Federica Giuliani, G. Gualdi, P. de Sanctis, P. Amerio
Rituximab is a monoclonal antibody approved for treatment of adults with severe and refractory pemphigus vulgaris. Concerns about side effects and high costs of conventional doses have rised the hypothesis that low-dose rituximab regimen may be cost-effective with a better safety profile. Here we report our experience of seven patients with extensive/recalcitrant pemphigus, who either were steroid dependent, had contraindications or refused conventional treatment. Two patients received conventional rituximab (1000 mg 2 weeks apart) while five received ultra low-dose rituximab (200 mg 2 weeks apart). At 3 months, the two patients treated with high Rituximab regimen showed respectively a complete remission off therapy (CROT) and a complete remission on minimal therapy (CRMT), while among the five patients treated with ultra low-doses, three achieved CROT, one achieved CRMT and one a partial remission off therapy (PROT). All patients treated with ultra low-dose rituximab achieved complete depletion of cd19+ and cd19/45+ B lymphocytes after three months and all patients except one male manteined the zeroing after 6 months. No serious side effect was documented with low dose regimen except for a case of diziness. Our data suggest that ultra low-dose rituximab can be effective even in patients with extensive/recalcitrant pemphigus, with a lower probability of side-effects respect to higher dose regimen and may act as a steroid sparing strategy.
{"title":"Case series of two different dose regimen Rituximab therapy for severe Pemphigus","authors":"Federica Giuliani, G. Gualdi, P. de Sanctis, P. Amerio","doi":"10.36253/ijae-13919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/ijae-13919","url":null,"abstract":"Rituximab is a monoclonal antibody approved for treatment of adults with severe and refractory pemphigus vulgaris. Concerns about side effects and high costs of conventional doses have rised the hypothesis that low-dose rituximab regimen may be cost-effective with a better safety profile. Here we report our experience of seven patients with extensive/recalcitrant pemphigus, who either were steroid dependent, had contraindications or refused conventional treatment. Two patients received conventional rituximab (1000 mg 2 weeks apart) while five received ultra low-dose rituximab (200 mg 2 weeks apart). At 3 months, the two patients treated with high Rituximab regimen showed respectively a complete remission off therapy (CROT) and a complete remission on minimal therapy (CRMT), while among the five patients treated with ultra low-doses, three achieved CROT, one achieved CRMT and one a partial remission off therapy (PROT). All patients treated with ultra low-dose rituximab achieved complete depletion of cd19+ and cd19/45+ B lymphocytes after three months and all patients except one male manteined the zeroing after 6 months. No serious side effect was documented with low dose regimen except for a case of diziness. Our data suggest that ultra low-dose rituximab can be effective even in patients with extensive/recalcitrant pemphigus, with a lower probability of side-effects respect to higher dose regimen and may act as a steroid sparing strategy.","PeriodicalId":14636,"journal":{"name":"Italian journal of anatomy and embryology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48097456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The PhD course in Innovative Technologies in Clinical Medicine & Dentistry (InTEchMed) of the University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, is a newly instituted course that brings together professors and researchers belonging to scientific-disciplinary sectors that are homogeneous and coherent with a scientific project that has as its objective “ the pursuit of multidisciplinarity research” by finalizing the research, in terms of content and applicability, as a priority to satisfying the growing demands for a medicine of excellence with particular reference to spheres of interest of great relevance and considerable impact social responsibility attributable to the areas of specialization identified by the National Research Plan. The PhD course in InTechMEd incorporates and processes technological and scientific innovations in the context of the skills that characterize it and, with a synergistic work, seeks to interface with the national and international scientific community with a constructive and innovative spirit. To this end, to promote the research activity of their PhD students, the First PhD InTechMEd Conference was organized, where the students presented the preliminary data of the research carried out and these oral presentations were collected to be published in the special issue of the Italian Journal of Anatomy and Embryology.
