Pub Date : 2023-06-21DOI: 10.18500/1816-9775-2023-23-2-166-174
S. A. Pidenko, L. Lovtsova
One of the modern approaches to solving environmental problems of accumulation and deposition of production and consumption waste is the implementation of “green economy” and “closed cycle” economy models. This approach makes it possible to increase the resource utilization rate and reduce the negative impact on the environment. The study of the possibility of joint disposal of waste from various industries, for example agricultural and industrial waste, is promising in this area. The analysis of the current state of work in this direction is carried out, using the example of the possibilities of joint utilization of phosphogypsum and organic waste. A new eco-friendly approach to the utilization of a large-tonnage secondary material resource – phosphogypsum together with organic waste is proposed. Phosphogypsum acts as a matrix for the production of complex organomineral fertilizers and meliorants of complex composition, the introduction of the organic component of fertilizers is carried out in the finished and neutralized liquid phase. Agricultural waste, municipal waste, s ewage sludge can be the raw materials for the organic component. The effectiveness of the complex organomineral fertilizer an d meliorant based on phosphogypsum (90% by weight) and the liquid fertilizer “Rabiol” with the inclusion of a highly selective sorbent based on molecular imprinted polymers to imazamox, a resistant herbicide of the imidazolinone class, is shown.
{"title":"Complex organomineral fertilizers and meliorants – a new eco-friendly approach to phosphogypsum utilization","authors":"S. A. Pidenko, L. Lovtsova","doi":"10.18500/1816-9775-2023-23-2-166-174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18500/1816-9775-2023-23-2-166-174","url":null,"abstract":"One of the modern approaches to solving environmental problems of accumulation and deposition of production and consumption waste is the implementation of “green economy” and “closed cycle” economy models. This approach makes it possible to increase the resource utilization rate and reduce the negative impact on the environment. The study of the possibility of joint disposal of waste from various industries, for example agricultural and industrial waste, is promising in this area. The analysis of the current state of work in this direction is carried out, using the example of the possibilities of joint utilization of phosphogypsum and organic waste. A new eco-friendly approach to the utilization of a large-tonnage secondary material resource – phosphogypsum together with organic waste is proposed. Phosphogypsum acts as a matrix for the production of complex organomineral fertilizers and meliorants of complex composition, the introduction of the organic component of fertilizers is carried out in the finished and neutralized liquid phase. Agricultural waste, municipal waste, s ewage sludge can be the raw materials for the organic component. The effectiveness of the complex organomineral fertilizer an d meliorant based on phosphogypsum (90% by weight) and the liquid fertilizer “Rabiol” with the inclusion of a highly selective sorbent based on molecular imprinted polymers to imazamox, a resistant herbicide of the imidazolinone class, is shown.","PeriodicalId":14627,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Chemistry. Biology. Ecology","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88001326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-21DOI: 10.18500/1816-9775-2023-23-2-175-184
S. Borisova, V. Sorokin, I. Klochkova
The reaction of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition azomethine ylides obtained by the in situ interaction of 11H-indeno[1,2-b]quinoxalin-11-one and proline, and 3-phenyl-1-pyrrolyl-2-en-1-ones has been used for the synthesis of substituted spiropyrrolizidines in continuation of the study the use of new enones as dipolarophiles. The conditions for the implementation of a three-component synthesis (temperature regime, solvent, activation method) are selected. The best performance has been obtained by refluxing the reaction mixture in ethanol. Ultrasonic activation did not reduce the reaction time or increase the yields significantly. The reaction proceeds regio- and diastereoselectively with the formation of a single type of products in 72–76% yields. It has been found that carrying out the process in the mode of a four-component reaction using ninhydrin and 1,2-phenylphamine, the reaction product of which is 11H-indeno[1,2-b]quinoxalin-11-one, with the selected dipolarophile is impossible due to the formation of ninhydrin azomethine ylide and proline and its interaction with a dipolarophile to give substituted spiro[indene-2,3’- pyrrolysine]-1,3-diones, which has been proven by a counter synthesis using enone, ninhydrin and proline, which also results in the same type products with yields of 89–92%. A probable scheme of the studied transformations is proposed. Regio- and diastereoselectivity testifies in favor of concerted cycloaddition, passing in both cases through a transition state in which a bond is formed between the most electrophilic β-carbon atom of the enone system and the nucleophilic carbon atom of the dipole. The reasons for the observed features are discussed. The composition and structure of the final products have been confirmed by elemental analysis, 1Н, 13С NMR, HMBC, NOESY spectroscopy. The resulting compounds contain pharmacophoric quinoxaline and pyrrole fragments and can be used to study various types of biological activity characteristic of structures with similar fragments.
