI: 10.18500/1816-9775-2022-22-3-244-250
Olga A. Amalʼchieva, V. Grinev, I. A. Demeshko, A. Yegorova
Reactions of 4-oxobutanoic acids as well as their cyclic analogues 3H-furan-2-ones with 1,3-binucleophilic reagent (2-aminophenyl) methanol lead to the formation of 1-R-5H-benzo[d]pyrrolo[2,1-b][1,3]oxazines and 3a-R-2,3,3a-trihydro-5H-benzo[d]pyrrolo[2,1-b][1,3]oxazin- 1-ones, respectively. Quantum-chemical calculations of the Fukui reactivity indices and local hardness have substantiated the mechanisms of the reactions carried out. According to the calculated values of the Fukui indices, in the (2-aminophenyl)methanol molecule, compared to the hydroxyl, the amino group has a higher nucleophilicity, which suggests that its initial nucleophilic attack on the electrophilic centers of the substrates is more probable. According to the calculations, the carbonyl carbon atoms in the molecules of 3H-furan-2-ones have much more pronounced local hardness compared to both carbonyl carbon atoms of 4-oxo acids, which suggests an initial attack by a harder nucleophilic center, the hydroxyl group of 2-(aminophenyl)methanol. Thus, it has been shown that the structure of the formed benzopyrroloxazine(one)s depends on the studied substrate.
4-氧丁酸及其环类似物3h -呋喃-2-酮与1,3-二亲核试剂(2-氨基苯基)甲醇反应，分别生成1- r - 5h -苯并[d]吡咯[2,1-b][1,3]恶嗪和3- r -2,3,3 -三氢- 5h -苯并[d]吡咯[2,1-b][1,3]恶嗪- 1-酮。福井反应指数和局部硬度的量子化学计算证实了所进行反应的机理。根据Fukui指数的计算值，在(2-氨基苯基)甲醇分子中，与羟基相比，氨基具有更高的亲核性，这表明它更有可能对底物的亲电中心进行初始亲核攻击。根据计算，3h -呋喃-2-酮分子中的羰基碳原子比4-氧基酸的羰基碳原子具有更明显的局部硬度，这表明2-(氨基苯基)甲醇的羟基是一个更硬的亲核中心的初始攻击。由此可见，形成的苯并吡咯氯嗪的结构取决于所研究的底物。
{"title":"Interaction of 3H-furan-2-ones and 4-oxobutanoic acids with 2-(aminophenyl)methanol","authors":"Olga A. Amalʼchieva, V. Grinev, I. A. Demeshko, A. Yegorova","doi":"10.18500/1816-9775-2022-22-3-244-250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18500/1816-9775-2022-22-3-244-250","url":null,"abstract":"Reactions of 4-oxobutanoic acids as well as their cyclic analogues 3H-furan-2-ones with 1,3-binucleophilic reagent (2-aminophenyl) methanol lead to the formation of 1-R-5H-benzo[d]pyrrolo[2,1-b][1,3]oxazines and 3a-R-2,3,3a-trihydro-5H-benzo[d]pyrrolo[2,1-b][1,3]oxazin- 1-ones, respectively. Quantum-chemical calculations of the Fukui reactivity indices and local hardness have substantiated the mechanisms of the reactions carried out. According to the calculated values of the Fukui indices, in the (2-aminophenyl)methanol molecule, compared to the hydroxyl, the amino group has a higher nucleophilicity, which suggests that its initial nucleophilic attack on the electrophilic centers of the substrates is more probable. According to the calculations, the carbonyl carbon atoms in the molecules of 3H-furan-2-ones have much more pronounced local hardness compared to both carbonyl carbon atoms of 4-oxo acids, which suggests an initial attack by a harder nucleophilic center, the hydroxyl group of 2-(aminophenyl)methanol. Thus, it has been shown that the structure of the formed benzopyrroloxazine(one)s depends on the studied substrate.","PeriodicalId":14627,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Chemistry. Biology. Ecology","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89804355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-22DOI: 10.18500/1816-9775-2022-22-3-282-291
I. Garkushin, O. Lavrenteva, A. Shterenberg
The construction of a phases tree of a ternary system with three binary compounds KCaCl3, K2BaCl4, CaBaCl4 is given. The phase tree includes four secondary phase triangles CaCl2–KCaCl3–СаBaCl4, CaBaCl4–KCaCl3–BaCl2, KCaCl3–BaCl2–K2BaCl4 and KCaCl3–CaBaCl4–KCl. These triangles are connected by three stable secants KCaCl3–СаBaCl4, KCaCl3–BaCl2, KCaCl3–K2BaCl4. Crystallizing phases in stable and secant elements correspond to the simplex tops. The presence of binary compounds on adjacent sides of the composition triangle made it possible to reveal, in addition to addition reactions, the reactions of mutual exchange. The description of the main reactions for mixtures corresponding to the intersection points of unstable and stable secants is carried out. The possibility of these reactions has been confirmed by thermodynamic calculation of thermal effects and Gibbs energies for standard conditions. Using the constructed tree of phases for any mixtures in a triangle of compositions, including 2...6 salts, a description of the chemical interaction by the ion balance method is carried out. The ion balance method allows you to determine the final composition after reaction in a secant or stable element. Complex gross-reactions are presented as a set of simpler reaction equations. The proposed method for description the chemical interaction can be used for other types of ternary systems with exchange reactions (metathesis) – with ion-exchange processes and with displacement reactions.