{"title":"Special issue on Innovative Technologies in Clinical Medicine & Dentistry (InTEchMed)","authors":"O. Trubiani","doi":"10.36253/ijae-14165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/ijae-14165","url":null,"abstract":"The PhD course in Innovative Technologies in Clinical Medicine & Dentistry (InTEchMed) of the University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, is a newly instituted course that brings together professors and researchers belonging to scientific-disciplinary sectors that are homogeneous and coherent with a scientific project that has as its objective “ the pursuit of multidisciplinarity research” by finalizing the research, in terms of content and applicability, as a priority to satisfying the growing demands for a medicine of excellence with particular reference to spheres of interest of great relevance and considerable impact social responsibility attributable to the areas of specialization identified by the National Research Plan. \u0000The PhD course in InTechMEd incorporates and processes technological and scientific innovations in the context of the skills that characterize it and, with a synergistic work, seeks to interface with the national and international scientific community with a constructive and innovative spirit. To this end, to promote the research activity of their PhD students, the First PhD InTechMEd Conference was organized, where the students presented the preliminary data of the research carried out and these oral presentations were collected to be published in the special issue of the Italian Journal of Anatomy and Embryology.","PeriodicalId":14636,"journal":{"name":"Italian journal of anatomy and embryology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44717205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Domański, M. Wanat, J. Ciach, Angelika Osuch, B. Kurc-Darak, Sławomir Woźniak, Z. Domagała
The COVID-19 pandemic significantly changed the way anatomy classes were carried out, depriving students of practical learning using real anatomical specimens. Once COVID restrictions were lifted and students returned to a normal class setting a randomized study was carried out to elevate effectiveness of practical anatomy didactics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of an anatomy workshop based on demonstrating anatomical structures delivered in a face-to-face format, and to compare it with a standard course based on online learning. The randomization involved 350 students from whom 80 participants were drawn to form both a study and control group. The study consisted of three parts: exam 1, workshop, exam 2. The study group participated in all parts of the project, while the control group participated only in the exam. The workshop was held by near peer teachers (NPT). Statistical analysis showed that participation in the workshop had an effect on the passing score of exam 2 (p=0.039). It was also shown that the difference in scores was significantly higher (p=0.049) in the study group compared to the control group. The study proved that the workshops which were based on demonstrating anatomical structures by NPT significantly affected the scores obtained by trainees. In conclusion, the project confirmed the importance of student interaction with anatomical specimens and that online teaching is not a substitute for teaching in a dissecting room. Additionally, this study confirmed the high usefulness of NPT as a support for the didactic process conducted by experts.
{"title":"Off-line or on-line? – near-peer assisted anatomy education in the time of Covid-19 pandemic – a single center randomized controlled study","authors":"J. Domański, M. Wanat, J. Ciach, Angelika Osuch, B. Kurc-Darak, Sławomir Woźniak, Z. Domagała","doi":"10.36253/ijae-13877","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/ijae-13877","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic significantly changed the way anatomy classes were carried out, depriving students of practical learning using real anatomical specimens. Once COVID restrictions were lifted and students returned to a normal class setting a randomized study was carried out to elevate effectiveness of practical anatomy didactics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of an anatomy workshop based on demonstrating anatomical structures delivered in a face-to-face format, and to compare it with a standard course based on online learning. The randomization involved 350 students from whom 80 participants were drawn to form both a study and control group. The study consisted of three parts: exam 1, workshop, exam 2. The study group participated in all parts of the project, while the control group participated only in the exam. The workshop was held by near peer teachers (NPT). Statistical analysis showed that participation in the workshop had an effect on the passing score of exam 2 (p=0.039). It was also shown that the difference in scores was significantly higher (p=0.049) in the study group compared to the control group. The study proved that the workshops which were based on demonstrating anatomical structures by NPT significantly affected the scores obtained by trainees. In conclusion, the project confirmed the importance of student interaction with anatomical specimens and that online teaching is not a substitute for teaching in a dissecting room. Additionally, this study confirmed the high usefulness of NPT as a support for the didactic process conducted by experts. ","PeriodicalId":14636,"journal":{"name":"Italian journal of anatomy and embryology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41504983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Z. Domagała, A. Pinkowska, A. Piotrowska, J. Domański, Victoria Tarkowski, Aleksandra Zimmer-Stelmach, Jakub Śliwa
The efficacy and utility of pentachrome staining has been demonstrated in many studies on diverse human body tissues. Movat pentachrome technique is used for multicolor staining of tissue sections and vascular and stroma visualization. So far, the utility of this method for microanatomical evaluation of placental structures has not been demonstrated. The aim of this study is to evaluate the image of normal placenta and to develop some reference images for future evaluation of pathological tissues based on this technique. Material and method. The study was carried out on 21 paraffin slices taken from seven mature human placenta of single pregnant women without significant pathology and completed with a planned, elective Caesarean section. All paraffin slices were used for preparation of tissue microarrays and then performing a histochemical staining (HE and Movat). Results. On the basis of the collected material, microscopic analysis enabled the identification of normal placental villi - terminal villi,mature intermediate villi and stem villi. Moreover the maternal part of placenta was visualized. It is worth emphasizing that in each case not only the trophoblast but also the stroma structures were visualized. Conclusions. This study proved the effectiveness and usefulness of Movat imaging of placenta especially in visualization of the stroma.
