Pawel Iwaszkiewicz, R. Iwanowski, Slawomir Wozniak
Primary headaches are a type of headache that occurs independently, without any other underlying medical condition or injury. They are a major concern due to their prevalence in the population and their potential to cause significant disruption to daily life. In past years, new techniques have been developed that utilize sonography in diagnosing and treating headache disorders. Some recent publications have appeared on the use of ultrasound in blocks of the greater occipital nerve and the diagnosis of headaches. For a long time, blocks of the nerve have been performed without target visualization, based on exterior landmarks only. New methods may improve the results of performed procedures. Therefore, this study aims to provide an overview of the applications of ultrasound imaging of the greater occipital nerve in clinical practice.
{"title":"Sonographic imaging of the great occipital nerve in the diagnosis and treatment of primary headache disorders","authors":"Pawel Iwaszkiewicz, R. Iwanowski, Slawomir Wozniak","doi":"10.36253/ijae-14301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/ijae-14301","url":null,"abstract":"Primary headaches are a type of headache that occurs independently, without any other underlying medical condition or injury. They are a major concern due to their prevalence in the population and their potential to cause significant disruption to daily life. In past years, new techniques have been developed that utilize sonography in diagnosing and treating headache disorders. Some recent publications have appeared on the use of ultrasound in blocks of the greater occipital nerve and the diagnosis of headaches. For a long time, blocks of the nerve have been performed without target visualization, based on exterior landmarks only. New methods may improve the results of performed procedures. Therefore, this study aims to provide an overview of the applications of ultrasound imaging of the greater occipital nerve in clinical practice.","PeriodicalId":14636,"journal":{"name":"Italian journal of anatomy and embryology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44948527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Centofanti, Michele Runci Anastasi, A. Favaloro, F. De Ponte, L. Catalfamo, G. Cutroneo, G. Vermiglio
Bisphosphonate-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (BRONJ) is a pathological condition observed in patients underwent oral surgical procedures during bisphosphonates treatment. Although several studies have focused on the BRONJ, the exact pathophysiological pathways remain still unclear. In this study we aimed to observe the effects of the low-dose bisphosphonates administration on mandibular bone of rats with and without mini-implants application. For this study we used 28 male Wistar rats, divided in in two groups: 1) control group, treated with saline solution (n = 14 rats); 2) ZA group, treated with low dose zoledronic acid (n=14 rats). After 6 weeks of treatment, the half of each group underwent mini-implant application. All rats were sacrificed and their mandibles were analyzed by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Our data have shown a healthy bone tissue of control group both with and without mini-implant application. In the treated group empty osteocyte lacunae have been observed and they slightly increase in rats with mini-implant application. Although that, no bone exposition has been observed. By that, during low dose zoledronic acid treatment we can observe the presence of empty osteocytes lacunae, also called “primary lesion”, that not seem to be sufficient alone to determine osteonecrosis of the jaw spontaneously or even after mini-implant application.
{"title":"Effects of low dose bisphosphonates treatment on the mandibular bone in rats with and without mini-implants application: an experimental model","authors":"A. Centofanti, Michele Runci Anastasi, A. Favaloro, F. De Ponte, L. Catalfamo, G. Cutroneo, G. Vermiglio","doi":"10.36253/ijae-14217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/ijae-14217","url":null,"abstract":"Bisphosphonate-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (BRONJ) is a pathological condition observed in patients underwent oral surgical procedures during bisphosphonates treatment. Although several studies have focused on the BRONJ, the exact pathophysiological pathways remain still unclear. In this study we aimed to observe the effects of the low-dose bisphosphonates administration on mandibular bone of rats with and without mini-implants application. For this study we used 28 male Wistar rats, divided in in two groups: 1) control group, treated with saline solution (n = 14 rats); 2) ZA group, treated with low dose zoledronic acid (n=14 rats). After 6 weeks of treatment, the half of each group underwent mini-implant application. All rats were sacrificed and their mandibles were analyzed by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Our data have shown a healthy bone tissue of control group both with and without mini-implant application. In the treated group empty osteocyte lacunae have been observed and they slightly increase in rats with mini-implant application. Although that, no bone exposition has been observed. By that, during low dose zoledronic acid treatment we can observe the presence of empty osteocytes lacunae, also called “primary lesion”, that not seem to be sufficient alone to determine osteonecrosis of the jaw spontaneously or even after mini-implant application.","PeriodicalId":14636,"journal":{"name":"Italian journal of anatomy and embryology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49477267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Very clear and passionate Anatomy Lecturer, Prof. Orlandini was Maestro in training, profession and life. At the end of a whole and serene life, surrounded by his closest affections, he left us in 2022 on March 5th. His scientific, cultural, didactic and high-flying legacy to the Italian University and the International Anatomical and Histological Society is immeasurable; the Professor is still an unsurpassed and shining reference for all his Colleagues and Students.
