L. Adamu, Halima Ibrahim, Issa Mohammed, I. Dauda, K. Umar, M. Abubakar, A. Asuku, M. Taura
Several documented evidences have indicated high influence of diseases on developmental instability measurable by asymmetry, there is however scarcity of reports on the type of asymmetry in hand and limited attempts to determine its relationship with body mass index (BMI) especially among Hausa population. The study was aimed to determine type(s) of asymmetry in hand dimensions and its relationship with BMI from selected tertiary institution in Kano metropolis, Nigeria. The study was cross sectional type which involved a total of 398 students (204 males and 194 females). The hand dimensions (digits length, palmer length and hand breadth) were measured using standard protocol. Body mass index was calculated from the measured height and weight. Asymmetry was determined as right-hand dimension minus left hand dimension (A = R-L). One sample t test was used to determine the type of asymmetry in hand dimensions. Pearson’s correlation was used to determine the correlation between the asymmetry and BMI. The results of the study showed that digit length, hand breadth and palmar length exhibited directional asymmetry (DA). The degree of the DA was more expressed in index digit followed by middle digit and the least was the ring digit. The nature of DA in the hand dimensions was left warded except for the hand breadth which was observed to be right warded. There was no significant correlation observed between asymmetry in hand dimensions with BMI. In conclusion, there were no significant correlations between hand asymmetry and BMI among the studied Hausa population and hand dimensions exhibited directional type of asymmetry, as such may not be used as a surrogate indicator of developmental instability.
{"title":"Determination of type of asymmetry in hand dimensions and its relationship with body mass index","authors":"L. Adamu, Halima Ibrahim, Issa Mohammed, I. Dauda, K. Umar, M. Abubakar, A. Asuku, M. Taura","doi":"10.36253/ijae-11877","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/ijae-11877","url":null,"abstract":"Several documented evidences have indicated high influence of diseases on developmental instability measurable by asymmetry, there is however scarcity of reports on the type of asymmetry in hand and limited attempts to determine its relationship with body mass index (BMI) especially among Hausa population. The study was aimed to determine type(s) of asymmetry in hand dimensions and its relationship with BMI from selected tertiary institution in Kano metropolis, Nigeria. The study was cross sectional type which involved a total of 398 students (204 males and 194 females). The hand dimensions (digits length, palmer length and hand breadth) were measured using standard protocol. Body mass index was calculated from the measured height and weight. Asymmetry was determined as right-hand dimension minus left hand dimension (A = R-L). One sample t test was used to determine the type of asymmetry in hand dimensions. Pearson’s correlation was used to determine the correlation between the asymmetry and BMI. The results of the study showed that digit length, hand breadth and palmar length exhibited directional asymmetry (DA). The degree of the DA was more expressed in index digit followed by middle digit and the least was the ring digit. The nature of DA in the hand dimensions was left warded except for the hand breadth which was observed to be right warded. There was no significant correlation observed between asymmetry in hand dimensions with BMI. In conclusion, there were no significant correlations between hand asymmetry and BMI among the studied Hausa population and hand dimensions exhibited directional type of asymmetry, as such may not be used as a surrogate indicator of developmental instability. ","PeriodicalId":14636,"journal":{"name":"Italian journal of anatomy and embryology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44450996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-03DOI: 10.20944/preprints202009.0066.v1
Lilija Banceviča, Dzintra Kažoka, A. Maļcevs, M. Pilmane
Patients with chronic renal failure and vascular diseases require the vascular access for hemodialysis procedure to be performed with the most possible comfort for the patient. Native vein graft has a longer-lasting term in the patients’ limb, lower risk of graft infection and lower price. Native vein graft is constructed from the great saphenous vein, if the diameter of the vessel is smaller than the diameters of vessels (brachial artery, cephalic vein) it is connected to in the cubital fossa region due to the risk of graft folding, that might occur, if the graft diameter is bigger than the diameter of one or both vessels, on which anastomosis is made. The most important sizes, that were taken before graft placement, are the length of the forearm compartment, the distance between the brachial artery and cephalic vein in the cubital fossa region, distance from an expected incision in the brachial artery to the middle of the forearm compartment, the distance between incision in cephalic vein to the middle of the forearm compartment, length of the great saphenous vein (the graft) and diameters of blood vessels, used in the procedure. Finally, the right position of the graft should be determined for the successful outcome of anastomosis creating procedure.