{"title":"Synthesis of spiropyrrolizidines containing quinoxaline and pyrrole fragments","authors":"S. Borisova, V. Sorokin, I. Klochkova","doi":"10.18500/1816-9775-2023-23-2-175-184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18500/1816-9775-2023-23-2-175-184","url":null,"abstract":"The reaction of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition azomethine ylides obtained by the in situ interaction of 11H-indeno[1,2-b]quinoxalin-11-one and proline, and 3-phenyl-1-pyrrolyl-2-en-1-ones has been used for the synthesis of substituted spiropyrrolizidines in continuation of the study the use of new enones as dipolarophiles. The conditions for the implementation of a three-component synthesis (temperature regime, solvent, activation method) are selected. The best performance has been obtained by refluxing the reaction mixture in ethanol. Ultrasonic activation did not reduce the reaction time or increase the yields significantly. The reaction proceeds regio- and diastereoselectively with the formation of a single type of products in 72–76% yields. It has been found that carrying out the process in the mode of a four-component reaction using ninhydrin and 1,2-phenylphamine, the reaction product of which is 11H-indeno[1,2-b]quinoxalin-11-one, with the selected dipolarophile is impossible due to the formation of ninhydrin azomethine ylide and proline and its interaction with a dipolarophile to give substituted spiro[indene-2,3’- pyrrolysine]-1,3-diones, which has been proven by a counter synthesis using enone, ninhydrin and proline, which also results in the same type products with yields of 89–92%. A probable scheme of the studied transformations is proposed. Regio- and diastereoselectivity testifies in favor of concerted cycloaddition, passing in both cases through a transition state in which a bond is formed between the most electrophilic β-carbon atom of the enone system and the nucleophilic carbon atom of the dipole. The reasons for the observed features are discussed. The composition and structure of the final products have been confirmed by elemental analysis, 1Н, 13С NMR, HMBC, NOESY spectroscopy. The resulting compounds contain pharmacophoric quinoxaline and pyrrole fragments and can be used to study various types of biological activity characteristic of structures with similar fragments.","PeriodicalId":14627,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Chemistry. Biology. Ecology","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86825227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-21DOI: 10.18500/1816-9775-2023-23-2-219-226
A. Sazhnev
The beetle community (Coleoptera) on the flowers of the dandelion Taraxacum officinale (Yaroslavl Region, Borok vill.) during its “spring” flowering (05/17/2022 – 06/14/2022) is represented by 28 species from 13 families. The community has a pronounced anthophilic aspect and includes mainly pollinophages and nectarophages (Elateridae, Nitidulidae, Byturidae, Phalacridae, and Oedemeridae). Two species of beetles, Olibrusbicolor and Glocianus punctiger, develop on the dandelion. During the peak of the “spring” flowering of the dandelion, the community of flower – visiting beetles ) is polydominantic, and included species that feed on dandelions after wintering (Kateretidae, Nitidulidae, some Chrysomelidae, etc.). At the end of the flowering of Taraxacum officinale, the species diversity of adult beetles decreases and is almost completely (by number) replaced by the specimens of summer species Byturus ochraceus, which becomes superdominant (76.74–99.77%).