{"title":"Utility of the Movat pentachrome stain technique in the microanatomical analysis of the human placenta","authors":"Z. Domagała, A. Pinkowska, A. Piotrowska, J. Domański, Victoria Tarkowski, Aleksandra Zimmer-Stelmach, Jakub Śliwa","doi":"10.36253/ijae-13882","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/ijae-13882","url":null,"abstract":"The efficacy and utility of pentachrome staining has been demonstrated in many studies on diverse human body tissues. Movat pentachrome technique is used for multicolor staining of tissue sections and vascular and stroma visualization. So far, the utility of this method for microanatomical evaluation of placental structures has not been demonstrated. The aim of this study is to evaluate the image of normal placenta and to develop some reference images for future evaluation of pathological tissues based on this technique. Material and method. The study was carried out on 21 paraffin slices taken from seven mature human placenta of single pregnant women without significant pathology and completed with a planned, elective Caesarean section. All paraffin slices were used for preparation of tissue microarrays and then performing a histochemical staining (HE and Movat). Results. On the basis of the collected material, microscopic analysis enabled the identification of normal placental villi - terminal villi,mature intermediate villi and stem villi. Moreover the maternal part of placenta was visualized. It is worth emphasizing that in each case not only the trophoblast but also the stroma structures were visualized. Conclusions. This study proved the effectiveness and usefulness of Movat imaging of placenta especially in visualization of the stroma.","PeriodicalId":14636,"journal":{"name":"Italian journal of anatomy and embryology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45502958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A multiple deposition burial in a lithic coffin was found on a hill located in the Campidano valley, in Central South Sardinia (Italy). The site was used from 1800 BC to 500 AD, the burial seems to be dated to the Roman age (238 BC-470AD). A total of 98 human bones and 3 human teeth were present. Anthropological and paleopathological analyses were made. The biological profile was defined with standard anthropological methodologies. The anthropological analysis. A large part of the bones can be referred to as an adult male. Most of the bones display the presence of pathologies, in most cases osteophytosis, the correlation of the same pathologies in contiguous bones indicate that they may belong to the same individual. Very interesting is a possible blade injury in the lateral epicondyle of the right male humerus and a plausible pertrochanteric fracture. The presence, in the same coffin, of a small number of individuals, with the presence of one subadult, can’t completely exclude that they were members of the same family group. More analyses will be necessary to better understand the context.
{"title":"Bioarcheological and paleopathological study of a multiple deposition burial from S. Antine- Genoni (SU) – Sardegna - Italy","authors":"R. Serra, P. Melis, A. Montella, P. Bandiera","doi":"10.36253/ijae-13842","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/ijae-13842","url":null,"abstract":"A multiple deposition burial in a lithic coffin was found on a hill located in the Campidano valley, in Central South Sardinia (Italy). The site was used from 1800 BC to 500 AD, the burial seems to be dated to the Roman age (238 BC-470AD). A total of 98 human bones and 3 human teeth were present. Anthropological and paleopathological analyses were made. The biological profile was defined with standard anthropological methodologies. The anthropological analysis. A large part of the bones can be referred to as an adult male. Most of the bones display the presence of pathologies, in most cases osteophytosis, the correlation of the same pathologies in contiguous bones indicate that they may belong to the same individual. Very interesting is a possible blade injury in the lateral epicondyle of the right male humerus and a plausible pertrochanteric fracture. The presence, in the same coffin, of a small number of individuals, with the presence of one subadult, can’t completely exclude that they were members of the same family group. More analyses will be necessary to better understand the context.","PeriodicalId":14636,"journal":{"name":"Italian journal of anatomy and embryology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41604972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marinesco-Sjögren Syndrome (MSS) causes cerebellar ataxia, myopathy and congenital cataracts in people carrying SIL1 mutations. SIL1 is an ATP exchange factor for BiP, the major endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone involved in protein folding. SIL1 loss influences BiP activity, leading to ER stress and the activation of unfolded protein response (UPR). Purkinje cells and skeletal muscle fibers are the most sensitive cells to prolonged pathologic UPR, but adverse effects are detectable in other cell types. Currently a clear genotype-phenotype correlation is missing, due to the variable symptomatology and to the discovery of new SIL1 variants. We decided to focus our attention on two recent works providing different strategies to shed light on the pathophysiology of MSS. In the first one several cellular biomarkers have been evaluated to distinguish between malignant and benign SIL1 mutations. The other study proposed a proteomic approach to clarify adaptative mechanisms of MSS fibroblasts in response to SIL1 loss. Further investigations are needed to better understand the pathogenesis of MSS and to simplify the diagnosis in patients.
