Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.32
Raad Ahmed Hadi, Loay Edwar George, Zainab Jawad Ahmed
Nowadays, smart parking systems (SPS) represent one of the active research areas of intelligent transport systems (ITS). It is an interesting topic and attractive to researchers due to the difficult challenges that are needed to solve it. It enhances city life and plays an important role in reducing gas emissions, air pollution, and traffic congestion while improving the time override for drivers to easily allocate vacant parking lots. In this paper, we discuss and dedicate a review of how computer vision-based approaches can assist in providing wellness solutions for the occupancy of smart parking lots. In addition, we provide an overview of the most common standard datasets and some well-known applications of vacant smart parking lots.
{"title":"Computer Vision-based Approaches, Datasets, and Applications of Smart Parking Systems: A Review","authors":"Raad Ahmed Hadi, Loay Edwar George, Zainab Jawad Ahmed","doi":"10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.32","url":null,"abstract":" Nowadays, smart parking systems (SPS) represent one of the active research areas of intelligent transport systems (ITS). It is an interesting topic and attractive to researchers due to the difficult challenges that are needed to solve it. It enhances city life and plays an important role in reducing gas emissions, air pollution, and traffic congestion while improving the time override for drivers to easily allocate vacant parking lots. In this paper, we discuss and dedicate a review of how computer vision-based approaches can assist in providing wellness solutions for the occupancy of smart parking lots. In addition, we provide an overview of the most common standard datasets and some well-known applications of vacant smart parking lots.","PeriodicalId":14698,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Science","volume":"2013 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140416411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.34
Nilesh N. Maltare, Viral N. Kamat
In Parallel programming, a programmer needs to understand hardware environment, programming paradigm and primitives available in the programming language. Most of the time, parallel programmes are written for a specific architecture and cannot typically adapt to other architectures Particularly, programs written for shared memory architectures are unsuitable for distributed or hybrid architectures. This paper proposes Adaptive Design Pattern for Parallel Programming to improve adaptability, flexibility with achieving performance on different architectures. Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation is required to scale to various architectures from simple machine to cluster of workstations. In this study, MD Simulation experimented using both pure benchmark code and code based on adaptive design patterns. Redesigned MD Simulation with Adaptive Design Pattern claims parallel efficiency from 56% to 90% for different number of processing elements used. The solution demonstrates adaptability to different architectures and scalability to use with large number of atoms and long duration simulation.
{"title":"An Adaptive Parallel Pattern Based Design for Molecular Dynamic Simulation","authors":"Nilesh N. Maltare, Viral N. Kamat","doi":"10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.34","url":null,"abstract":" In Parallel programming, a programmer needs to understand hardware environment, programming paradigm and primitives available in the programming language. Most of the time, parallel programmes are written for a specific architecture and cannot typically adapt to other architectures Particularly, programs written for shared memory architectures are unsuitable for distributed or hybrid architectures. This paper proposes Adaptive Design Pattern for Parallel Programming to improve adaptability, flexibility with achieving performance on different architectures.\u0000Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation is required to scale to various architectures from simple machine to cluster of workstations. In this study, MD Simulation experimented using both pure benchmark code and code based on adaptive design patterns. Redesigned MD Simulation with Adaptive Design Pattern claims parallel efficiency from 56% to 90% for different number of processing elements used. The solution demonstrates adaptability to different architectures and scalability to use with large number of atoms and long duration simulation. ","PeriodicalId":14698,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Science","volume":"2000 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140416795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.5
Hazim A. Al-Zubaidi, Ahmed Z. M. Al-Bassam, Sahar S. M. Alabdullah
