M. Checchi, Virginia Stanzani, Serena Truocchio, Matteo Corradini, M. Ferretti, C. Palumbo
Basic research, especially morphological research, often fails to get off the ground due to scarcity of opportunities and funding. There is a need to exploit ideas, while starting from a morphological basis, to channel them into pathways with translational value: patents, trademarks, alternative experimental models, etc., aimed at formulating new proposals for applied research. Among the many sprouts emerging in laboratories where basic research is carried out throughout the country, one reality from Emilia Romagna region is represented by some insights from human anatomy teachers and researchers at the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia. They have developed an original idea whereby they propose to use very small bone segments (the scleral ossicles –SO) taken from the sclero-corneal boundary of lower vertebrates with protruding eyes (particularly from avian species) to supplement 3D scaffolds to be used in regenerative medicine (by triggering/improving angiogenesis and osteogenesis) for the recovery of severe bone injuries, defined as “critical size”, i.e., unable to recover autonomously. The idea was followed by the patent application and, subsequently, the filing of a trademark (Pal-OS®) concerning to SO-derivatives (powders, sticks, caps, etc.). In times when respect for the natural environment and attention to animal health are among the relevant aspects for an ecosystem’s welfare, along with these patent and trademark a focus was developed on experimental methods alternative to animal testing, with which to be able to test the efficacy of the proposed products while respecting the 3 R’s rules, using a model already known and exploited in the past, the chorio-allantoic membrane – CAM, revisited today from an ethical perspective. The article traces the observations that led to the idea of patenting scleral ossicles, of filing the Pal-OS® trademark and of using the CAM model to test their validity for regenerative purposes, with the ultimate goal of underlining how morphological observations, interpreted from a translational perspective, can provide interesting insights for clinical applications.
{"title":"From morphological basic research to proposals for regenerative medicine through a translational perspective","authors":"M. Checchi, Virginia Stanzani, Serena Truocchio, Matteo Corradini, M. Ferretti, C. Palumbo","doi":"10.36253/ijae-13727","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/ijae-13727","url":null,"abstract":"Basic research, especially morphological research, often fails to get off the ground due to scarcity of opportunities and funding. There is a need to exploit ideas, while starting from a morphological basis, to channel them into pathways with translational value: patents, trademarks, alternative experimental models, etc., aimed at formulating new proposals for applied research. \u0000Among the many sprouts emerging in laboratories where basic research is carried out throughout the country, one reality from Emilia Romagna region is represented by some insights from human anatomy teachers and researchers at the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia. They have developed an original idea whereby they propose to use very small bone segments (the scleral ossicles –SO) taken from the sclero-corneal boundary of lower vertebrates with protruding eyes (particularly from avian species) to supplement 3D scaffolds to be used in regenerative medicine (by triggering/improving angiogenesis and osteogenesis) for the recovery of severe bone injuries, defined as “critical size”, i.e., unable to recover autonomously. The idea was followed by the patent application and, subsequently, the filing of a trademark (Pal-OS®) concerning to SO-derivatives (powders, sticks, caps, etc.). \u0000In times when respect for the natural environment and attention to animal health are among the relevant aspects for an ecosystem’s welfare, along with these patent and trademark a focus was developed on experimental methods alternative to animal testing, with which to be able to test the efficacy of the proposed products while respecting the 3 R’s rules, using a model already known and exploited in the past, the chorio-allantoic membrane – CAM, revisited today from an ethical perspective. \u0000The article traces the observations that led to the idea of patenting scleral ossicles, of filing the Pal-OS® trademark and of using the CAM model to test their validity for regenerative purposes, with the ultimate goal of underlining how morphological observations, interpreted from a translational perspective, can provide interesting insights for clinical applications.","PeriodicalId":14636,"journal":{"name":"Italian journal of anatomy and embryology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42658612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this study was to identify morphological and morphometric variations of pulmonary fissures. A sample of 50 adult formalin fixed Sri Lankan cadaveric lungs (24 left and 26 right lungs) were observed with the help of magnifying glass and length measurements of the lung fissures were taken using a measuring tape. Complete oblique fissure was seen in 16 (66.67%) left lungs and 11 (42.3%) right lungs. Incomplete oblique fissure was seen in 8 (33.33%) left lungs and 15 (57.69%) right lungs. There was complete absent of horizontal fissure in 4 (15.38%) right lungs whereas rest of the 22 right lungs indicated incomplete horizontal fissure (84.61%). The mean lengths of the left oblique fissure, right oblique fissure and horizontal fissure were 26.88±5.88cm, 27.31±6.04 cm and 8.31±3.61 cm, respectively. Incomplete fissure was the most common variant of the fissures in the analyzed sample. There was a high prevalence of incomplete horizontal fissure of right lung followed by incomplete right and left oblique fissures. Absence of oblique fissure was not found in either left or right lungs. The mean length of right oblique fissure was slightly greater than the mean length of left oblique fissure. The knowledge lung fissures, indeed help clinicians and radiologists to identify alterations of the disease distribution and to reduce the misinterpretation of radiological modalities as well as to arrive at an accurate diagnosis with plan of management of a patient.
