Pub Date : 2023-05-18DOI: 10.1080/03019233.2023.2210937
Donghui Gao, G. Luo, Yueming Wang, Guocheng Zhang, Yifan Chai
ABSTRACT Bernoulli′s principle was adopted to analyze gas flow characteristics in the cohesive zone, and the numerical condition for forming a gas flow whirlpool in the cohesive zone was calculated, a method of controlling the burden matrix was thus obtained and applied to industrial production. The results show that the numerical condition for forming a gas flow whirlpool field in the cohesive zone are obtained by the energy conservation law. Adopting this numerical condition, by ensuring a reasonable ore–coke ratio in the ore zone, moving the burden matrix angle outward to the wall of blast furnace, narrowing the burden matrix angle difference of the ore, and increasing the area of the ore-free zone, to form a funnel of certain depth in the ore-free zone, which is conducive to forming a gas flow whirlpool field that the indexes of blast furnace are obviously improved.
{"title":"Burden matrix control based on gas flow characteristics of blast furnace","authors":"Donghui Gao, G. Luo, Yueming Wang, Guocheng Zhang, Yifan Chai","doi":"10.1080/03019233.2023.2210937","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03019233.2023.2210937","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Bernoulli′s principle was adopted to analyze gas flow characteristics in the cohesive zone, and the numerical condition for forming a gas flow whirlpool in the cohesive zone was calculated, a method of controlling the burden matrix was thus obtained and applied to industrial production. The results show that the numerical condition for forming a gas flow whirlpool field in the cohesive zone are obtained by the energy conservation law. Adopting this numerical condition, by ensuring a reasonable ore–coke ratio in the ore zone, moving the burden matrix angle outward to the wall of blast furnace, narrowing the burden matrix angle difference of the ore, and increasing the area of the ore-free zone, to form a funnel of certain depth in the ore-free zone, which is conducive to forming a gas flow whirlpool field that the indexes of blast furnace are obviously improved.","PeriodicalId":14753,"journal":{"name":"Ironmaking & Steelmaking","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45481999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-18DOI: 10.1080/03019233.2023.2208987
Kamrooz Riyahi Malayeri
ABSTRACT The objective of this article was to study the impact of duration of vacuum degassing process on the type and morphology of non-metallic inclusions which are undesired & unavoidable by product of steelmaking process. During the vacuum degassing stage five top slag and steel samples were taken. All sample occasions measured chemical composition of the molten steel and top slag, and SEM analysis of the non-metallic inclusions. It was seen that during vacuum degassing process the chemistry, dispersions as well as the morphology of the non-metallic inclusions is constantly changing. The Alumina content of the top slag is increased while CaO content is reduced. The percentage share of calcium aluminate type of inclusions verses spinel is increased. In the beginning of the vacuum degassing wt-% of Al in non-metallic inclusions is the highest however as the time passes this wt-% is reduced at the same time inclusions with larger ECDs appear.
{"title":"Vacuum degassing impact on non-metallic inclusions during clean steelmaking","authors":"Kamrooz Riyahi Malayeri","doi":"10.1080/03019233.2023.2208987","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03019233.2023.2208987","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The objective of this article was to study the impact of duration of vacuum degassing process on the type and morphology of non-metallic inclusions which are undesired & unavoidable by product of steelmaking process. During the vacuum degassing stage five top slag and steel samples were taken. All sample occasions measured chemical composition of the molten steel and top slag, and SEM analysis of the non-metallic inclusions. It was seen that during vacuum degassing process the chemistry, dispersions as well as the morphology of the non-metallic inclusions is constantly changing. The Alumina content of the top slag is increased while CaO content is reduced. The percentage share of calcium aluminate type of inclusions verses spinel is increased. In the beginning of the vacuum degassing wt-% of Al in non-metallic inclusions is the highest however as the time passes this wt-% is reduced at the same time inclusions with larger ECDs appear.","PeriodicalId":14753,"journal":{"name":"Ironmaking & Steelmaking","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47178678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-18DOI: 10.1080/03019233.2023.2210465
Varsha M. Magar, N. Agrawal
ABSTRACT Spring back compensation is essential for accurate geometry of sheet metal components. In this paper the effect of process parameters namely sheet thickness, bend angle and tool travel rate on spring back in SS304 and C80 material sheets under V-bending is predicted by using finite element method and artificial neural network approaches. Total nine experiments were designed considering three process parameters, each with three levels, by using Taguchi`s L9 orthogonal array. The results obtained by ANN model are in good agreement with FEM model. This establish the robustness of ANN model for predicting spring back value and may be used an alternative to FEM model as the latter is more expensive and time consuming. The optimized value of sheet thickness, bend angle and tool travel rate are 2 mm, 80° and 6 mm ms–1 respectively for SS 304 material and 2 mm, 80° and 2 mm ms–1 for C80 material.