{"title":"Saphenous Vein Graft between Brachial Artery and Cephalic Vein in Antebrachial Arteriovenous Anastomosis – Simulation of the Procedure","authors":"Lilija Banceviča, Dzintra Kažoka, A. Maļcevs, M. Pilmane","doi":"10.20944/preprints202009.0066.v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202009.0066.v1","url":null,"abstract":"Patients with chronic renal failure and vascular diseases require the vascular access for hemodialysis procedure to be performed with the most possible comfort for the patient. Native vein graft has a longer-lasting term in the patients’ limb, lower risk of graft infection and lower price. Native vein graft is constructed from the great saphenous vein, if the diameter of the vessel is smaller than the diameters of vessels (brachial artery, cephalic vein) it is connected to in the cubital fossa region due to the risk of graft folding, that might occur, if the graft diameter is bigger than the diameter of one or both vessels, on which anastomosis is made. The most important sizes, that were taken before graft placement, are the length of the forearm compartment, the distance between the brachial artery and cephalic vein in the cubital fossa region, distance from an expected incision in the brachial artery to the middle of the forearm compartment, the distance between incision in cephalic vein to the middle of the forearm compartment, length of the great saphenous vein (the graft) and diameters of blood vessels, used in the procedure. Finally, the right position of the graft should be determined for the successful outcome of anastomosis creating procedure.","PeriodicalId":14636,"journal":{"name":"Italian journal of anatomy and embryology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67669693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anatomy constitutes the historical and epistemological background of surgery and surgery, in turn, is the area of medicine dealing with the management of injuries and pathologies by means of manual interventions and instrumental devices. As such, surgery may be considered as old as mankind. However, only in the Age of Enlightenment (eighteenth century) was the rigid and negative distinction typical of the past between clinical medicine and surgery overcome. This historical differentiation is by many historians of Western medicine ascribed to the famous Hippocratic Oath, a deontological text attributed to the Hippocratic School (V-IV centuries B.C.). The object of this contribution is the description of the evolution of surgery in the course of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, periods in which a number of fundamental acquisitions in surgical practice were gained, ranging from a more correct treatment of wounds and lesions to the elaboration of the first effective methods for vessel ligature, from the improvement of amputation techniques to the refinement of trauma surgery, from the major progress in human anatomical knowledge to the invention of new surgical devices, including the obstetrical forceps. Last but not least, the achievement on the part of surgeons of a more codified professional role, their acquisition of a more honourable deontological profile and the definition of their clearer collocation in the sanitary panorama, appear as paramount historical-epistemological achievements typical of the surgery practiced during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.