This work demonstrated a simple and environmentally friendly method for synthesizing silica-supported copper nanocubes (CuNCs/SiO2). The copper nanocubes, with a size of 15 ± 5 nm, were synthesized using green reagents and conditions. Ascorbic acid, water, and di-n-butyl sulfide were employed as reducing agent, solvent, and stabilizing ligand, respectively. The designed nanoscale catalyst was utilized for the esterification of acetic acid to methyl acetate at room temperature. The catalyst exhibited high efficiency, converting 80% of the reactant to the desired product (methyl acetate) after 24 hours of reaction at room temperature. The size and shape of copper nanocubes were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction to characterize the formation of copper nanocubes, while the esterification product was characterized using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
{"title":"Facile Synthesis of Copper Nanocubes in Aqueous Phase for Catalytic Esterification Using Green-Conditions","authors":"Hazim A. Al-Zubaidi, Ahmed Z. M. Al-Bassam, Sahar S. M. Alabdullah","doi":"10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.5","url":null,"abstract":" This work demonstrated a simple and environmentally friendly method for synthesizing silica-supported copper nanocubes (CuNCs/SiO2). The copper nanocubes, with a size of 15 ± 5 nm, were synthesized using green reagents and conditions. Ascorbic acid, water, and di-n-butyl sulfide were employed as reducing agent, solvent, and stabilizing ligand, respectively. The designed nanoscale catalyst was utilized for the esterification of acetic acid to methyl acetate at room temperature. The catalyst exhibited high efficiency, converting 80% of the reactant to the desired product (methyl acetate) after 24 hours of reaction at room temperature. The size and shape of copper nanocubes were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction to characterize the formation of copper nanocubes, while the esterification product was characterized using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.","PeriodicalId":14698,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Science","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140410740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.25
Maria Mohammed Baher, Muna Abbas Ahmed
A submodule N is called rational in M if ( , E(M))=0, where E(M) is the an injective hull of M. Rational submodules have been studied and discussed by many authors such as H.H. Storrer, H. Khabazian, E. Ghashghaei, A. Hajikarimi, M.S. Abbas and M.S. Nayef. The main objective of this paper is to give a new class of submodules named P-rational submodules. This class is contained properly in the class of rational submodules. Several properties of this concept are introduced. The relationships between this class of submodules and some other related concepts are discussed such as essential and quasi-invertible submodules. Other characterizations of the P-rational submodule analogous to those which is known in the concept of the rational submodule are given.
如果 ( ，E(M))=0，其中 E(M) 是 M 的一个注入环，那么 M 中的子模块 N 称为有理子模块。有理子模块已经被许多学者研究和讨论过，如 H.H. Storrer、H. Khabazian、E. Ghashghaei、A. Hajikarimi、M.S. Abbas 和 M.S. Nayef。本文的主要目的是给出一类新的子模子，命名为 P 理子模子。这类子模包含在有理子模类中。本文介绍了这一概念的若干性质。本文还讨论了该类子模子与其他一些相关概念（如本质子模子和准不可逆子模子）之间的关系。还给出了 P 有理子模块的其他特征，这些特征与有理子模块概念中已知的特征类似。
{"title":"P-Rational Submodules","authors":"Maria Mohammed Baher, Muna Abbas Ahmed","doi":"10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.25","url":null,"abstract":" A submodule N is called rational in M if ( , E(M))=0, where E(M) is the an injective hull of M. Rational submodules have been studied and discussed by many authors such as H.H. Storrer, H. Khabazian, E. Ghashghaei, A. Hajikarimi, M.S. Abbas and M.S. Nayef. The main objective of this paper is to give a new class of submodules named P-rational submodules. This class is contained properly in the class of rational submodules. Several properties of this concept are introduced. The relationships between this class of submodules and some other related concepts are discussed such as essential and quasi-invertible submodules. Other characterizations of the P-rational submodule analogous to those which is known in the concept of the rational submodule are given.","PeriodicalId":14698,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Science","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140416110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.9
Mohammad F. Hashim, Fatima S. Sabah, Hamid J. Abbas
This study aimed to evaluate the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP rs-9939609) of the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene with body mass index (BMI) and some biochemical markers in obese patients. The fat and mass obesity (FTO) gene variant specific single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP rs-9939609) with the T to A missense mutation may have a powerful association with obesity. This case-control study included 106 obese patients (57 males and 49 females) and 80 healthy control (40 males and 40 females). DNA was extracted from whole blood, and then the tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system - polymerase chain reactions (ARMS.PCR) technique was used to limit the single nucleotide gene polymorphisms (rs9939609) of the FTO gene. Lipid profile, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C), fasting blood sugar, insulin and FTO concentrations were measured