{"title":"Morphological variations of human pulmonary fissures: an anatomical cadaveric study in Sri Lanka","authors":"L. Ranaweera, W. N. Sulani, W.L.R.L. Nanayakkara","doi":"10.36253/ijae-12675","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/ijae-12675","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to identify morphological and morphometric variations of pulmonary fissures. A sample of 50 adult formalin fixed Sri Lankan cadaveric lungs (24 left and 26 right lungs) were observed with the help of magnifying glass and length measurements of the lung fissures were taken using a measuring tape. Complete oblique fissure was seen in 16 (66.67%) left lungs and 11 (42.3%) right lungs. Incomplete oblique fissure was seen in 8 (33.33%) left lungs and 15 (57.69%) right lungs. There was complete absent of horizontal fissure in 4 (15.38%) right lungs whereas rest of the 22 right lungs indicated incomplete horizontal fissure (84.61%). The mean lengths of the left oblique fissure, right oblique fissure and horizontal fissure were 26.88±5.88cm, 27.31±6.04 cm and 8.31±3.61 cm, respectively. Incomplete fissure was the most common variant of the fissures in the analyzed sample. There was a high prevalence of incomplete horizontal fissure of right lung followed by incomplete right and left oblique fissures. Absence of oblique fissure was not found in either left or right lungs. The mean length of right oblique fissure was slightly greater than the mean length of left oblique fissure. The knowledge lung fissures, indeed help clinicians and radiologists to identify alterations of the disease distribution and to reduce the misinterpretation of radiological modalities as well as to arrive at an accurate diagnosis with plan of management of a patient. ","PeriodicalId":14636,"journal":{"name":"Italian journal of anatomy and embryology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48017583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A recent study maintains to have identified a case of severe Graves’ disease in the bronze statue of Cosimo I de’ Medici forged by Benevenuto Cellini (between 1545 and 1547). We carefully examined the artistic sources, the medical primary sources and the paleopathological findings with the aim of showing that Cosimo I de’ Medici (1519-1574) was not affected by severe Graves’ disease. The artistic analysis of different statues and portraits of the Grand-Duke of Tuscany confirms the medical interpretation. Cosimo I was thick-necked with a well-developed laryngeal prominence of the thyroid cartilage (Adam’s Apple) and slightly bulging eyes. Plagued by obesity, Cosimo I was affected by DISH (diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis), chronic malaria, and severe osteoarthritis. The Grand Duke had a stroke on February 18th 1568, aged 49, and suffered from the sequelae for six years. Previous scholars proposed chronic cerebral vasculopathy as a possible diagnosis. We surmise that, as in modern day obese patients with DISH, he had increased risk for cardiovascular morbidity. The presence of a familiar thick-neck and a well-developed Adam’s Apple can be observed in several other members of the Medici family such Giovanni dalle Bande Nere, Cosimo I de’ Medici’s father. The same features can also be found in several other predecessors of Cosimo I such as Piero the Gouty and his sons Lorenzo the Magnificent and Giuliano de’ Medici, Pope Leo X, Giuliano de’ Medici, Duke of Nemours and Lorenzo de’ Medici, Duke of Urbino. This paper shows that the combination of literary, artistic, paleopathological sources is fundamental to correctly assess disease manifestation. A constant interaction between anatomy and art is recommended so to avoid over-interpretation of pathologic conditions in personages of the past.