{"title":"Prof. GIOVANNI E. ORLANDINI passed away in Florence on March 5th, 2022","authors":"F. Paternostro","doi":"10.36253/ijae-14466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/ijae-14466","url":null,"abstract":"Very clear and passionate Anatomy Lecturer, Prof. Orlandini was Maestro in training, profession and life. \u0000At the end of a whole and serene life, surrounded by his closest affections, he left us in 2022 on March 5th. \u0000His scientific, cultural, didactic and high-flying legacy to the Italian University and the International Anatomical and Histological Society is immeasurable; the Professor is still an unsurpassed and shining reference for all his Colleagues and Students.","PeriodicalId":14636,"journal":{"name":"Italian journal of anatomy and embryology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44310609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cícero Moraes, M. Habicht, F. Galassi, E. Varotto, T. Beaini
This article offers a novel and original facial reconstruction of pharaoh Tutankhamun based on data published in the biomedical and Egyptological literature. The reconstruction adopts the Blender 3D software, running the add-on OrtogOnBlender, which allows for a refined presentation of the soft tissues. The present reconstruction is also compared to other approaches produced in the past.
{"title":"Pharaoh Tutankhamun: a novel 3D digital facial approximation","authors":"Cícero Moraes, M. Habicht, F. Galassi, E. Varotto, T. Beaini","doi":"10.36253/ijae-14514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/ijae-14514","url":null,"abstract":"This article offers a novel and original facial reconstruction of pharaoh Tutankhamun based on data published in the biomedical and Egyptological literature. The reconstruction adopts the Blender 3D software, running the add-on OrtogOnBlender, which allows for a refined presentation of the soft tissues. The present reconstruction is also compared to other approaches produced in the past.","PeriodicalId":14636,"journal":{"name":"Italian journal of anatomy and embryology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44090327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Horseshoe kidney (HSK), the most common type of congenital renal fusion anomaly, is characterized by ectopia, malrotation, and altered vascular changes. Horseshoe kidney in this case is atypical because of multiple ureters, arteries, and veins, as well as how they originated and formed. During the routine dissection of 83-year-old male donor who died of respiratory failure, we observed the presence of horseshoe kidney in which the lower lobes of the left and right kidneys were connected by an isthmus below the level of inferior mesenteric artery (IMA). Furthermore, the presence of arterial, venous, and ureteric anomalies was also observed; these were sequentially dissected and are described here.
{"title":"Multiple arterial, venous and ureteric manifestations in horseshoe kidney: Developmental analysis and significance","authors":"Cheryl Melovitz‐Vasan, S. Huff, N. Vasan","doi":"10.36253/ijae-14048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/ijae-14048","url":null,"abstract":"Horseshoe kidney (HSK), the most common type of congenital renal fusion anomaly, is characterized by ectopia, malrotation, and altered vascular changes. Horseshoe kidney in this case is atypical because of multiple ureters, arteries, and veins, as well as how they originated and formed. During the routine dissection of 83-year-old male donor who died of respiratory failure, we observed the presence of horseshoe kidney in which the lower lobes of the left and right kidneys were connected by an isthmus below the level of inferior mesenteric artery (IMA). Furthermore, the presence of arterial, venous, and ureteric anomalies was also observed; these were sequentially dissected and are described here.","PeriodicalId":14636,"journal":{"name":"Italian journal of anatomy and embryology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44462463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Galassi, E. Varotto, M. Vaccarezza, Veronica Papa
(editorial)
（社论）
{"title":"Special issue on “Anatomical radiology and morphological studies applied to radiological and palaeoradiological contexts”","authors":"F. Galassi, E. Varotto, M. Vaccarezza, Veronica Papa","doi":"10.36253/ijae-14520","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/ijae-14520","url":null,"abstract":"(editorial)","PeriodicalId":14636,"journal":{"name":"Italian journal of anatomy and embryology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47010490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Bianucci, S. Donell, F. Galassi, Tiziana Lanza, G. Mattutino, A. Nerlich, L. Sìneo
Medical imaging allows non-invasive investigation of human remains. While paleoimaging is undoubtedly necessary in mummy studies, it is intrinsically limited in the sense that it cannot provide mummy experts with information on the chemical composition of the embalming substances. This holds particularly true for modern embalmed mummies (19th-20th centuries). Since the end of the 19th century, cadavers were arterially injected with chemicals which varied depending on different methods. One of those embalming methods was Salafia’s, which was much advertised in the USA. Since attempts at experimental reproduction of the Salafia method are planned by our team, a re-examination of the published literature on the formula was made. Here we provide evidence that an error in unit conversion from gallons to litres occurred and that the same mistake was repeated in the majority of the published English literature with a single exception which went unnoticed. Furthermore, we provide English speaking embalmers and mummy scholars with the complete and correct translation of the original version of Salafia’s formula.