{"title":"Anthophilous beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera) of dandelion cenopopulations (Taraxacum officinale) during its “spring” flowering period in the Yaroslavl Region","authors":"A. Sazhnev","doi":"10.18500/1816-9775-2023-23-2-219-226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18500/1816-9775-2023-23-2-219-226","url":null,"abstract":"The beetle community (Coleoptera) on the flowers of the dandelion Taraxacum officinale (Yaroslavl Region, Borok vill.) during its “spring” flowering (05/17/2022 – 06/14/2022) is represented by 28 species from 13 families. The community has a pronounced anthophilic aspect and includes mainly pollinophages and nectarophages (Elateridae, Nitidulidae, Byturidae, Phalacridae, and Oedemeridae). Two species of beetles, Olibrusbicolor and Glocianus punctiger, develop on the dandelion. During the peak of the “spring” flowering of the dandelion, the community of flower – visiting beetles ) is polydominantic, and included species that feed on dandelions after wintering (Kateretidae, Nitidulidae, some Chrysomelidae, etc.). At the end of the flowering of Taraxacum officinale, the species diversity of adult beetles decreases and is almost completely (by number) replaced by the specimens of summer species Byturus ochraceus, which becomes superdominant (76.74–99.77%).","PeriodicalId":14627,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Chemistry. Biology. Ecology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86838203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-21DOI: 10.18500/1816-9775-2023-23-2-209-218
E. V. Chernyaeva, Alyona E. Zhuravleva, V. Viktorov, Vladimir S. Konichev, Grigory M. Kozlenkov
This abstract presents the results of screening for allelopathic activity of three pairs “aboriginal-exotic” of comparison species of herbs, including invasive species, systematically related at the level of the genus. It was shown that a 1% leaf extract of Solidago virgaurea and S. canadensis, Pulmonaria obscura and P. saccharata, Veronica serpyllifolia and V. filiformis had a similar or equal inhibitory effect on the germination and growth of test-plant roots in biotests owing to its chemosystematic correlation. Extracts of Solidago and Pulmonaria species slowed down the rate of germination and root growth by 1.5–2 times lower than the control. In the Salidago sp. experiment options the dynamics of the processes developed according to the type of stress-reaction. The absolute rate of root growth at the exponential stage differed twice in the Solidago sp. options: 16.8±0.43 and 8.99±0.23 mm/day in native and exotic specie, respectively. The total germination was close to or equal to the control level. In a comparison pair Pulmonaria sp. germination decreased by 58.66 and 43.5%. V. filiformis extract inhibited germination by 24.4% more than the native species. Extracts 0.05% extracts of Solidago sp. had no effect, P. saccharata and V. filiformis extracts caused the effects of hormesis. P. saccharate option produced an – acceleration of the absolute and relative root growth rate of the test-plants by two times, exceeding the total length of the roots by half compared to the control and the native species. In the V. filiformis option, the rates of germination and root growth was inhibited by 24.7 and 50.2% of the values of the paired species, respectively. The comparative method increases the level of analysis of bioassay data, allows for a deeper study of the specifics of test-plants reactions, and allows the evaluation of the modes of action of allelochemics.
{"title":"On the importance of chemosystematic correlation in the study of the allelopathic potential of congeneric native and exotic species of herbs","authors":"E. V. Chernyaeva, Alyona E. Zhuravleva, V. Viktorov, Vladimir S. Konichev, Grigory M. Kozlenkov","doi":"10.18500/1816-9775-2023-23-2-209-218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18500/1816-9775-2023-23-2-209-218","url":null,"abstract":"This abstract presents the results of screening for allelopathic activity of three pairs “aboriginal-exotic” of comparison species of herbs, including invasive species, systematically related at the level of the genus. It was shown that a 1% leaf extract of Solidago virgaurea and S. canadensis, Pulmonaria obscura and P. saccharata, Veronica serpyllifolia and V. filiformis had a similar or equal inhibitory effect on the germination and growth of test-plant roots in biotests owing to its chemosystematic correlation. Extracts of Solidago and Pulmonaria species slowed down the rate of germination and root growth by 1.5–2 times lower than the control. In the Salidago sp. experiment options the dynamics of the processes developed according to the type of stress-reaction. The absolute rate of root growth at the exponential stage differed twice in the Solidago sp. options: 16.8±0.43 and 8.99±0.23 mm/day in native and exotic specie, respectively. The total germination was close to or equal to the control level. In a comparison pair Pulmonaria sp. germination decreased by 58.66 and 43.5%. V. filiformis extract inhibited germination by 24.4% more than the native species. Extracts 