{"title":"The controversial case of Cosimo I de’ Medici (1519-1574): reflections on the interaction between anatomy and art (iconodiagnosis vs misdiagnosis)","authors":"R. Bianucci, E. Zucchini, F. Galassi, D. Lippi","doi":"10.36253/ijae-13772","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/ijae-13772","url":null,"abstract":"A recent study maintains to have identified a case of severe Graves’ disease in the bronze statue of Cosimo I de’ Medici forged by Benevenuto Cellini (between 1545 and 1547). We carefully examined the artistic sources, the medical primary sources and the paleopathological findings with the aim of showing that Cosimo I de’ Medici (1519-1574) was not affected by severe Graves’ disease. The artistic analysis of different statues and portraits of the Grand-Duke of Tuscany confirms the medical interpretation. Cosimo I was thick-necked with a well-developed laryngeal prominence of the thyroid cartilage (Adam’s Apple) and slightly bulging eyes. Plagued by obesity, Cosimo I was affected by DISH (diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis), chronic malaria, and severe osteoarthritis. The Grand Duke had a stroke on February 18th 1568, aged 49, and suffered from the sequelae for six years. Previous scholars proposed chronic cerebral vasculopathy as a possible diagnosis. We surmise that, as in modern day obese patients with DISH, he had increased risk for cardiovascular morbidity. The presence of a familiar thick-neck and a well-developed Adam’s Apple can be observed in several other members of the Medici family such Giovanni dalle Bande Nere, Cosimo I de’ Medici’s father. The same features can also be found in several other predecessors of Cosimo I such as Piero the Gouty and his sons Lorenzo the Magnificent and Giuliano de’ Medici, Pope Leo X, Giuliano de’ Medici, Duke of Nemours and Lorenzo de’ Medici, Duke of Urbino. This paper shows that the combination of literary, artistic, paleopathological sources is fundamental to correctly assess disease manifestation. A constant interaction between anatomy and art is recommended so to avoid over-interpretation of pathologic conditions in personages of the past.","PeriodicalId":14636,"journal":{"name":"Italian journal of anatomy and embryology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43253017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Favaloro, G. Rizzo, G. Santoro, S. Pergolizzi, A. Furci, A. Centofanti, G. Cutroneo
The sarcoglycan sub-complex is a protein system which plays a key role in sarcolemma stabilization during muscle activity consisting of six glycosylated transmembrane proteins. Integrins play a key role in the process of cell adhesion, linking the extracellular matrix to the actin cytoskeleton. Here we have analysed the receptor for thyroid hormone, identified on αvβ3-integrin that has an important role in the activation of non-genomic actions of the hormone. Many non-genomic actions of the thyroid hormone appear to contribute to basal levels of activity of a variety of proteins, including ion pumps, intracellular protein trafficking and protein turnover. The purpose of our research was to study the presence and behaviour of sarcoglycans and integrins on the thyroid gland, in both normal and pathological conditions, for the first time. Our results show a normal fluorescence pattern in patients without pathology, and a reduced fluorescence pattern in patients with thyroid disease. Moreover, colocalization in healthy patients was found in double localization reactions, whereas in patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis sarcoglycans did not colocalize with tested integrin. These data could confirm the hypothesis of a close association between sarcoglycans and integrins, which, in pathological condition, are not found contemporarily hypothesizing that each single protein system could have a role in maintaining cell vitality.