by standard methods. In this study, the A allele in the rs9939609 was at a higher frequency of 35 (33.1%) in the obese patients and at a significant p-value = 0.039 compared with control 15 (18.7%). It significantly increased in the additive model and allele frequency (p= 0.003, 0.002 respectively). The rs9939608 SNP showed a significant association with increased BMI, insulin and homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMO-IR) with p-values of 0.001, 0.001 and 0.028 respectively. After making adjustments for age and sex, lower levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were observed in the AA and TA genotypes compared to the TT genotype (p = 0.004). While, no significant differences were recorded between the rs9939608 SNP and HbA1C, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in obese patients
本研究旨在评估肥胖患者的脂肪和肥胖相关（FTO）基因单核苷酸多态性（SNP rs-9939609）与体重指数（BMI）和一些生化指标的关系。脂肪和体重肥胖（FTO）基因变异的特异性单核苷酸多态性（SNP rs-9939609）T 到 A 的错义突变可能与肥胖有密切关系。这项病例对照研究包括 106 名肥胖患者（57 名男性和 49 名女性）和 80 名健康对照者（40 名男性和 40 名女性）。研究人员从全血中提取 DNA，然后使用四引物扩增难治性突变系统-聚合酶链反应（ARMS.PCR）技术来限制 FTO 基因的单核苷酸基因多态性（rs9939609）。通过标准方法测量了血脂、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1C）、空腹血糖、胰岛素和 FTO 的浓度。在这项研究中，rs9939609 的 A 等位基因在肥胖患者中的频率较高，为 35（33.1%），与对照组的 15（18.7%）相比，p 值 = 0.039，差异显著。它在加性模型和等位基因频率中都明显增加（分别为 p= 0.003 和 0.002）。rs9939608 SNP 与 BMI、胰岛素和稳态模型评估-胰岛素抵抗（HOMO-IR）的增加有显著关联，p 值分别为 0.001、0.001 和 0.028。在对年龄和性别进行调整后，观察到 AA 和 TA 基因型的高密度脂蛋白（HDL）水平低于 TT 基因型（p = 0.004）。而在肥胖患者中，rs9939608 SNP 与 HbA1C、总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、极低密度脂蛋白（VLDL）和低密度脂蛋白（LDL）之间没有明显差异。
{"title":"Study the Association of Fat Mass and Obesity-associated (FTO) Gene Polymorphisms (SNP rs9939609) with Biochemical Markers in Obese Iraqi Patients","authors":"Mohammad F. Hashim, Fatima S. Sabah, Hamid J. Abbas","doi":"10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.9","url":null,"abstract":" This study aimed to evaluate the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP rs-9939609) of the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene with body mass index (BMI) and some biochemical markers in obese patients. The fat and mass obesity (FTO) gene variant specific single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP rs-9939609) with the T to A missense mutation may have a powerful association with obesity. This case-control study included 106 obese patients (57 males and 49 females) and 80 healthy control (40 males and 40 females). DNA was extracted from whole blood, and then the tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system - polymerase chain reactions (ARMS.PCR) technique was used to limit the single nucleotide gene polymorphisms (rs9939609) of the FTO gene. Lipid profile, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C), fasting blood sugar, insulin and FTO concentrations were measured by standard methods. In this study, the A allele in the rs9939609 was at a higher frequency of 35 (33.1%) in the obese patients and at a significant p-value = 0.039 compared with control 15 (18.7%). It significantly increased in the additive model and allele frequency (p= 0.003, 0.002 respectively). The rs9939608 SNP showed a significant association with increased BMI, insulin and homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMO-IR) with p-values of 0.001, 0.001 and 0.028 respectively. After making adjustments for age and sex, lower levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were observed in the AA and TA genotypes compared to the TT genotype (p = 0.004). While, no significant differences were recorded between the rs9939608 SNP and HbA1C, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in obese patients","PeriodicalId":14698,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Science","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140412781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.2
Hiba Abid Al-Hussein Hassan, Hind Salman Jassim
Thalassemia is a genetic disease identified by a defect in the production of one or more globin chains. This study was aimed at determining the possibility of using "serum kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1)" and "N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG)" in the diagnosis of early renal damage in thalassemia patients. Serum biomarkers (CBC, urea, creatinine, KIM-1, and NAG) were determined in 45 patients with major thalassemia with an age range of 4-45 years who attended Baquba General Hospital. A significant increase in S.KIM-1 and S.NAG levels in patients compared with controls. The level of KIM was positively correlated with that of urea and creatinine in comparison with control. Also, the level of NAG was strongly positively correlated with the level of KIM-1 (p = 0.000) and had a moderately positive correlation with urea and creatinine (p = 0.000). According to ROC, KIM-1 had a sensitivity of 95.56% and a specificity of 88.89%, while NAG had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 75.6%. This study concluded that S.KIM-1 and S.NAG are highly promising biomarkers for the detection of "acute kidney injury" in an early stage before elevated urea and creatinine in thalassemia patients.