0.05% extracts of Solidago sp. had no effect, P. saccharata and V. filiformis extracts caused the effects of hormesis. P. saccharate option produced an – acceleration of the absolute and relative root growth rate of the test-plants by two times, exceeding the total length of the roots by half compared to the control and the native species. In the V. filiformis option, the rates of germination and root growth was inhibited by 24.7 and 50.2% of the values of the paired species, respectively. The comparative method increases the level of analysis of bioassay data, allows for a deeper study of the specifics of test-plants reactions, and allows the evaluation of the modes of action of allelochemics.","PeriodicalId":14627,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Chemistry. Biology. Ecology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89589388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-21DOI: 10.18500/1816-9775-2023-23-2-197-208
A. S. Parkhomenko, U. Kuzmina, K. Musin, Savelii F. Efimenko, V. Epifanov, A. Kashin
Preliminary data on the genome size of representatives of the genus Chondrilla (Asteraceae) of European Russia and Western Kazakhstan were obtained using flow cytometry. Among all studied specimens of the genus, for specimens of C. ambigua and C. pauciflora, a direct dependence of the genome size on the number of chromosomes was established. In our study, the DNA content of the diploid C. ambigua was 2С = 1.69 pg, and that of the triploid C. pauciflora was 2С = 2.65 pg. 2С values are within 2.29–2.69 pg in most specimens of the genus Chondrilla (typical for 13 out of 23 specimens) belonging to the following taxa: C. paucifora, C. laticoronata, C. brevirostris, C. canescens, C. graminea, C. latifolia, C. juncea. Most likely, they are triploids, and in many cases with a number of chromosomes deviating from a multiple of the main number of chromosomes. The C. latifolia sample from the population of the Kamyshinsky district of the Volgograd region showed two peaks on the histogram of the relative fluorescence intensity, corresponding to two values of the relative DNA content, 1.68 and 2.58 pg, i.e. it turned out to be a mixoploid with two levels of ploidy (2n = 2x = 10 and 2n = 3x = 15). The diversity of genome sizes within the genus can be explained by the previously established high variability in the number of chromosomes associated with aneu- and mixoploidy.
{"title":"Preliminary assessment of nuclear DNA content in Chondrilla (Asteraceae) plants of European Russia and Western Kazakhstan using flow cytometry","authors":"A. S. Parkhomenko, U. Kuzmina, K. Musin, Savelii F. Efimenko, V. Epifanov, A. Kashin","doi":"10.18500/1816-9775-2023-23-2-197-208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18500/1816-9775-2023-23-2-197-208","url":null,"abstract":"Preliminary data on the genome size of representatives of the genus Chondrilla (Asteraceae) of European Russia and Western Kazakhstan were obtained using flow cytometry. Among all studied specimens of the genus, for specimens of C. ambigua and C. pauciflora, a direct dependence of the genome size on the number of chromosomes was established. In our study, the DNA content of the diploid C. ambigua was 2С = 1.69 pg, and that of the triploid C. pauciflora was 2С = 2.65 pg. 2С values are within 2.29–2.69 pg in most specimens of the genus Chondrilla (typical for 13 out of 23 specimens) belonging to the following taxa: C. paucifora, C. laticoronata, C. brevirostris, C. canescens, C. graminea, C. latifolia, C. juncea. Most likely, they are triploids, and in many cases with a number of chromosomes deviating from a multiple of the main number of chromosomes. The C. latifolia sample from the population of the Kamyshinsky district of the Volgograd region showed two peaks on the histogram of the relative fluorescence intensity, corresponding to two values of the relative DNA content, 1.68 and 2.58 pg, i.e. it turned out to be a mixoploid with two levels of ploidy (2n = 2x = 10 and 2n = 3x = 15). The diversity of genome sizes within the genus can be explained by the previously established high variability in the number of chromosomes associated with aneu- and mixoploidy.","PeriodicalId":14627,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Chemistry. Biology. Ecology","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73852258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-21DOI: 10.18500/1816-9775-2023-23-2-236-247
D. V. Utkin, S. A. Stepanov