{"title":"Genotype-phenotype correlation and adaptive proteome reorganization in Marinesco-Sjögren syndrome","authors":"A. Ruggieri, M. Sallese","doi":"10.36253/ijae-13802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/ijae-13802","url":null,"abstract":"Marinesco-Sjögren Syndrome (MSS) causes cerebellar ataxia, myopathy and congenital cataracts in people carrying SIL1 mutations. SIL1 is an ATP exchange factor for BiP, the major endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone involved in protein folding. SIL1 loss influences BiP activity, leading to ER stress and the activation of unfolded protein response (UPR). Purkinje cells and skeletal muscle fibers are the most sensitive cells to prolonged pathologic UPR, but adverse effects are detectable in other cell types. Currently a clear genotype-phenotype correlation is missing, due to the variable symptomatology and to the discovery of new SIL1 variants. We decided to focus our attention on two recent works providing different strategies to shed light on the pathophysiology of MSS. In the first one several cellular biomarkers have been evaluated to distinguish between malignant and benign SIL1 mutations. The other study proposed a proteomic approach to clarify adaptative mechanisms of MSS fibroblasts in response to SIL1 loss. Further investigations are needed to better understand the pathogenesis of MSS and to simplify the diagnosis in patients. ","PeriodicalId":14636,"journal":{"name":"Italian journal of anatomy and embryology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41738420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Manlio Santilli, B. Sinjari, O. Trubiani, G. D’Addazio, Imena Rexhepi, Giuseppe Tafuri, Eugenio Manciocchi, S. Caputi
The anatomy of the maxillary sinus has been widely analysed over the last few years, specifically when it comes to its vascular anatomy, relationship to the teeth, and alveolar process. In fact, surgical procedures require the most accurate knowledge of anatomical structures, facilitated by the use of some state-of-the-art imaging technologies such as the cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Such systems are constantly evolving in terms of quality, definition, image detail, and accuracy. This review aims to analyse the international literature of the last decade that has dealt with the topic of sinus anatomy, especially looking at the presence, percentage and localization of Underwood’s septa, with the aim of supporting dentists to diagnose these anatomical structures in as much detail as possible and to perform surgery in this area with greater confidence.
{"title":"Prevalence and localization of Maxillary Sinus Septa: a mini review","authors":"Manlio Santilli, B. Sinjari, O. Trubiani, G. D’Addazio, Imena Rexhepi, Giuseppe Tafuri, Eugenio Manciocchi, S. Caputi","doi":"10.36253/ijae-13781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/ijae-13781","url":null,"abstract":"The anatomy of the maxillary sinus has been widely analysed over the last few years, specifically when it comes to its vascular anatomy, relationship to the teeth, and alveolar process. In fact, surgical procedures require the most accurate knowledge of anatomical structures, facilitated by the use of some state-of-the-art imaging technologies such as the cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Such systems are constantly evolving in terms of quality, definition, image detail, and accuracy. This review aims to analyse the international literature of the last decade that has dealt with the topic of sinus anatomy, especially looking at the presence, percentage and localization of Underwood’s septa, with the aim of supporting dentists to diagnose these anatomical structures in as much detail as possible and to perform surgery in this area with greater confidence.","PeriodicalId":14636,"journal":{"name":"Italian journal of anatomy and embryology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44232395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stefano Oliva, A. Scarano, O. Trubiani, B. Sinjari, M. Piattelli
Scientific evidence showed variable degree of marginal bone loss around dental implants both during integration process and during function. Among the different factors that seem to influence this process, a crucial role is up to the crestal module of dental implant. In order to reduce marginal bone loss, different configurations of crestal module have been proposed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of half treatment dental implants with a coronal smooth portion of 3.5 mm compared to rough surfaced implants with a smooth coronal portion of 0.5mm, to reduce peri-implant marginal bone resorption. The degree of marginal bone loss was assessed through radiological measures. In addition, soft tissues healing was evaluated through plaque index and gingival index. The results demonstrated a significantly (p= 0.03) lower value of MBL (mean 0.7mm), than HT implants (mean 1.03mm) after 1year functional loading. In conclusion, use of FT implants could be determine better results in order to reduce MBL.