{"title":"Phase tree, forecast of crystallizing phases and description of chemical interaction in the system KCl–CaCl2–BaCl2","authors":"I. Garkushin, O. Lavrenteva, A. Shterenberg","doi":"10.18500/1816-9775-2022-22-3-282-291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18500/1816-9775-2022-22-3-282-291","url":null,"abstract":"The construction of a phases tree of a ternary system with three binary compounds KCaCl3, K2BaCl4, CaBaCl4 is given. The phase tree includes four secondary phase triangles CaCl2–KCaCl3–СаBaCl4, CaBaCl4–KCaCl3–BaCl2, KCaCl3–BaCl2–K2BaCl4 and KCaCl3–CaBaCl4–KCl. These triangles are connected by three stable secants KCaCl3–СаBaCl4, KCaCl3–BaCl2, KCaCl3–K2BaCl4. Crystallizing phases in stable and secant elements correspond to the simplex tops. The presence of binary compounds on adjacent sides of the composition triangle made it possible to reveal, in addition to addition reactions, the reactions of mutual exchange. The description of the main reactions for mixtures corresponding to the intersection points of unstable and stable secants is carried out. The possibility of these reactions has been confirmed by thermodynamic calculation of thermal effects and Gibbs energies for standard conditions. Using the constructed tree of phases for any mixtures in a triangle of compositions, including 2...6 salts, a description of the chemical interaction by the ion balance method is carried out. The ion balance method allows you to determine the final composition after reaction in a secant or stable element. Complex gross-reactions are presented as a set of simpler reaction equations. The proposed method for description the chemical interaction can be used for other types of ternary systems with exchange reactions (metathesis) – with ion-exchange processes and with displacement reactions.","PeriodicalId":14627,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Chemistry. Biology. Ecology","volume":"2010 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86311475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-22DOI: 10.18500/1816-9775-2022-22-3-313-330
O. V. Sedova, V. A. Boldyrev
Water plants and coastal riparian plants are an integral part of the habitat forming component of water ecosystems in Saratov region. This article gives a review of long-term research of flora in many water reservoirs and water streams of the Saratov region. The analysis of literature in its historical aspect showed that the degree of scientific knowledge about water flora in the Saratov region is still insufficient despite multiple research projects conducted at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st centuries. At the moment some research is being conducted concerning the inventory and monitoring of flora and plants in the water reservoirs and water streams of the Saratov region. In this work a complete list of water plants and coastal riparian plants is represented. The flora of water vascular plants contains 103 types (including hybrids) of 54 species, 32 plant families and 3 plant divisions. The leading plant families are Potamogetonaceae, Cyperaceae, Typhaceae and Poaceae. The most widespread species are Potamogeton represented by 18 types and 3 hybrids (13 % of all flora). Multi-species are Typha, Carex, Scirpus and Lemna. To identify the proportion of water species in flora of water streams and water reservoirs, the hydrofitness index IHg was used. It showed that the most diverse water flora exist in the Volgograd water reservoir and lakes. In ponds and oxbow lakes coastal plants play an essential role which can be explained by fluctuations in the levels of these water bodies. In water reservoirs and streams of the Saratov region the most highly active ones are Phragmites australis Potamogeton pectinatus, Typha angustifolia, Nuphar lutea, Sparganium erectum. The percentage of active types makes up only 5 % of all water flora. Among registered vascular plants 30 types are included in the Red Book of endangered species of the Saratov region. In the researched flora 9 invasive species were detected, such as Bidens frondosa, Elodea canadensis, Zizania latifolia, Typha laxmannii, Acorus calamus, Hydrilla verticillata, Vallisneria spiralis, Lemna gibba, Lemna minuta.
{"title":"Flora of water bodies and streams in Saratov region: The history of research and the current status","authors":"O. V. Sedova, V. A. Boldyrev","doi":"10.18500/1816-9775-2022-22-3-313-330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18500/1816-9775-2022-22-3-313-330","url":null,"abstract":"Water plants and coastal riparian plants are an integral part of the habitat forming component of water ecosystems in Saratov region. This article gives a review of long-term research of flora in many water reservoirs and water streams of the Saratov region. The analysis of literature in its historical aspect showed that the degree of scientific knowledge about water flora in the Saratov region is still insufficient despite multiple research projects conducted at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st centuries. At the moment some research is being conducted concerning the inventory and monitoring of flora and plants in the water reservoirs and water streams of the Saratov region. In this work a complete list of water plants and coastal riparian plants is represented. The flora of water vascular plants contains 103 types (including hybrids) of 54 species, 32 plant families and 3 plant divisions. The leading plant families are Potamogetonaceae, Cyperaceae, Typhaceae and Poaceae. The most widespread species are Potamogeton represented by 18 types and 3 hybrids (13 % of all flora). Multi-species are Typha, Carex, Scirpus and Lemna. To identify the proportion of water species in flora of water streams and water reservoirs, the hydrofitness index IHg was used. It showed that the most diverse water flora exist in the Volgograd water reservoir and lakes. In ponds and oxbow lakes coastal plants play an essential role which can be explained by fluctuations in the levels of these water bodies. In water reservoirs and streams of the Saratov region the most highly active ones are Phragmites australis Potamogeton pectinatus, Typha angustifolia, Nuphar lutea, Sparganium erectum. The percentage of active types makes up only 5 % of all water flora. Among registered vascular plants 30 types are included in the Red Book of endangered species of the Saratov region. In the researched flora 9 invasive species were detected, such as Bidens frondosa, Elodea canadensis, Zizania latifolia, Typha laxmannii, Acorus calamus, Hydrilla verticillata, Vallisneria spiralis, Lemna gibba, Lemna minuta.","PeriodicalId":14627,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Chemistry. Biology. Ecology","volume":"89 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76695223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：