{"title":"The anatomical and historical background of surgery: major surgical achievements during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance","authors":"A. Conti","doi":"10.13128/IJAE","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13128/IJAE","url":null,"abstract":"Anatomy constitutes the historical and epistemological background of surgery and surgery, in turn, is the area of medicine dealing with the management of injuries and pathologies by means of manual interventions and instrumental devices. As such, surgery may be considered as old as mankind. However, only in the Age of Enlightenment (eighteenth century) was the rigid and negative distinction typical of the past between clinical medicine and surgery overcome. This historical differentiation is by many historians of Western medicine ascribed to the famous Hippocratic Oath, a deontological text attributed to the Hippocratic School (V-IV centuries B.C.). The object of this contribution is the description of the evolution of surgery in the course of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, periods in which a number of fundamental acquisitions in surgical practice were gained, ranging from a more correct treatment of wounds and lesions to the elaboration of the first effective methods for vessel ligature, from the improvement of amputation techniques to the refinement of trauma surgery, from the major progress in human anatomical knowledge to the invention of new surgical devices, including the obstetrical forceps. Last but not least, the achievement on the part of surgeons of a more codified professional role, their acquisition of a more honourable deontological profile and the definition of their clearer collocation in the sanitary panorama, appear as paramount historical-epistemological achievements typical of the surgery practiced during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.","PeriodicalId":14636,"journal":{"name":"Italian journal of anatomy and embryology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49186393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Veronica Papa, F. Galassi, Eugenio Polito, G. Capelli, A. Rodio, M. Vaccarezza, D. Tafuri, E. Varotto
Gross anatomy classes are still regarded as an integral part of human biomedical education worldwide. The first documentary evidence of the practice of anatomical dissection for teaching purposes dates back to the 13th century AD, although this practice seems to have originated in Ancient Greece, if not in earlier times. Dissection of the human body is practiced in most anatomy institutions worldwide despite increasing pressure to reduce material and staff costs, regardless the ongoing debate concerning the suitability of body donors for medical education. Moreover, anatomical teaching skills are also evolving and need to be tailored for the different areas of anatomical expertise students have to acquire: therefore, anatomic dissection goes probably beyond the scope of anatomy teaching in some classes such as sports sciences. However, there is no doubt that a practical approach to the study and teaching of anatomy is surely preferable to basic ex cathedra anatomy lectures. Here, we propose a new teaching method for sports sciences and fine arts students by training their surface anatomy skills through the study of ancient statues.
{"title":"The muscles of the athletes to learn surface anatomy - The Influence of classical statues on anatomy teaching","authors":"Veronica Papa, F. Galassi, Eugenio Polito, G. Capelli, A. Rodio, M. Vaccarezza, D. Tafuri, E. Varotto","doi":"10.13128/IJAE-10777","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13128/IJAE-10777","url":null,"abstract":"Gross anatomy classes are still regarded as an integral part of human biomedical education worldwide. The first documentary evidence of the practice of anatomical dissection for teaching purposes dates back to the 13th century AD, although this practice seems to have originated in Ancient Greece, if not in earlier times. Dissection of the human body is practiced in most anatomy institutions worldwide despite increasing pressure to reduce material and staff costs, regardless the ongoing debate concerning the suitability of body donors for medical education. Moreover, anatomical teaching skills are also evolving and need to be tailored for the different areas of anatomical expertise students have to acquire: therefore, anatomic dissection goes probably beyond the scope of anatomy teaching in some classes such as sports sciences. However, there is no doubt that a practical approach to the study and teaching of anatomy is surely preferable to basic ex cathedra anatomy lectures. Here, we propose a new teaching method for sports sciences and fine arts students by training their surface anatomy skills through the study of ancient statues.","PeriodicalId":14636,"journal":{"name":"Italian journal of anatomy and embryology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48017145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. D. Monica, P. Bernabei, E. Andreucci, G. Traficante, F. Paternostro, Francesca Peluso, R. Mauri, Aldesia Provenzano, S. Giglio, O. Casazza, M. Gulisano
Michelangelo’s marble sculpture of David is one of the most admired works of art in the world. It is the most iconic symbol of the Florentine Renaissance, and a representation of the idealized human form in its perfection and proportion. The statue was examined in 2004 by two anatomists who observed the apparent absence of a single muscle. Our re-examination of the statue, from our perspective as clinical geneticists, shows unexpected and hitherto unpublished details of variations and disproportions within the overall context of exceptional harmony and beauty. This apparent contradiction raises the question as to what is considered to be morphologically “normal” and what “is not”.