{"title":"Evaluation of Serum Human Kidney Injury Molecule-1 and N-Acetyl-β-D-Glucosaminidase as Early Markers of Kidney Injury in Patients with β-Thalassemia Major in Diyala Governorate","authors":"Hiba Abid Al-Hussein Hassan, Hind Salman Jassim","doi":"10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.2","url":null,"abstract":"Thalassemia is a genetic disease identified by a defect in the production of one or more globin chains. This study was aimed at determining the possibility of using \"serum kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1)\" and \"N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG)\" in the diagnosis of early renal damage in thalassemia patients. Serum biomarkers (CBC, urea, creatinine, KIM-1, and NAG) were determined in 45 patients with major thalassemia with an age range of 4-45 years who attended Baquba General Hospital. A significant increase in S.KIM-1 and S.NAG levels in patients compared with controls. The level of KIM was positively correlated with that of urea and creatinine in comparison with control. Also, the level of NAG was strongly positively correlated with the level of KIM-1 (p = 0.000) and had a moderately positive correlation with urea and creatinine (p = 0.000). According to ROC, KIM-1 had a sensitivity of 95.56% and a specificity of 88.89%, while NAG had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 75.6%. This study concluded that S.KIM-1 and S.NAG are highly promising biomarkers for the detection of \"acute kidney injury\" in an early stage before elevated urea and creatinine in thalassemia patients.","PeriodicalId":14698,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Science","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140414321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.11
A. A. Hussein, G. N. Flaiyh
The study of neutron-rich nuclei's form factors, root-mean-square radius (rms), and nuclear density distributions is the focus of this work for the nuclei (22N,23 O and 24F). With the use of a strong short-range effect and a strong tensor force, the nucleons distribution function of the two oscillating harmonic particles in a two-frequency shell model operates with two different parameters: the first (bcore), for the inner (core) orbits, and the second (bvalence) for the outer (halo) orbits. This work demonstrated the existence of neutron halo nuclei for the nuclei (22N, 23O and 24F) in the (2s1/2) shell. The computed density distribution of neutron, proton and matter for these nuclei displayed the long tail performance. Using the Borne approximation of the plane wave, the elastic form factor of the electron scattering from the alien nucleus was calculated, this form factor is independent of the neutrons that make up the halo, but rather it results from a difference in the proton density distribution of the last proton in the nuclei. Fortran 95 power station program was used to the neutron, proton and matter density, elastic electron scattering form factor, and rms radii. The calculated outcomes for these exotic nuclei were in good agreement with the experimental data.