{"title":"A prospective, blinded, randomized-controlled study on regressive bone modeling around dental implants with different machined coronal portion","authors":"Stefano Oliva, A. Scarano, O. Trubiani, B. Sinjari, M. Piattelli","doi":"10.36253/ijae-13789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/ijae-13789","url":null,"abstract":"Scientific evidence showed variable degree of marginal bone loss around dental implants both during integration process and during function. Among the different factors that seem to influence this process, a crucial role is up to the crestal module of dental implant. In order to reduce marginal bone loss, different configurations of crestal module have been proposed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of half treatment dental implants with a coronal smooth portion of 3.5 mm compared to rough surfaced implants with a smooth coronal portion of 0.5mm, to reduce peri-implant marginal bone resorption. The degree of marginal bone loss was assessed through radiological measures. In addition, soft tissues healing was evaluated through plaque index and gingival index. The results demonstrated a significantly (p= 0.03) lower value of MBL (mean 0.7mm), than HT implants (mean 1.03mm) after 1year functional loading. In conclusion, use of FT implants could be determine better results in order to reduce MBL.","PeriodicalId":14636,"journal":{"name":"Italian journal of anatomy and embryology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45396183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most frequent cancer. The first-line adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemotherapy is represented by 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) but its application is limited due to induction of chemoresistance. Recent studies showed that the 5-FU resistance in CRC is closely related to the activation of autophagy. During human carcinogenesis, autophagy has been demonstrated to play opposite roles of inhibitor or promoter of malignant progression depending on initial or advanced stages of growth. Currently, the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ) and its derivate, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), are the only Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs for clinical use. This review summarizes recent findings on the possible employment of autophagy inhibitors to overcome chemoresistance engaged in the CRC.
{"title":"Autophagy inhibitors in the treatment of colorectal cancer: a brief review","authors":"M. Ceci, M. Iezzi, M. Trerotola","doi":"10.36253/ijae-13788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/ijae-13788","url":null,"abstract":"Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most frequent cancer. The first-line adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemotherapy is represented by 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) but its application is limited due to induction of chemoresistance. Recent studies showed that the 5-FU resistance in CRC is closely related to the activation of autophagy. During human carcinogenesis, autophagy has been demonstrated to play opposite roles of inhibitor or promoter of malignant progression depending on initial or advanced stages of growth. Currently, the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ) and its derivate, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), are the only Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs for clinical use. This review summarizes recent findings on the possible employment of autophagy inhibitors to overcome chemoresistance engaged in the CRC.","PeriodicalId":14636,"journal":{"name":"Italian journal of anatomy and embryology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48684611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Penile structure and function aroused interest since ancient times, when the erectile activity was mainly attributed to an accumulation of air by Greek and Roman physicians. In the Renaissance period Leonardo da Vinci was one of the first to recognize the right functional importance of the presence of blood in penile tissues. Since then, although with different techniques and interpretations, the morphological studies reported the description of blood vessels differently arranged in complicated networks. The discovery of blood circulation by William Harvey in his famous Exercitatio anatomica de motu cordis (1628) and the demonstration of capillaries by Marcello Malpighi stimulated a deeper research. In particular, the presence of a non vascular spongy tissue (cavernous bodies) with cellular texture (cellular theory) was postulated and interpreted as consisting of a loose and elastic spongy tissue arranged in several cells into which, during erection, blood is poured from the arteries, and from which it is afterwards removed by veins. In the beginning of the 19th century, when both vascular and cellular texture theories concerning the penile anatomy were still coexisting, a particular attention was paid to the urethral structure. Thanks to improved injection techniques, Paolo Mascagni and Alessandro Moreschi provided accurate works on this subject, demonstrating the vascular nature of the cavernous bodies. Finally, in 1899 Victor Vecki von Gyurkovechky confirmed the vascular theory, histologically demonstrated by the presence of endothelium.
自古以来，阴茎的结构和功能就引起了人们的兴趣，当时希腊和罗马的医生将勃起活动主要归因于空气的积聚。在文艺复兴时期，列奥纳多·达·芬奇是最早认识到阴茎组织中血液存在的正确功能重要性的人之一。此后，形态学研究虽然采用了不同的技术和解释，但都报道了血管在复杂网络中的不同排列。威廉·哈维(William Harvey)在他著名的《心脏运动解剖学》(Exercitatio anatomica de motu cordis, 1628)中发现了血液循环，马尔皮吉(Marcello Malpighi)证明了毛细血管的存在，这激发了更深入的研究。特别是，具有细胞结构(细胞理论)的非血管性海绵组织(海绵体)的存在被假设和解释为由松散而有弹性的海绵组织组成，这些组织排列在几个细胞中，在勃起期间，血液从动脉流入，然后由静脉排出。在19世纪初，当关于阴茎解剖的血管和细胞结构理论仍然共存时，尿道结构受到了特别的关注。由于注射技术的改进，保罗·马斯卡尼和亚历山德罗·莫雷斯基在这方面提供了准确的工作，证明了海绵状体的血管性质。最后，维克托·维奇·冯·久尔科维奇在1899年证实了血管理论，组织学上证实了内皮的存在。
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