The review presents the origins of the study of microbiology at the Saratov State University, the formation and development from the establishment of the Department of Microbiology at Saratov University in 1918 under the leadership of Alexei Ilyich Berdnikov to the educational and scientific-practical activities of the Department of Microbiology and Plant Physiology at the present time. The history of the department is closely connected with the activities of outstanding microbiologists Alexander Alexandrovich Bogomolets, Sergey Mikhailovich Nikanorov, the first head of the Department of Microbiology of the Faculty of Biology of SSU – Albert Reingoldovich Werner, heads of the Department Maria Petrovna Gnutenko, Marina Konstantinovna Shcheglova, Pavel Abramovich Chirov, who formed the main directions of scientific research. Pages of the history of our country were reflected in the life of the staff of the department: the repressions of the 1930s, the deportation of the Volga Germans in 1941, the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945. In 1955 The Department of Microbiology is combined with the Department of Plant Anatomy and Physiology. The department has become the cradle of scientific and educational departments of Saratov institutions – the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics of SSU, the Department of Microbiology of SSMU, the Federal State Institution of the Russian Anti-Plague Institute “Microbe” of Rospotrebnadzor. Currently, scientific and pedagogical activities of the Department of Microbiology and Plant Physiology of the SSU N. G. Chernyshevsky is provided by the head of the department Sergey Alexandrovich Stepanov, doсents Alexandra Mikhailovna Peterson, Elena Vladimirovna Glinskaya, Denis Valeryevich Utkin, Valeria Valeryevna Korobko, Mikhail Yuryevich Kasatkin.
{"title":"The history of the formation and development of microbiology at Saratov State University","authors":"D. V. Utkin, S. A. Stepanov","doi":"10.18500/1816-9775-2023-23-2-236-247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18500/1816-9775-2023-23-2-236-247","url":null,"abstract":"The review presents the origins of the study of microbiology at the Saratov State University, the formation and development from the establishment of the Department of Microbiology at Saratov University in 1918 under the leadership of Alexei Ilyich Berdnikov to the educational and scientific-practical activities of the Department of Microbiology and Plant Physiology at the present time. The history of the department is closely connected with the activities of outstanding microbiologists Alexander Alexandrovich Bogomolets, Sergey Mikhailovich Nikanorov, the first head of the Department of Microbiology of the Faculty of Biology of SSU – Albert Reingoldovich Werner, heads of the Department Maria Petrovna Gnutenko, Marina Konstantinovna Shcheglova, Pavel Abramovich Chirov, who formed the main directions of scientific research. Pages of the history of our country were reflected in the life of the staff of the department: the repressions of the 1930s, the deportation of the Volga Germans in 1941, the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945. In 1955 The Department of Microbiology is combined with the Department of Plant Anatomy and Physiology. The department has become the cradle of scientific and educational departments of Saratov institutions – the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics of SSU, the Department of Microbiology of SSMU, the Federal State Institution of the Russian Anti-Plague Institute “Microbe” of Rospotrebnadzor. Currently, scientific and pedagogical activities of the Department of Microbiology and Plant Physiology of the SSU N. G. Chernyshevsky is provided by the head of the department Sergey Alexandrovich Stepanov, doсents Alexandra Mikhailovna Peterson, Elena Vladimirovna Glinskaya, Denis Valeryevich Utkin, Valeria Valeryevna Korobko, Mikhail Yuryevich Kasatkin.","PeriodicalId":14627,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Chemistry. Biology. Ecology","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87240788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-21DOI: 10.18500/1816-9775-2023-23-2-138-147
I. Garkushin, O. Lavrenteva
In this study the construction of a phase tree and the description of the chemical interaction for the ternary oxide system CaO-Al 2O3-SiO2 are given. Particular interest to a system consisting of oxides of calcium, aluminum and silicon is associated with the production of highly demanded functional materials with desired properties. Melts of the CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 system are of great theoretical and applied importance. This is due to the significant role of melts of these oxides and their mixtures in metallurgy, ceramics production, and other industries. Phase relationships in the system with the complete disappearance of liquid in the CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 system has made it possible to construct a phase tree of the system, which includes a linear part and two cycles. The construction of the phase tree is given taking into account the formation of four double compounds in the CaO-SiO2 system, five double compounds in the CaO-Al2O3 system, one double compound in the Al2O3-SiO2 system, and two ternary compounds. The stable complex includes fifteen secondary phase triangles, interconnected by sixteen stable secants. For mixtures corresponding to equivalence points (points of intersection of unstable and stable secants), the chemical interaction is described in accordance with the law of equivalents. It is concluded that for all mixtures corresponding to equivalence points, interactions are thermodynamically possible under standard conditions. The prediction of crystallizing phases is made.