{"title":"Sarcoglycans and integrins in human thyrocytes: an immunofluorescence study","authors":"A. Favaloro, G. Rizzo, G. Santoro, S. Pergolizzi, A. Furci, A. Centofanti, G. Cutroneo","doi":"10.36253/ijae-13681","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/ijae-13681","url":null,"abstract":"The sarcoglycan sub-complex is a protein system which plays a key role in sarcolemma stabilization during muscle activity consisting of six glycosylated transmembrane proteins. Integrins play a key role in the process of cell adhesion, linking the extracellular matrix to the actin cytoskeleton. Here we have analysed the receptor for thyroid hormone, identified on αvβ3-integrin that has an important role in the activation of non-genomic actions of the hormone. Many non-genomic actions of the thyroid hormone appear to contribute to basal levels of activity of a variety of proteins, including ion pumps, intracellular protein trafficking and protein turnover. The purpose of our research was to study the presence and behaviour of sarcoglycans and integrins on the thyroid gland, in both normal and pathological conditions, for the first time. Our results show a normal fluorescence pattern in patients without pathology, and a reduced fluorescence pattern in patients with thyroid disease. Moreover, colocalization in healthy patients was found in double localization reactions, whereas in patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis sarcoglycans did not colocalize with tested integrin. These data could confirm the hypothesis of a close association between sarcoglycans and integrins, which, in pathological condition, are not found contemporarily hypothesizing that each single protein system could have a role in maintaining cell vitality.","PeriodicalId":14636,"journal":{"name":"Italian journal of anatomy and embryology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41372084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis function is necessary for maintaining proper female reproductive cycle. This study aimed to evaluate the ovarian histomorphometric and histoarchitectural changes in neonatal, prepubertal and pubertal thymectomized female guinea pigs. A total of 30 female guinea pigs, sham-operated (n-5) and thymectomized (n-5) were studied in each group. The diameter and number of ovarian follicles among the thymectomized and sham operated female guinea pigs during estrus phase of estrous cycle was compared. Gonadal and accessory reproductive organs weights and microscopic features were studied in the sham operated guinea pigs and thymectomized. There were statistically significant changes in the number and diameter of follicles in the ovary in neonatal thymectomized female guinea pigs, but no significant changes were observed in prepubertal and pubertal female guinea pigs. Neonatal thymectomized female guinea pigs showed significant changes in their weight as well as changes in the microscopic features including reduced thickness of myometrium of uterus and less mucosal folding in the fallopian tube compared to the sham-operated group. But prepubertal and pubertal thymectomy did not affect the weight and microscopic features of gonads and accessory reproductive organs. Depending on the time of thymectomy, these results indicate morphological changes in the ovaries after thymectomy in females.
{"title":"Histomorphometric changes in the ovaries of thymectomized guinea pigs","authors":"Murali Punniakotti, V.Nithya, James Villanueva","doi":"10.36253/ijae-13680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/ijae-13680","url":null,"abstract":"Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis function is necessary for maintaining proper female reproductive cycle. This study aimed to evaluate the ovarian histomorphometric and histoarchitectural changes in neonatal, prepubertal and pubertal thymectomized female guinea pigs. A total of 30 female guinea pigs, sham-operated (n-5) and thymectomized (n-5) were studied in each group. The diameter and number of ovarian follicles among the thymectomized and sham operated female guinea pigs during estrus phase of estrous cycle was compared. Gonadal and accessory reproductive organs weights and microscopic features were studied in the sham operated guinea pigs and thymectomized. There were statistically significant changes in the number and diameter of follicles in the ovary in neonatal thymectomized female guinea pigs, but no significant changes were observed in prepubertal and pubertal female guinea pigs. Neonatal thymectomized female guinea pigs showed significant changes in their weight as well as changes in the microscopic features including reduced thickness of myometrium of uterus and less mucosal folding in the fallopian tube compared to the sham-operated group. But prepubertal and pubertal thymectomy did not affect the weight and microscopic features of gonads and accessory reproductive organs. Depending on the time of thymectomy, these results indicate morphological changes in the ovaries after thymectomy in females.","PeriodicalId":14636,"journal":{"name":"Italian journal of anatomy and embryology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49213793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The work presents the results of the anthropological and paleopathological analysis carried out on human skeletal remains of an individual (T-173) found in a burial from the necropolis “sector 96”, Messina, Sicily, dating back to the Roman Empire (1st century BCE – 1st century CE). The study aimed to acquire the information necessary for the reconstruction of the biological profile. In fact, T173 is an adult male which is particularly interesting from a paleopathological point of view, showing skeletal anomalies from the cranial to the post-cranial skeleton probably caused by variations of genetic, neoplastic, articular and dental nature. Furthermore, the analyses have highlighted the possible cause of death, related to two perimortem traumatic lesions on parietal bones.