{"title":"Michelangelo’s David: triumph of perfection or perfect combination of variation and disproportions? A human perspective.","authors":"M. D. Monica, P. Bernabei, E. Andreucci, G. Traficante, F. Paternostro, Francesca Peluso, R. Mauri, Aldesia Provenzano, S. Giglio, O. Casazza, M. Gulisano","doi":"10.13128/IJAE-10782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13128/IJAE-10782","url":null,"abstract":"Michelangelo’s marble sculpture of David is one of the most admired works of art in the world. It is the most iconic symbol of the Florentine Renaissance, and a representation of the idealized human form in its perfection and proportion. The statue was examined in 2004 by two anatomists who observed the apparent absence of a single muscle. Our re-examination of the statue, from our perspective as clinical geneticists, shows unexpected and hitherto unpublished details of variations and disproportions within the overall context of exceptional harmony and beauty. This apparent contradiction raises the question as to what is considered to be morphologically “normal” and what “is not”.","PeriodicalId":14636,"journal":{"name":"Italian journal of anatomy and embryology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43148186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Recto, Antonino Marcello Pilia, R. Campi, J. Branca, A. Pacini, F. Paternostro
Introduction: vascular anatomy variations are important in academic, clinical and surgical areas as well as nephrology, urology, oncological and vascular surgery, among others. The main objective of this review is to know the real prevalence of multiple renal arteries in a wide, multiethnic population. Secondary objectives are to establish the prevalence of early branching of the renal artery and the prevalence of these variations in left and right kidneys. Methods: this study analyzes the renal arterial anatomy of 20.782 kidneys from 64 anatomical and radiological studies. Results: Multiple renal arteries (MRA) were present in 19,95% of the total kidneys, in number of 2 to 6 arteries arriving to the hilum. The most frequent number of MRA was 2 renal arteries (89,48%), followed by 3 (9,31%), 4 (1,06%), 5 (0,02%) and 6 (0,005%). This last one being found in only one kidney. Reported data on the lateralization of the MRA are rather poor, and among these no side’s predilection was found: MRA were found in 49,83% on the right side and 50,17% of left kidneys. Early branching patterns were described in only one third of the published data, being present in 11,4% of the total kidneys from those data (corresponding in 4,23% of right kidney cases and in 4,52% of left kidney cases; 2,66% had no right/left information). Discussion: the most difficult part was to merge the results from the different studies due to the heterogeneity of their descriptions. A universally accepted medical nomenclature is needed in order to allow a more precise lecture and transmission of results in clinical practice. Renal anatomical variations have clinical and surgical implications in renal transplantation, correctable hydronephrosis, ablation treatment for refractory hypertension or endovascular reconstructions and should be taken into account by every physician.
{"title":"Renal artery variations: a 20.782 kidneys review.","authors":"C. Recto, Antonino Marcello Pilia, R. Campi, J. Branca, A. Pacini, F. Paternostro","doi":"10.13128/IJAE-10776","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13128/IJAE-10776","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: vascular anatomy variations are important in academic, clinical and surgical areas as well as nephrology, urology, oncological and vascular surgery, among others. The main objective of this review is to know the real prevalence of multiple renal arteries in a wide, multiethnic population. Secondary objectives are to establish the prevalence of early branching of the renal artery and the prevalence of these variations in left and right kidneys. Methods: this study analyzes the renal arterial anatomy of 20.782 kidneys from 64 anatomical and radiological studies. Results: Multiple renal arteries (MRA) were present in 19,95% of the total kidneys, in number of 2 to 6 arteries arriving to the hilum. The most frequent number of MRA was 2 renal arteries (89,48%), followed by 3 (9,31%), 4 (1,06%), 5 (0,02%) and 6 (0,005%). This last one being found in only one kidney. Reported data on the lateralization of the MRA are rather poor, and among these no side’s predilection was found: MRA were found in 49,83% on the right side and 50,17% of left kidneys. Early branching patterns were described in only one third of the published data, being present in 11,4% of the total kidneys from those data (corresponding in 4,23% of right kidney cases and in 4,52% of left kidney cases; 2,66% had no right/left information). Discussion: the most difficult part was to merge the results from the different studies due to the heterogeneity of their descriptions. A universally accepted medical nomenclature is needed in order to allow a more precise lecture and transmission of results in clinical practice. Renal anatomical variations have clinical and surgical implications in renal transplantation, correctable hydronephrosis, ablation treatment for refractory hypertension or endovascular reconstructions and should be taken into account by every physician.","PeriodicalId":14636,"journal":{"name":"Italian journal of anatomy and embryology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44649621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Caranci, E. Tedeschi, G. Leone, V. Giugliano, A. Elefante, A. Bruno, L. Califano, R. D. Vizia, F. Briganti, A. Varricchio, L. Brunese