富中子原子核的形式因子、均方根半径（rms）和核密度分布是这项工作针对原子核（22N、23 O 和 24F）的研究重点。利用强短程效应和强张力，双频壳模型中两个振荡谐波粒子的核子分布函数使用了两个不同的参数：第一个参数（bcore）用于内（核）轨道，第二个参数（bvalence）用于外（晕）轨道。这项工作证明了（2s1/2）壳中的核（22N、23O 和 24F）存在中子晕核。这些原子核的中子、质子和物质的计算密度分布显示出长尾性能。利用平面波的博恩近似，计算了电子从外星核散射的弹性形式因子，该形式因子与构成光环的中子无关，而是由原子核中最后一个质子的质子密度分布差异引起的。计算中子、质子和物质密度、弹性电子散射形式因子和均方根半径时使用了 Fortran 95 电站程序。这些奇异原子核的计算结果与实验数据十分吻合。
{"title":"Study of Nuclear Structure and Elastic Electron Scattering Form Factors for Neutron Halo Nuclei (22N ,23O and 24F) Using Full Correlation Functions with Two Size Parameters","authors":"A. A. Hussein, G. N. Flaiyh","doi":"10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.11","url":null,"abstract":" The study of neutron-rich nuclei's form factors, root-mean-square radius (rms), and nuclear density distributions is the focus of this work for the nuclei (22N,23 O and 24F). With the use of a strong short-range effect and a strong tensor force, the nucleons distribution function of the two oscillating harmonic particles in a two-frequency shell model operates with two different parameters: the first (bcore), for the inner (core) orbits, and the second (bvalence) for the outer (halo) orbits. This work demonstrated the existence of neutron halo nuclei for the nuclei (22N, 23O and 24F) in the (2s1/2) shell. The computed density distribution of neutron, proton and matter for these nuclei displayed the long tail performance. Using the Borne approximation of the plane wave, the elastic form factor of the electron scattering from the alien nucleus was calculated, this form factor is independent of the neutrons that make up the halo, but rather it results from a difference in the proton density distribution of the last proton in the nuclei. Fortran 95 power station program was used to the neutron, proton and matter density, elastic electron scattering form factor, and rms radii. The calculated outcomes for these exotic nuclei were in good agreement with the experimental data.","PeriodicalId":14698,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Science","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140415545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.42
R. Ibrahim, Abdul-Rahman H. Saleh
In this study, the first kind Bessel function was used to solve Kepler equation for an elliptical orbiting satellite. It is a classical method that gives a direct solution for calculation of the eccentric anomaly. It was solved for one period from (M=0-360)° with an eccentricity of (e=0-1) and the number of terms from (N=1-10). Also, the error in the representation of the first kind Bessel function was calculated. The results indicated that for eccentricity of (0.1-0.4) and (N = 1-10), the values of eccentric anomaly gave a good result as compared with the exact solution. Besides, the obtained eccentric anomaly values were unaffected by increasing the number of terms (N = 6-10) for eccentricities (0.8 and 0.9). The Bessel function's solution appeared to be close to the exact solution for eccentricity of 1 and more than 10 number of terms. Finally, the representation of the first kind Bessel function J1(x) was closer to the exact representation only for eccentricity 0.5 and (N=1-10).
{"title":"Finding the Exact Solution of Kepler’s Equation for an Elliptical Satellite Orbit Using the First Kind Bessel Function","authors":"R. Ibrahim, Abdul-Rahman H. Saleh","doi":"10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.42","url":null,"abstract":" In this study, the first kind Bessel function was used to solve Kepler equation for an elliptical orbiting satellite. It is a classical method that gives a direct solution for calculation of the eccentric anomaly. It was solved for one period from (M=0-360)° with an eccentricity of (e=0-1) and the number of terms from (N=1-10). Also, the error in the representation of the first kind Bessel function was calculated. The results indicated that for eccentricity of (0.1-0.4) and (N = 1-10), the values of eccentric anomaly gave a good result as compared with the exact solution. Besides, the obtained eccentric anomaly values were unaffected by increasing the number of terms (N = 6-10) for eccentricities (0.8 and 0.9). The Bessel function's solution appeared to be close to the exact solution for eccentricity of 1 and more than 10 number of terms. Finally, the representation of the first kind Bessel function J1(x) was closer to the exact representation only for eccentricity 0.5 and (N=1-10).","PeriodicalId":14698,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Science","volume":"19 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140409489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.38
Fetoh H. Ketafa, Salah Al-Darraji