{"title":"An anthropological and paleopathological analysis of a peculiar skeleton from the Necropolis of Zancle (1st century BCE – 1st century CE): a case report","authors":"Claudia Fiorentino, R. Miccichè, L. Sìneo","doi":"10.36253/ijae-13734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/ijae-13734","url":null,"abstract":"The work presents the results of the anthropological and paleopathological analysis carried out on human skeletal remains of an individual (T-173) found in a burial from the necropolis “sector 96”, Messina, Sicily, dating back to the Roman Empire (1st century BCE – 1st century CE). The study aimed to acquire the information necessary for the reconstruction of the biological profile. In fact, T173 is an adult male which is particularly interesting from a paleopathological point of view, showing skeletal anomalies from the cranial to the post-cranial skeleton probably caused by variations of genetic, neoplastic, articular and dental nature. Furthermore, the analyses have highlighted the possible cause of death, related to two perimortem traumatic lesions on parietal bones. ","PeriodicalId":14636,"journal":{"name":"Italian journal of anatomy and embryology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41758458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Bianucci, F. Galassi, T. Lanza, G. Mattutino, A. Nerlich
Mummy studies help scientists to reconstruct both the evolution and manifestation of past diseases as well as the lifestyles and the habits of the ancient populations. They also help to gain insights into their funerary rites, which are a reflection of the community spiritual beliefs. Last but not least, the study of embalmed corpses reveals the evolution of the mortuary practices. After the 1840’s, new embalming methods were developed; these coupled the use of chemical solution and arterial injection thus allowing the corpses to maintain their integrity (no external lacerations) together with a life-like appearance. An extremely interesting case of modern chemical embalming is that of Rosalia Lombardo (1918-1920), a two years old girl who died in Palermo. Her cadaver is housed in the Capuchin Catacombs of the Sicilian capital. Both her cause of death and the procedure used in her embalming are still enigmatic. Her embalming has been allegedly attributed to Alfredo Salafia, a renowned Palermitan embalmer. This paper addresses the most recent findings emerged from our re-analysis of Rosalia’s case; furthermore, the cosmetic treatment of Rosalia’s mummy is compared with those of Ernesto Salafia Maggio and Giovanni Paterniti, two individuals whose bodies were embalmed by Alfredo Salafia.