{"title":"Description of the chemical interaction in the system CaO-Al2O3-SiO2","authors":"I. Garkushin, O. Lavrenteva","doi":"10.18500/1816-9775-2023-23-2-138-147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18500/1816-9775-2023-23-2-138-147","url":null,"abstract":"In this study the construction of a phase tree and the description of the chemical interaction for the ternary oxide system CaO-Al 2O3-SiO2 are given. Particular interest to a system consisting of oxides of calcium, aluminum and silicon is associated with the production of highly demanded functional materials with desired properties. Melts of the CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 system are of great theoretical and applied importance. This is due to the significant role of melts of these oxides and their mixtures in metallurgy, ceramics production, and other industries. Phase relationships in the system with the complete disappearance of liquid in the CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 system has made it possible to construct a phase tree of the system, which includes a linear part and two cycles. The construction of the phase tree is given taking into account the formation of four double compounds in the CaO-SiO2 system, five double compounds in the CaO-Al2O3 system, one double compound in the Al2O3-SiO2 system, and two ternary compounds. The stable complex includes fifteen secondary phase triangles, interconnected by sixteen stable secants. For mixtures corresponding to equivalence points (points of intersection of unstable and stable secants), the chemical interaction is described in accordance with the law of equivalents. It is concluded that for all mixtures corresponding to equivalence points, interactions are thermodynamically possible under standard conditions. The prediction of crystallizing phases is made.","PeriodicalId":14627,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Chemistry. Biology. Ecology","volume":"50 5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89443320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-21DOI: 10.18500/1816-9775-2023-23-2-148-158
Мariya S. Stepukhovich, A. M. Abramova, A. A. Bakal, I. Goryacheva
The weakening of the manmade load on the environment has become a global goal of humanity. The accumulation of toxic substances in effluents can increase the acceleration of pollution of the planet’s watersheds, resulting in biota pollution. To solve this problem, it is necessary to create photocatalysts that cause self-excitation under the ignition of light. Also, important parameters of photocatalysts are simple synthesis and low cost. This article demonstrates a one-step approach to the synthesis of carbon nanostructures (CNS) with photocatalytic activity. For this purpose, the “green chemistry ” method is used – hydrothermal treatment of various polysaccharides (sodium dextran sulfate (SDS), starch, pectin), which opens up the possibility of recycling products. A comprehensive study of the properties of the synthesized CNS has been carried out. To study the optical properties of CNS, absorption and luminescence spectroscopy, and IR spectroscopy, have been used. The CNS obtained have been successfully used in the processes of photocatalytic destruction of a model of the organic dye tartrazine, which is widely used in the fiber and textile industries. The effect of lyophilization on the photocatalytic properties of СNS has been studied, and cytotoxicity has been evaluated.