Path planning is a challenging navigation problem that can be handled using multi-objective methods. This paper, present a thre Path planning is a challenging navigation problem that can be handled using multi-objective methods. This paper presents a three-stage multi-objective path-planning method. The first stage is to locate the best or near-best solution path and avoid detected obstacles using a hybrid of the red fox–gray wolf optimizer (RFO–GWO), which finds a route from the start position to the target position. In the second step, a mutation operation using an evolutionary algorithm is utilized to enhance the length, integrity, and smoothness of the route generated by the RFO–GWO algorithm. The final step of the suggested method is refined further using a multiphase technique. By integrating the real sizes of the mobile robots and the size of the barriers and phrasing the issue as a traveling object in the available area, the suggested path-planning method resembles the actual world. The simulation results indicate that this strategy creates the most viable path even in complicated surroundings, overcoming the disadvantages of traditional approaches. Furthermore, when compared to prior path-planning methods, the simulation’s outcomes indicate that the suggested RFO–GWO method is effective in terms of the route, and the strategy is extremely competitive. The results showed a significant improvement, where the total percentage convergence time (in seconds) for RFO–GWO for the three maps was 15%, 12%, and 10%, respectively, whereas it was 35%, 41%, and 43% seconds in GWO and 34%, 35%, and 37% seconds in RFO. There was also a significant improvement in the number of nodes for RFO-GWO (2%, 3%, and 2%) compared to GWO nodes (64%, 65%, and 62%), and RFO nodes (32%, 30%, and 35%) for the same three maps. Subsequently, the smoothness of the path formed by the recommended approach was enhanced using the evolutionary algorithm (EA), where the total percentage length of the path in the worst scenario for GWO was 28% and for RFO was 26% in units, but after improvement with the RFO-GWO with EA, it became 22% in units. stages multi-objective path planning method: The first stage is to locate the best or near-best solution path and avoid the detected obstacles using a hybrid of the Red Fox-Grey Wolf optimizer (RFO-GWO) method, which finds a rout from the start position to the target position. In the second step, a mutation operation by evolutionary, are utilized to enhance the length, integrity, and smooth of the rout generated by the RFO-GWO method. the final step the suggested method is refined further by using the multiphase technique. By integrating both the real sizes of the mobile robots and the size of the barriers and phrasing the issue as a traveling object in the available area, the suggested path planning method resembles the actual world. The simulation results indicate that this strategy creates the best viable path even in complicated
{"title":"Path Planning for Autonomous Mobile Robots Using the RFO-GWO Optimization Algorithm","authors":"Fetoh H. Ketafa, Salah Al-Darraji","doi":"10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.38","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.38","url":null,"abstract":"Path planning is a challenging navigation problem that can be handled using multi-objective methods. This paper, present a thre\u0000 Path planning is a challenging navigation problem that can be handled using multi-objective methods. This paper presents a three-stage multi-objective path-planning method. The first stage is to locate the best or near-best solution path and avoid detected obstacles using a hybrid of the red fox–gray wolf optimizer (RFO–GWO), which finds a route from the start position to the target position. In the second step, a mutation operation using an evolutionary algorithm is utilized to enhance the length, integrity, and smoothness of the route generated by the RFO–GWO algorithm. The final step of the suggested method is refined further using a multiphase technique. By integrating the real sizes of the mobile robots and the size of the barriers and phrasing the issue as a traveling object in the available area, the suggested path-planning method resembles the actual world. The simulation results indicate that this strategy creates the most viable path even in complicated surroundings, overcoming the disadvantages of traditional approaches. Furthermore, when compared to prior path-planning methods, the simulation’s outcomes indicate that the suggested RFO–GWO method is effective in terms of the route, and the strategy is extremely competitive. The results showed a significant improvement, where the total percentage convergence time (in seconds) for RFO–GWO for the three maps was 15%, 12%, and 10%, respectively, whereas it was 35%, 41%, and 43% seconds in GWO and 34%, 35%, and 37% seconds in RFO. There was also a significant improvement in the number of nodes for RFO-GWO (2%, 3%, and 2%) compared to GWO nodes (64%, 65%, and 62%), and RFO nodes (32%, 30%, and 35%) for the same three maps. Subsequently, the smoothness of the path formed by the recommended approach was enhanced using the evolutionary algorithm (EA), where the total percentage length of the path in the worst scenario for GWO was 28% and for RFO was 26% in units, but after improvement with the RFO-GWO with EA, it became 22% in units.\u0000stages multi-objective path planning method: The first stage is to locate the best or near-best solution path and avoid the detected obstacles using a hybrid of the Red Fox-Grey Wolf optimizer (RFO-GWO) method, which finds a rout from the start position to the target position. In the second step, a mutation operation by evolutionary, are utilized to enhance the length, integrity, and smooth of the rout generated by the RFO-GWO method. the final step the suggested method is refined further by using the multiphase technique. By integrating both the real sizes of the mobile robots and the size of the barriers and phrasing the issue as a traveling object in the available area, the suggested path planning method resembles the actual world. The simulation results indicate that this strategy creates the best viable path even in complicated ","PeriodicalId":14698,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Science","volume":"82 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140410756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-29DOI: 10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.14