{"title":"What lies behind the embalmed body of Rosalia Lombardo (1918-1920)?","authors":"R. Bianucci, F. Galassi, T. Lanza, G. Mattutino, A. Nerlich","doi":"10.36253/ijae-13771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/ijae-13771","url":null,"abstract":"Mummy studies help scientists to reconstruct both the evolution and manifestation of past diseases as well as the lifestyles and the habits of the ancient populations. They also help to gain insights into their funerary rites, which are a reflection of the community spiritual beliefs. Last but not least, the study of embalmed corpses reveals the evolution of the mortuary practices. After the 1840’s, new embalming methods were developed; these coupled the use of chemical solution and arterial injection thus allowing the corpses to maintain their integrity (no external lacerations) together with a life-like appearance. An extremely interesting case of modern chemical embalming is that of Rosalia Lombardo (1918-1920), a two years old girl who died in Palermo. Her cadaver is housed in the Capuchin Catacombs of the Sicilian capital. Both her cause of death and the procedure used in her embalming are still enigmatic. Her embalming has been allegedly attributed to Alfredo Salafia, a renowned Palermitan embalmer. This paper addresses the most recent findings emerged from our re-analysis of Rosalia’s case; furthermore, the cosmetic treatment of Rosalia’s mummy is compared with those of Ernesto Salafia Maggio and Giovanni Paterniti, two individuals whose bodies were embalmed by Alfredo Salafia. ","PeriodicalId":14636,"journal":{"name":"Italian journal of anatomy and embryology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41445382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is our distinguished pleasure to introduce this special monographic issue of the Italian Journal of Anatomy and Embryology dedicated to the topics of the history of the anatomical sciences and the morphological bases of palaeopathological studies. These two branches of human anatomy, though deemed interesting and relevant to the field by a large number of scholars worldwide, are too often neglected or not developed into a self-standing, productive field of research and teaching, especially in Italy. This is particularly sad and detrimental if one considers that human anatomy was reborn in Italy after centuries of intellectual stagnation first at Bologna thanks to the teaching of the Mediaeval scholar Mondino de’ Liuzzi and later, during the Renaissance, owing to the interest showed by artists in the correct representation of human morphology and bodily proportions. This shows how rediscovering the discipline’s history inevitably leads its students to the realisation of the existence of an interplay between the figurative arts and the study of the human body, a bond which until the late 19th century was perceived as evident, self-explanatory and indissoluble. Moreover, it was precisely in that century that, from the anatomical discipline and its sub-branch osteology, stemmed biological anthropology, a subject which, now greatly enriched by biomolecular studies and by the assessment of mummified human remains, can help us discover the antiquity of humankind, its evolution as much as that of the diseases that characterised its historical path, a field traditionally called “palaeopathology”. In this collection of contributions encompassing all of the aforementioned areas of research and anatomical knowledge, we aim to stimulate our colleagues and students to rediscover the importance of these topics and to develop them into a higher research platform capable of bridging the so-called hard biomedical sciences and the humanities. Finally, we would like to express our deepest gratitude to Professor Domenico Ribatti, the journal’s editorial board and the Società Italiana di Anatomia e Istologia for kindly accepting our proposal and for the invaluable support they gave us throughout the editorial process. In addition, we would like to thank all the contributors and anonymous reviewers who have made this issue possible.
{"title":"Special Monographic Issue on the History of Human Anatomy and the Anatomical Bases of Palaeopathology","authors":"F. Galassi, R. Bianucci","doi":"10.36253/ijae-13918","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/ijae-13918","url":null,"abstract":"It is our distinguished pleasure to introduce this special monographic issue of the Italian Journal of Anatomy and Embryology dedicated to the topics of the history of the anatomical sciences and the morphological bases of palaeopathological studies. These two branches of human anatomy, though deemed interesting and relevant to the field by a large number of scholars worldwide, are too often neglected or not developed into a self-standing, productive field of research and teaching, especially in Italy. This is particularly sad and detrimental if one considers that human anatomy was reborn in Italy after centuries of intellectual stagnation first at Bologna thanks to the teaching of the Mediaeval scholar Mondino de’ Liuzzi and later, during the Renaissance, owing to the interest showed by artists in the correct representation of human morphology and bodily proportions. \u0000This shows how rediscovering the discipline’s history inevitably leads its students to the realisation of the existence of an interplay between the figurative arts and the study of the human body, a