While fenestration and duplication are relatively common in the arteries, they are extremely rare in the venous compartment: internal jugular vein fenestration has been reported occurring in 0.4% of unilateral neck dissections. Familiarity with these morphological anomalies is important for the radiologist and for the surgeon to prevent neurovascular injury, especially in neck surgery and interventional catheterization. We present the case of a patient harboring a fenestration of the left internal jugular vein, diagnosed by magnetic resonance angiography, and a systematic review of the literature. To our knowledge, from 1985 until 2016 only 36 patients (including the present) were diagnosed as having an internal jugular vein morphological anomaly. Out of 36 patients, only 11 (30,5%) were diagnosed using radiological imaging; the high rate of intra-operative diagnoses (22/36, 62,5%) is likely related to the limited use of diagnostic imaging or to misdiagnosis/misinterpretation of a relatively unknown and rare morphological anomaly. A contrast enhanced computed tomography or magnetic resonance angiography should be considered in case of vascular procedures in a patient with known internal jugular vein anomaly.
{"title":"Internal jugular vein fenestration: a rare but possible event. A case report and review of the literature","authors":"F. Caranci, E. Tedeschi, G. Leone, V. Giugliano, A. Elefante, A. Bruno, L. Califano, R. D. Vizia, F. Briganti, A. Varricchio, L. Brunese","doi":"10.13128/IJAE-25467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13128/IJAE-25467","url":null,"abstract":"While fenestration and duplication are relatively common in the arteries, they are extremely rare in the venous compartment: internal jugular vein fenestration has been reported occurring in 0.4% of unilateral neck dissections. Familiarity with these morphological anomalies is important for the radiologist and for the surgeon to prevent neurovascular injury, especially in neck surgery and interventional catheterization. We present the case of a patient harboring a fenestration of the left internal jugular vein, diagnosed by magnetic resonance angiography, and a systematic review of the literature. To our knowledge, from 1985 until 2016 only 36 patients (including the present) were diagnosed as having an internal jugular vein morphological anomaly. Out of 36 patients, only 11 (30,5%) were diagnosed using radiological imaging; the high rate of intra-operative diagnoses (22/36, 62,5%) is likely related to the limited use of diagnostic imaging or to misdiagnosis/misinterpretation of a relatively unknown and rare morphological anomaly. A contrast enhanced computed tomography or magnetic resonance angiography should be considered in case of vascular procedures in a patient with known internal jugular vein anomaly.","PeriodicalId":14636,"journal":{"name":"Italian journal of anatomy and embryology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44691590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Pedrini, G. A. Mariani, E. Orsini, M. Quaranta, Stefano Ratti, L. Cocco, L. Manzoli, A. Billi
Anomalies of the brachial plexus including the distribution of the nerves as well as its terminal branches in the upper limb have been largely described in the literature. In this case report we describe a further variant of brachial plexus formation identified during routine anatomical dissection of the right upper limb of a 62-year-old Caucasian female cadaver. On the right side no musculocutaneous nerve was identified, the median nerve was formed as expected but a short extra branch communicating between the lateral cord and the medial head of the median nerve appeared. Coracobrachialis muscle was innervated by a direct branch from the lateral cord, while biceps brachialis and brachialis muscles were reached by collaterals of the median nerve. Moreover, in the distal half of the upper limb, the median nerve contributed to the innervation of the lateral aspect of the forearm skin via the lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm. In order to analyze this specific variant relevance we compared it with all the similar previous reported cases, trying to explain the embryological bases of the variant. The knowledge of anatomical variations of peripheral nerves is pivotal not only for surgeons, radiologists and anesthesiologists that may operate on the axilla, but also for every medical doctor to understand inexplicable clinical signs.