{"title":"Novel degradable photocatalysts for wastewater treatment","authors":"Мariya S. Stepukhovich, A. M. Abramova, A. A. Bakal, I. Goryacheva","doi":"10.18500/1816-9775-2023-23-2-148-158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18500/1816-9775-2023-23-2-148-158","url":null,"abstract":"The weakening of the manmade load on the environment has become a global goal of humanity. The accumulation of toxic substances in effluents can increase the acceleration of pollution of the planet’s watersheds, resulting in biota pollution. To solve this problem, it is necessary to create photocatalysts that cause self-excitation under the ignition of light. Also, important parameters of photocatalysts are simple synthesis and low cost. This article demonstrates a one-step approach to the synthesis of carbon nanostructures (CNS) with photocatalytic activity. For this purpose, the “green chemistry ” method is used – hydrothermal treatment of various polysaccharides (sodium dextran sulfate (SDS), starch, pectin), which opens up the possibility of recycling products. A comprehensive study of the properties of the synthesized CNS has been carried out. To study the optical properties of CNS, absorption and luminescence spectroscopy, and IR spectroscopy, have been used. The CNS obtained have been successfully used in the processes of photocatalytic destruction of a model of the organic dye tartrazine, which is widely used in the fiber and textile industries. The effect of lyophilization on the photocatalytic properties of СNS has been studied, and cytotoxicity has been evaluated.","PeriodicalId":14627,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Chemistry. Biology. Ecology","volume":"85 9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87674841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-21DOI: 10.18500/1816-9775-2023-23-2-128-137
E. O. Markova, Michael Yu. Dyakov
The number of nitro compounds of the anthropogenic origin in the general nitrogen cycle is steadily increasing, which leads to an increase in nitrates in products and increases the nitrate-nitrite load on the human body. The aim of the study was to determine the amount of nitrates in raw vegetables and their processed products. Vegetables with high (beetroot, cilantro, radish, green onion), medium (zucchini, carrot, cucumber) and low nitrate content (potato, tomato, onion) have been selected as the objects of the study. For the qualitative determination of nitrates the reactions with diphenylamine have been carried out. For quantitative determination, the ionometric determination of the pH-meterionomer Ecotest 2000 has been carried out using an ion-selective electrode ECOM-NO3. In the course of the study, it has been found out that the vegetables entering the Magnit retail chain do not exceed the MPC in terms of nitrate content, with the exception of the radish and zucchini. When cooking in a microwave oven the amount of nitrates increases dramatically. When cooking vegetables «until ready», the amount of nitrates in vegetables decreases, but their amount in broths increases. With prolonged heat treatment the amount of nitrates increases both in vegetables and in the broth. When freezing and defrosting vegetables in a closed container, a decrease in nitrates is observed, and when defrosting in an open container, the level of nitrates increases sharply. Thus it is recommended not to use a microwave oven during the cooking process. During boiling first drain the water, then pour in new one and boil until ready. Ready-made vegetables should not be left in the broth due to the reverse adsorption of ions. Vegetables should be defrosted in a closed container.
{"title":"Determination of nitrates in fresh vegetables and their processed products","authors":"E. O. Markova, Michael Yu. Dyakov","doi":"10.18500/1816-9775-2023-23-2-128-137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18500/1816-9775-2023-23-2-128-137","url":null,"abstract":"The number of nitro compounds of the anthropogenic origin in the general nitrogen cycle is steadily increasing, which leads to an increase in nitrates in products and increases the nitrate-nitrite load on the human body. The aim of the study was to determine the amount of nitrates in raw vegetables and their processed products. Vegetables with high (beetroot, cilantro, radish, green onion), medium (zucchini, carrot, cucumber) and low nitrate content (potato, tomato, onion) have been selected as the objects of the study. For the qualitative determination of nitrates the reactions with diphenylamine have been carried out. For quantitative determination, the ionometric determination of the pH-meterionomer Ecotest 2000 has been carried out using an ion-selective electrode ECOM-NO3. In the course of the study, it has been found out that the vegetables entering the Magnit retail chain do not exceed the MPC in terms of nitrate content, with the exception of the radish and zucchini. When cooking in a microwave oven the amount of nitrates increases dramatically. When cooking vegetables «until ready», the amount of nitrates in vegetables decreases, but their amount in broths increases. With prolonged heat treatment the amount of nitrates increases both in vegetables and in the broth. When freezing and defrosting vegetables in a closed container, a decrease in nitrates is observed, and when defrosting in an open container, the level of nitrates increases sharply. Thus it is recommended not to use a microwave oven during the cooking process. During boiling first drain the water, then pour in new one and boil until ready. Ready-made vegetables should not be left in the broth due to the reverse adsorption of ions. Vegetables should be defrosted in a closed container.","PeriodicalId":14627,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Chemistry. Biology. Ecology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88989764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-21DOI: 10.18500/1816-9775-2023-23-2-185-196