bond which until the late 19th century was perceived as evident, self-explanatory and indissoluble. Moreover, it was precisely in that century that, from the anatomical discipline and its sub-branch osteology, stemmed biological anthropology, a subject which, now greatly enriched by biomolecular studies and by the assessment of mummified human remains, can help us discover the antiquity of humankind, its evolution as much as that of the diseases that characterised its historical path, a field traditionally called “palaeopathology”. \u0000In this collection of contributions encompassing all of the aforementioned areas of research and anatomical knowledge, we aim to stimulate our colleagues and students to rediscover the importance of these topics and to develop them into a higher research platform capable of bridging the so-called hard biomedical sciences and the humanities. \u0000Finally, we would like to express our deepest gratitude to Professor Domenico Ribatti, the journal’s editorial board and the Società Italiana di Anatomia e Istologia for kindly accepting our proposal and for the invaluable support they gave us throughout the editorial process. In addition, we would like to thank all the contributors and anonymous reviewers who have made this issue possible.","PeriodicalId":14636,"journal":{"name":"Italian journal of anatomy and embryology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47086255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Iorio, P. Catalano, V. Giuffra, F. De Angelis, Maria Cristina Martinez Labaraga, Riccardo Santangeli Valenzani, Giulia Facchin, M. Cilione, V. Gazzaniga
The research project Diseases, health and lifestyles in Rome: from the Empire to the Early Middle Age (PRIN 2015), covered a significant area of research, ranging from the historical and historico-medical content that emerged during the multi-disciplinary investigation on the subject, to the intersection between different methods and approaches and the full enhancement of truly primary sources that included human skeletal remains, food residues, housing situations and burial contexts. From this perspective, the interest in the so-called “material culture” has taken on a more important meaning than the simple response to a conceptual and ideological historiography. Since the 1980s, there has been a sort of limitation regarding a more objective reconstruction of Antiquity. In general, written and iconographic sources convey information that is more or less intentionally mediated by the cultural and anthropological coordinates that produced it, requiring the historian to make a philological exegesis effort that even in the case of manuscripts and epigraphs needs to dialogue with tools of support and writing. On the other hand, the importance of molecular data would be partial and misleading if it were to be based on a more traditional documentary framework. Therefore, the history of medicine, always accustomed to operating in an area dedicated to a mixing of different areas of expertise and study, has once again proved capable of creating a dialogue among areas of study that are seemingly distant from one another. However, these areas of study are complementary, leading to a reliable historical reconstruction. In fact, the choice to focus the investigation on the human body has also inevitably highlighted the οἶκος in which it finds itself. This is part of a dynamic natural and social system, as was perfectly clear to the legislators of the late-Republican period and to doctors of imperial age, including Galen, who were well aware of the connection among health, productive and manufacturing activities, urban planning, pollution and food. Therefore, the anthropological, paleo-pathological and molecular investigation on skeletal remains, in dialogue with the historical-medical, literary and iconographic sources, has become the opportunity for a historical reconstruction. This reconstruction is all the more interesting as it encompasses a time frame that contains the transition from the Late Antiquity to the beginning of the Middle Ages, allowing for the identification of a series of indicators on continuity and discontinuity.
{"title":"History of Medicine as a bridge between Paleopathology and the Medical Humanities. New Technologies Applied to Bioarchaeology: reconstructing Lifestyles in Ancient Rome","authors":"S. Iorio, P. Catalano, V. Giuffra, F. De Angelis, Maria Cristina Martinez Labaraga, Riccardo Santangeli Valenzani, Giulia Facchin, M. Cilione, V. Gazzaniga","doi":"10.36253/ijae-13755","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/ijae-13755","url":null,"abstract":"The research project Diseases, health and lifestyles in Rome: from the Empire to the Early Middle Age (PRIN 2015), covered a significant area of research, ranging from the historical and historico-medical content that emerged during the multi-disciplinary investigation on the subject, to the intersection between different methods and approaches and the full enhancement of truly primary sources that included human skeletal remains, food residues, housing situations and burial contexts. From this perspective, the interest in the so-called “material culture” has taken on a more important meaning than the simple response to a conceptual and ideological historiography. Since the 1980s, there has been a sort of limitation regarding a more objective reconstruction of Antiquity. In general, written and