{"title":"Unilateral absence of Casserio’s nerve and a communicating branch to the median nerve. An additional variant of brachial flexors motor innervation","authors":"F. Pedrini, G. A. Mariani, E. Orsini, M. Quaranta, Stefano Ratti, L. Cocco, L. Manzoli, A. Billi","doi":"10.13128/IJAE-25466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13128/IJAE-25466","url":null,"abstract":"Anomalies of the brachial plexus including the distribution of the nerves as well as its terminal branches in the upper limb have been largely described in the literature. In this case report we describe a further variant of brachial plexus formation identified during routine anatomical dissection of the right upper limb of a 62-year-old Caucasian female cadaver. On the right side no musculocutaneous nerve was identified, the median nerve was formed as expected but a short extra branch communicating between the lateral cord and the medial head of the median nerve appeared. Coracobrachialis muscle was innervated by a direct branch from the lateral cord, while biceps brachialis and brachialis muscles were reached by collaterals of the median nerve. Moreover, in the distal half of the upper limb, the median nerve contributed to the innervation of the lateral aspect of the forearm skin via the lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm. In order to analyze this specific variant relevance we compared it with all the similar previous reported cases, trying to explain the embryological bases of the variant. The knowledge of anatomical variations of peripheral nerves is pivotal not only for surgeons, radiologists and anesthesiologists that may operate on the axilla, but also for every medical doctor to understand inexplicable clinical signs.","PeriodicalId":14636,"journal":{"name":"Italian journal of anatomy and embryology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48338330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Angela Silvano, S. Nistri, L. Calosi, P. Romagnoli
Cigarette smoking causes microvascular dysfunction and skin aging. Relaxin, primarily but not exclusively involved in reproduction, has connective tissue among its targets. Within a project on the interference of relaxin with the effects of smoke on guinea pigs, we examined the skin response to those stimuli. Adult guinea pigs were exposed to cigarette smoke daily for 8 weeks, and some of them were treated also with relaxin, 1 or 10 µg/die. Controls were treated with relaxin vehicle alone. The skin was analyzed by light and electron microscopy and histochemistry for mast cells and the collagen specific chaperonin Hsp47. The epidermis appeared unaffected by any treatment. In the superficial dermis, smoke led to a decrease in mast cell number and intensity of astra blue staining, suggestive of granule discharge. Relaxin caused further significant reduction in mast cell number. In the superficial and deep dermis, the staining intensity of Hsp47 positive cells, assumed as active fibroblasts, increased upon smoke. The staining intensity decreased gradually in the superficial dermis upon relaxin, reaching significance after treatment with 10 µg/die relaxin, while in the deep dermis it decreased significantly upon treatment with 1 µg/die relaxin and underwent further, significant increase with 10 µg/die relaxin. The results suggest that relaxin can enhance skin mast cell secretory response, possibly antagonizing nicotine induced vasoconstriction and, depending on dose and localization of responding cells, can counteract the profibrotic stimulus of smoke on dermal fibroblasts.