Anton K. Smirnov, A. Shipovskaya
Graft copolymers of polysaccharides with acrylic monomers combine biodegradability, biocompatibility, the environmental friendliness of natural polymers and the increased thermal stability, chemical and mechanical resistance of synthetic polymers. This paper describes our search and analysis of the literature in English for 2002–2022 devoted to the graft polymerization of acrylamide, acrylic acid and 2-acrylamido- 2-methylpropanesulfonic acid onto xanthan and glucomannan macromolecular chains. It has been found that the synthesis of grafted copolymer chains proceeds by a radical polymerization mechanism using thermal homolytic decomposition of the initiator or microwave irradiation, or radiation initiation and frontal polymerization in some cases. Depending on the method of the reaction, the synthesis time of a graft copolymer varies from several minutes to several hours. The influence of the synthesis conditions and parameters on the monomer conversion, structure and properties of the resulting polymer has been considered. It has been found that decreasing the polysaccharide/monomer ratio and increasing the initiator concentration raise the efficiency and degree of grafting. Several methods for characterization of graft copolymers are discussed, including: IR spectroscopy to analyze the chemical structure of a sample, scanning electron microscopy to characterize structure, supramolecular ordering and porosity, differential thermal analysis to evaluate thermal effects and thermal stability. The effect of the synthesis conditions and the pH of the sorption medium on the water absorption and sorption capacity of this class of graft copolymers are discussed. The broad potential of graft copolymers for repeated cycles of absorption and release of liquid medium without loss of functional properties has been found. This opens prospects for the use of graft copolymers of xanthan and glucomannan with acrylic monomers as materials for water purification from metal ions and cationic dyes, targeted delivery and prolonged action of drugs and wound coatings for wound treatment.
{"title":"Synthesis and properties of grafted copolymers of xanthan and glucomannan with acrylic monomers","authors":"Anton K. Smirnov, A. Shipovskaya","doi":"10.18500/1816-9775-2023-23-2-185-196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18500/1816-9775-2023-23-2-185-196","url":null,"abstract":"Graft copolymers of polysaccharides with acrylic monomers combine biodegradability, biocompatibility, the environmental friendliness of natural polymers and the increased thermal stability, chemical and mechanical resistance of synthetic polymers. This paper describes our search and analysis of the literature in English for 2002–2022 devoted to the graft polymerization of acrylamide, acrylic acid and 2-acrylamido- 2-methylpropanesulfonic acid onto xanthan and glucomannan macromolecular chains. It has been found that the synthesis of grafted copolymer chains proceeds by a radical polymerization mechanism using thermal homolytic decomposition of the initiator or microwave irradiation, or radiation initiation and frontal polymerization in some cases. Depending on the method of the reaction, the synthesis time of a graft copolymer varies from several minutes to several hours. The influence of the synthesis conditions and parameters on the monomer conversion, structure and properties of the resulting polymer has been considered. It has been found that decreasing the polysaccharide/monomer ratio and increasing the initiator concentration raise the efficiency and degree of grafting. Several methods for characterization of graft copolymers are discussed, including: IR spectroscopy to analyze the chemical structure of a sample, scanning electron microscopy to characterize structure, supramolecular ordering and porosity, differential thermal analysis to evaluate thermal effects and thermal stability. The effect of the synthesis conditions and the pH of the sorption medium on the water absorption and sorption capacity of this class of graft copolymers are discussed. The broad potential of graft copolymers for repeated cycles of absorption and release of liquid medium without loss of functional properties has been found. This opens prospects for the use of graft copolymers of xanthan and glucomannan with acrylic monomers as materials for water purification from metal ions and cationic dyes, targeted delivery and prolonged action of drugs and wound coatings for wound treatment.","PeriodicalId":14627,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Chemistry. Biology. Ecology","volume":"281 2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86574541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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