{"title":"The Salafia embalming formula: do it well or don’t do it at all","authors":"R. Bianucci, S. Donell, F. Galassi, Tiziana Lanza, G. Mattutino, A. Nerlich, L. Sìneo","doi":"10.36253/ijae-14513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/ijae-14513","url":null,"abstract":"Medical imaging allows non-invasive investigation of human remains. While paleoimaging is undoubtedly necessary in mummy studies, it is intrinsically limited in the sense that it cannot provide mummy experts with information on the chemical composition of the embalming substances. This holds particularly true for modern embalmed mummies (19th-20th centuries). Since the end of the 19th century, cadavers were arterially injected with chemicals which varied depending on different methods. One of those embalming methods was Salafia’s, which was much advertised in the USA. Since attempts at experimental reproduction of the Salafia method are planned by our team, a re-examination of the published literature on the formula was made. Here we provide evidence that an error in unit conversion from gallons to litres occurred and that the same mistake was repeated in the majority of the published English literature with a single exception which went unnoticed. Furthermore, we provide English speaking embalmers and mummy scholars with the complete and correct translation of the original version of Salafia’s formula.","PeriodicalId":14636,"journal":{"name":"Italian journal of anatomy and embryology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47844568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maria Grazia Poerio, Michele Runci Anastasi, G. Vermiglio, A. Centofanti, P. Cascone
The studies on the auriculotemporal nerve in humans are limited. However, we considered crucial to investigate the topographic relation between the auriculotemporal nerve and the TMJ region that can explain some of the symptoms in TMDs. The results derived from our experience in the anatomic dissection on 16 adult cadaveric heads were compared with what literature describes from 1971 to 2023. The results confirm the existence of a particular anatomic position of the ATN within the infratemporal fossa in direct contact with the lateral pterygoid muscle and the TMJ capsular region. Therefore, there is evidence of a potential entrapment mechanism involving the ATN caused by an internal derangement of TMJ or a spastic condition of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Through a detailed anatomical description of the ATN the present study aims to offer an explanation to the main sensory and otological symptoms that patients with TMJ disorders often complaint, from facial pain and paresthesias to external ear pruritus.
{"title":"The Auriculotemporal Nerve and TMJ region: anatomy and function","authors":"Maria Grazia Poerio, Michele Runci Anastasi, G. Vermiglio, A. Centofanti, P. Cascone","doi":"10.36253/ijae-14487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/ijae-14487","url":null,"abstract":"The studies on the auriculotemporal nerve in humans are limited. However, we considered crucial to investigate the topographic relation between the auriculotemporal nerve and the TMJ region that can explain some of the symptoms in TMDs. The results derived from our experience in the anatomic dissection on 16 adult cadaveric heads were compared with what literature describes from 1971 to 2023. The results confirm the existence of a particular anatomic position of the ATN within the infratemporal fossa in direct contact with the lateral pterygoid muscle and the TMJ capsular region. Therefore, there is evidence of a potential entrapment mechanism involving the ATN caused by an internal derangement of TMJ or a spastic condition of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Through a detailed anatomical description of the ATN the present study aims to offer an explanation to the main sensory and otological symptoms that patients with TMJ disorders often complaint, from facial pain and paresthesias to external ear pruritus.","PeriodicalId":14636,"journal":{"name":"Italian journal of anatomy and embryology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45820835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Veronica Papa, M. Vaccarezza, F. Galassi, E. Varotto
Mummies are the well-preserved remains of humans or animals in which non-bony tissue has been maintained naturally or artificially. Their significance lies in their contribution to paleopathological research, which involves understanding the history and evolution of diseases and providing insights into past populations’ cultural and social practices. In recent years, mummies studies used nondestructive methods, including modern imaging techniques, to assess the main pathological features of these unique human remains. This mini-review focuses on the role of paleoradiology in mummies’ studies and describes the history of mummy radiography and CT scanning over the last fifteen years. The search strategy was conducted between January and April 2023. One thousand one hundred twenty-four records (1124) were initially identified, and 52 studies were assessed for qualitative synthesis. Three main themes and four subthemes were identified, providing a general overview of the role of paleoradiology or offering methodological guidelines. Also, subthemes assessed the role that the use of radiology has in the diagnosis of specific pathologies. Therefore, imaging techniques in ancient human remains might help understand the history and evolution of past and present diseases and their risk factors.