Maryam A. Ibrahim, Kamal K. Ali
Naturally occurring radioactivity was evaluated in the reservoir rock, surface soil samples, and oil production waste at the East Baghdad South (EBS) Oil Field. The radioactivity of uranium-238 (and radium-226), thorium-232, and potassium-40 were calculated in core samples from four geological formations: Al-Zubair, Al-Khasib, Tanuma, and Hartha Formations, which represent the oil reservoirs in the study area in addition to the natural GR and SGR logs for the oil well in EBS were calculated. The radioactivity of the above-mentioned nuclides was also measured for surface soil samples and waste samples from the site of the oil production industry at the EBS oilfield. The measurements included all the stages of oil production from the collection of crude oil from the wells stage to the storage of the manufactured oil. It also included measurements of radioactivity in samples for some sites outside the industry and near the oil wells in the region. Total radioactivity was measured in count/second and the exposure dose rates were also measured at all the above sites. Relatively high concentrations of uranium-238 and radium-226 were found in rock core samples of some geological units within the oil reservoir formations which will certainly move with the oil to the surface and collect with waste (such as sludge) when oil is produced. Although, some sites have higher Ra-226, Th-232, and K-40, in the sludge samples and oily soil, such as in the 1st separator stage, water separation (Desalter) stage, and near the waste pit, these locations are acceptable if they are compared with other oilfields worldwide. The gamma absorbed doses calculated inside the EBS oil industry were higher than the global average of (59) nGy/h where Ra-226 is the main contributor in these doses, on the other hand, external hazard index (Hex) values less than unity so they are acceptable according to UNSCEAR. Radiation dose values in some places in the study area exceed the values recommended by ICRP, UNSCEAR, and IAEA (1 mSv/y) for the public but less than the values recommended for workers (20 mSv/y). generally, the site of EBS- oilfield does not show radioactive contamination or significant radioactive hazards, as it is a new facility, and safety instructions are still strictly applied, and the removal of waste immediately before its spread by the activity of the workers in the facility.
{"title":"Radioactivity in the Southern East Baghdad Oilfield from the Reservoir to the Surface Environment","authors":"Maryam A. Ibrahim, Kamal K. Ali","doi":"10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.14","url":null,"abstract":" Naturally occurring radioactivity was evaluated in the reservoir rock, surface soil samples, and oil production waste at the East Baghdad South (EBS) Oil Field. The radioactivity of uranium-238 (and radium-226), thorium-232, and potassium-40 were calculated in core samples from four geological formations: Al-Zubair, Al-Khasib, Tanuma, and Hartha Formations, which represent the oil reservoirs in the study area in addition to the natural GR and SGR logs for the oil well in EBS were calculated. The radioactivity of the above-mentioned nuclides was also measured for surface soil samples and waste samples from the site of the oil production industry at the EBS oilfield. The measurements included all the stages of oil production from the collection of crude oil from the wells stage to the storage of the manufactured oil. It also included measurements of radioactivity in samples for some sites outside the industry and near the oil wells in the region. Total radioactivity was measured in count/second and the exposure dose rates were also measured at all the above sites. Relatively high concentrations of uranium-238 and radium-226 were found in rock core samples of some geological units within the oil reservoir formations which will certainly move with the oil to the surface and collect with waste (such as sludge) when oil is produced. Although, some sites have higher Ra-226, Th-232, and K-40, in the sludge samples and oily soil, such as in the 1st separator stage, water separation (Desalter) stage, and near the waste pit, these locations are acceptable if they are compared with other oilfields worldwide. The gamma absorbed doses calculated inside the EBS oil industry were higher than the global average of (59) nGy/h where Ra-226 is the main contributor in these doses, on the other hand, external hazard index (Hex) values less than unity so they are acceptable according to UNSCEAR. Radiation dose values in some places in the study area exceed the values recommended by ICRP, UNSCEAR, and IAEA (1 mSv/y) for the public but less than the values recommended for workers (20 mSv/y). generally, the site of EBS- oilfield does not show radioactive contamination or significant radioactive hazards, as it is a new facility, and safety instructions are still strictly applied, and the removal of waste immediately before its spread by the activity of the workers in the facility.","PeriodicalId":14698,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Science","volume":"13 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140410933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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