iconographic sources convey information that is more or less intentionally mediated by the cultural and anthropological coordinates that produced it, requiring the historian to make a philological exegesis effort that even in the case of manuscripts and epigraphs needs to dialogue with tools of support and writing. On the other hand, the importance of molecular data would be partial and misleading if it were to be based on a more traditional documentary framework. Therefore, the history of medicine, always accustomed to operating in an area dedicated to a mixing of different areas of expertise and study, has once again proved capable of creating a dialogue among areas of study that are seemingly distant from one another. However, these areas of study are complementary, leading to a reliable historical reconstruction. In fact, the choice to focus the investigation on the human body has also inevitably highlighted the οἶκος in which it finds itself. This is part of a dynamic natural and social system, as was perfectly clear to the legislators of the late-Republican period and to doctors of imperial age, including Galen, who were well aware of the connection among health, productive and manufacturing activities, urban planning, pollution and food. Therefore, the anthropological, paleo-pathological and molecular investigation on skeletal remains, in dialogue with the historical-medical, literary and iconographic sources, has become the opportunity for a historical reconstruction. This reconstruction is all the more interesting as it encompasses a time frame that contains the transition from the Late Antiquity to the beginning of the Middle Ages, allowing for the identification of a series of indicators on continuity and discontinuity.","PeriodicalId":14636,"journal":{"name":"Italian journal of anatomy and embryology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49213264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A meticulous knowledge of the root canal anatomy and morphology of the teeth is imperative to achieve successful root canal and also many other dental and surgical treatments on them. The purpose of this study was to study the root canal anatomy and morphology of permanent maxillary Lateral incisors in Kerman. 100 extracted intact permanent maxillary Lateral incisor teeth were collected from different dental clinics in Kerman. The anatomic and morphologic characteristics of the selected samples such as the number of roots, the apical root curve direction and the length of the teeth were determined by macroscopic evaluation and length assessment of each sample. After staining, decalcification and clearing of each tooth the existence and location of additional and lateral canals was also carefully explored by using magnifying tools. All maxillary Lateral incisors had just one root and one root canal and the average length for this tooth was 22.5 mms in this study. The curvature of the roots in 67% of the samples was distally, in 5%; bucally, in 2%; palatally and in 3%; mesially. 23% of the teeth had straight roots and root canals. Also, 29% of the teeth had lateral canals that in 89% of the cases were located in the apical thirds, in 11%; in the middle and in none of the cases in the coronal thirds. As a conclusion lateral canals and curved apex which are thorough challenges in dentistry are prevalent in maxillary lateral incisors among this south eastern Iranian population.
{"title":"Root canal anatomy and morphology of permanent maxillary Lateral Incisors in an Iranian population","authors":"Maryam Kuzekanani, Saadollah Parvazeh","doi":"10.36253/ijae-11653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/ijae-11653","url":null,"abstract":"A meticulous knowledge of the root canal anatomy and morphology of the teeth is imperative to achieve successful root canal and also many other dental and surgical treatments on them. The purpose of this study was to study the root canal anatomy and morphology of permanent maxillary Lateral incisors in Kerman. 100 extracted intact permanent maxillary Lateral incisor teeth were collected from different dental clinics in Kerman. The anatomic and morphologic characteristics of the selected samples such as the number of roots, the apical root curve direction and the length of the teeth were determined by macroscopic evaluation and length assessment of each sample. After staining, decalcification and clearing of each tooth the existence and location of additional and lateral canals was also carefully explored by using magnifying tools. All maxillary Lateral incisors had just one root and one root canal and the average length for this tooth was 22.5 mms in this study. The curvature of the roots in 67% of the samples was distally, in 5%; bucally, in 2%; palatally and in 3%; mesially. 23% of the teeth had straight roots and root canals. Also, 29% of the teeth had lateral canals that in 89% of the cases were located in the apical thirds, in 11%; in the middle and in none of the cases in the coronal thirds. As a conclusion lateral canals and curved apex which are thorough challenges in dentistry are prevalent in maxillary lateral incisors among this south eastern Iranian population.","PeriodicalId":14636,"journal":{"name":"Italian journal of anatomy and embryology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46085589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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