{"title":"Discover the anatomy of the mummies: how imaging techniques contribute to understanding disease in the past","authors":"Veronica Papa, M. Vaccarezza, F. Galassi, E. Varotto","doi":"10.36253/ijae-14549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/ijae-14549","url":null,"abstract":"Mummies are the well-preserved remains of humans or animals in which non-bony tissue has been maintained naturally or artificially. Their significance lies in their contribution to paleopathological research, which involves understanding the history and evolution of diseases and providing insights into past populations’ cultural and social practices. In recent years, mummies studies used nondestructive methods, including modern imaging techniques, to assess the main pathological features of these unique human remains. This mini-review focuses on the role of paleoradiology in mummies’ studies and describes the history of mummy radiography and CT scanning over the last fifteen years. The search strategy was conducted between January and April 2023. One thousand one hundred twenty-four records (1124) were initially identified, and 52 studies were assessed for qualitative synthesis. Three main themes and four subthemes were identified, providing a general overview of the role of paleoradiology or offering methodological guidelines. Also, subthemes assessed the role that the use of radiology has in the diagnosis of specific pathologies. Therefore, imaging techniques in ancient human remains might help understand the history and evolution of past and present diseases and their risk factors.","PeriodicalId":14636,"journal":{"name":"Italian journal of anatomy and embryology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46436662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: The glenoid cavity of scapula is quite small, which allows space for only limited fixation devices. Appropriate fixation of the glenoid component of shoulder is of key importance in total shoulder arthroplasty to prevent loosening, which is a common indication of revision surgery. Orthopedic surgeons and prosthetic designers must have a thorough understanding of the glenoid’s dimensions and shape, in order to create the finest feasible prosthesis. Aims and objectives: To determine the glenoid cavity index (GCI) and the form of the glenoid cavity, as well as the supero-inferior diameter, shortest antero-posterior diameter, and longest antero-posterior diameter. Materials and methods: The study was conducted on 50 dry unpaired adult human scapulae of North Indian population obtained from GMC, Srinagar. All the important morphometric parameters were studied using a vernier calliper. Result: Supero-inferior diameter, shortest antero-posterior diameter, and longest antero-posterior diameter were found to have respective mean values of 35.06 mm, 15.8074 mm, and 23.3814 mm. Glenoid cavity index had a mean value of 66.68. 42% of the glenoid cavities had an inverted comma shape, 36% had a pear shape, and 22% had an oval shape. Conclusion: The results showed that mean supero-inferior diameter of glenoid is about 35mm while the average prosthesis for shoulder arthroplasty in the market starts from 40mm. This suggests that while developing and fitting glenoid components for total shoulder arthroplasty in the North Indian population, it may be necessary to take into account the smaller dimensions of the glenoid cavities.
{"title":"Morphometric analysis of glenoid cavity in adult human scapulae and its clinical importance","authors":"Midhat Syed, Farah Syed, M. Syed","doi":"10.36253/ijae-14299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/ijae-14299","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The glenoid cavity of scapula is quite small, which allows space for only limited fixation devices. Appropriate fixation of the glenoid component of shoulder is of key importance in total shoulder arthroplasty to prevent loosening, which is a common indication of revision surgery. Orthopedic surgeons and prosthetic designers must have a thorough understanding of the glenoid’s dimensions and shape, in order to create the finest feasible prosthesis. Aims and objectives: To determine the glenoid cavity index (GCI) and the form of the glenoid cavity, as well as the supero-inferior diameter, shortest antero-posterior diameter, and longest antero-posterior diameter. Materials and methods: The study was conducted on 50 dry unpaired adult human scapulae of North Indian population obtained from GMC, Srinagar. All the important morphometric parameters were studied using a vernier calliper. Result: Supero-inferior diameter, shortest antero-posterior diameter, and longest antero-posterior diameter were found to have respective mean values of 35.06 mm, 15.8074 mm, and 23.3814 mm. Glenoid cavity index had a mean value of 66.68. 42% of the glenoid cavities had an inverted comma shape, 36% had a pear shape, and 22% had an oval shape. Conclusion: The results showed that mean supero-inferior diameter of glenoid is about 35mm while the average prosthesis for shoulder arthroplasty in the market starts from 40mm. This suggests that while developing and fitting glenoid components for total shoulder arthroplasty in the North Indian population, it may be necessary to take into account the smaller dimensions of the glenoid cavities.","PeriodicalId":14636,"journal":{"name":"Italian journal of anatomy and embryology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43121579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：