{"title":"Effect of cigarette smoke and treatment with relaxin on guinea pig skin","authors":"Angela Silvano, S. Nistri, L. Calosi, P. Romagnoli","doi":"10.13128/IJAE-25469","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13128/IJAE-25469","url":null,"abstract":"Cigarette smoking causes microvascular dysfunction and skin aging. Relaxin, primarily but not exclusively involved in reproduction, has connective tissue among its targets. Within a project on the interference of relaxin with the effects of smoke on guinea pigs, we examined the skin response to those stimuli. Adult guinea pigs were exposed to cigarette smoke daily for 8 weeks, and some of them were treated also with relaxin, 1 or 10 µg/die. Controls were treated with relaxin vehicle alone. The skin was analyzed by light and electron microscopy and histochemistry for mast cells and the collagen specific chaperonin Hsp47. The epidermis appeared unaffected by any treatment. In the superficial dermis, smoke led to a decrease in mast cell number and intensity of astra blue staining, suggestive of granule discharge. Relaxin caused further significant reduction in mast cell number. In the superficial and deep dermis, the staining intensity of Hsp47 positive cells, assumed as active fibroblasts, increased upon smoke. The staining intensity decreased gradually in the superficial dermis upon relaxin, reaching significance after treatment with 10 µg/die relaxin, while in the deep dermis it decreased significantly upon treatment with 1 µg/die relaxin and underwent further, significant increase with 10 µg/die relaxin. The results suggest that relaxin can enhance skin mast cell secretory response, possibly antagonizing nicotine induced vasoconstriction and, depending on dose and localization of responding cells, can counteract the profibrotic stimulus of smoke on dermal fibroblasts.","PeriodicalId":14636,"journal":{"name":"Italian journal of anatomy and embryology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41784232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Mascherini, M. Marella, Paolo Bosi, Marta Radini, Paolo Spicuglia, M. Gulisano, Piergiorgio Francia
The vertical jump is frequently used for the functional evaluation of athletes and non-sporting subjects. The jump height is often used as an indicator of lower limbs strength. The aim of this study was to verify the presence of a relationship between the maximum height reached and muscle parameters expressed during the vertical jump. In 22 healthy males practicing recreational physical activity (age, mean ± standard deviation: 22.5±1.2 years; body mass: 72.8±13.2 kg; body height: 177.1±7.0 cm) and in 15 female volley players (age: 16.5±0.4 years; body mass: 64.4± 8.4 kg; body height: 175.5±7.9 cm), Jump Height (cm), Muscle Strength (N/kg) and Power (W/kg) were recorded during the jump tests. In the healthy males group, jump height was correlated with muscle power: r = 0.33, p>0.05; a higher correlation resulted between muscle strength and power: r = 0.62, p<0.01. In the female volleyball players group, only the muscle strength and power showed a correlation: r = 0.54, p<0.05. It is therefore possible to confirm that the jump height reached during a vertical jump does not provide clear information on the strength of the lower limbs. At the same time, an improvement in muscular strength of the lower limbs does not guarantee an increase in jump height. Several parameters should be evaluated at the same time for a correct functional assessment of athletes and healthy non-sporting subjects.
{"title":"Can the vertical jump height measure the lower limbs muscle strength","authors":"G. Mascherini, M. Marella, Paolo Bosi, Marta Radini, Paolo Spicuglia, M. Gulisano, Piergiorgio Francia","doi":"10.13128/IJAE-25474","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13128/IJAE-25474","url":null,"abstract":"The vertical jump is frequently used for the functional evaluation of athletes and non-sporting subjects. The jump height is often used as an indicator of lower limbs strength. The aim of this study was to verify the presence of a relationship between the maximum height reached and muscle parameters expressed during the vertical jump. In 22 healthy males practicing recreational physical activity (age, mean ± standard deviation: 22.5±1.2 years; body mass: 72.8±13.2 kg; body height: 177.1±7.0 cm) and in 15 female volley players (age: 16.5±0.4 years; body mass: 64.4± 8.4 kg; body height: 175.5±7.9 cm), Jump Height (cm), Muscle Strength (N/kg) and Power (W/kg) were recorded during the jump tests. In the healthy males group, jump height was correlated with muscle power: r = 0.33, p>0.05; a higher correlation resulted between muscle strength and power: r = 0.62, p<0.01. In the female volleyball players group, only the muscle strength and power showed a correlation: r = 0.54, p<0.05. It is therefore possible to confirm that the jump height reached during a vertical jump does not provide clear information on the strength of the lower limbs. At the same time, an improvement in muscular strength of the lower limbs does not guarantee an increase in jump height. Several parameters should be evaluated at the same time for a correct functional assessment of athletes and healthy non-sporting subjects.","PeriodicalId":14636,"journal":{"name":"Italian journal of anatomy and embryology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44616499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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