摘要回弹补偿对于精确的钣金零件几何结构至关重要。本文采用有限元方法和人工神经网络方法，预测了SS304和C80材料板材V形弯曲时，板材厚度、弯曲角度和刀具行程速率等工艺参数对回弹的影响。利用田口L9正交阵列设计了总共九个实验，考虑了三个工艺参数，每个参数有三个水平。人工神经网络模型的计算结果与有限元模型吻合较好。这建立了用于预测回弹值的ANN模型的鲁棒性，并且可以用作FEM模型的替代方案，因为后者更昂贵且更耗时。对于SS 304材料，板材厚度、弯曲角度和刀具移动速率的优化值分别为2 mm、80°和6 mm ms–1，对于C80材料，则分别为2 mm。
{"title":"Process parameter optimization for spring back in steel grade sheet materials under V-bending using FEM and ANN approach","authors":"Varsha M. Magar, N. Agrawal","doi":"10.1080/03019233.2023.2210465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03019233.2023.2210465","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Spring back compensation is essential for accurate geometry of sheet metal components. In this paper the effect of process parameters namely sheet thickness, bend angle and tool travel rate on spring back in SS304 and C80 material sheets under V-bending is predicted by using finite element method and artificial neural network approaches. Total nine experiments were designed considering three process parameters, each with three levels, by using Taguchi`s L9 orthogonal array. The results obtained by ANN model are in good agreement with FEM model. This establish the robustness of ANN model for predicting spring back value and may be used an alternative to FEM model as the latter is more expensive and time consuming. The optimized value of sheet thickness, bend angle and tool travel rate are 2 mm, 80° and 6 mm ms–1 respectively for SS 304 material and 2 mm, 80° and 2 mm ms–1 for C80 material.","PeriodicalId":14753,"journal":{"name":"Ironmaking & Steelmaking","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43247706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-18DOI: 10.1080/03019233.2023.2201751
K. Furumai, H. Zurob, A. Phillion, K. Oikawa
ABSTRACT The influence of mould level instability during continuous casting on the unevenness of the initial solidified shell in hypo-peritectic steels has been investigated. Water model experiments and in-plant casting experiments revealed that mould level instability, which increases with increasing casting speed, is related to longitudinal cracking resulting from the unevenness of the solidification shell. A numerical model which considers the effect of mould level instability was developed and used to simulate the formation of the unevenness of the solidification shell and solidified shell deflections. The calculation results show that an increase in the non-uniform infiltration of mould flux increases the unevenness of the solidified shell. On the other hand, the unevenness of the solidified shell decreases due to mild cooling. Overall, the results of the plant tests and calculations show that non-uniform infiltration of mould flux dramatically affects air gap formation and the unevenness of the solidified shell.
{"title":"Influence of mould level instability on the unevenness of solidified shell deformations during continuous casting","authors":"K. Furumai, H. Zurob, A. Phillion, K. Oikawa","doi":"10.1080/03019233.2023.2201751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03019233.2023.2201751","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The influence of mould level instability during continuous casting on the unevenness of the initial solidified shell in hypo-peritectic steels has been investigated. Water model experiments and in-plant casting experiments revealed that mould level instability, which increases with increasing casting speed, is related to longitudinal cracking resulting from the unevenness of the solidification shell. A numerical model which considers the effect of mould level instability was developed and used to simulate the formation of the unevenness of the solidification shell and solidified shell deflections. The calculation results show that an increase in the non-uniform infiltration of mould flux increases the unevenness of the solidified shell. On the other hand, the unevenness of the solidified shell decreases due to mild cooling. Overall, the results of the plant tests and calculations show that non-uniform infiltration of mould flux dramatically affects air gap formation and the unevenness of the solidified shell.","PeriodicalId":14753,"journal":{"name":"Ironmaking & Steelmaking","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42516548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-18DOI: 10.1080/03019233.2023.2185737
P. Schaak
ABSTRACT Steel strips suffer from lateral shift when being rolled in a rolling mill, especially at the head and tail ends. That results in strip pinches with costly downtime and damage to the work rolls and the strip itself. The lateral shift can be reduced by levelling the gauge control cylinders in response to shift measurements and differential roll force measurements. Designing such controllers gave rise to the desire for analytical relations that describe the shifting process. Novel insights have been revealed, which include the differential material modulus, the differential mill modulus and the ratio to apportion the effect of levelling to entry and exit strip speed changes. The insights have resulted in compact analytical process models that have been used to implement strip tracking controllers safely and sensibly, and to schedule control gains based on actual process parameters. Focus has been on hot strip mills.
{"title":"Strip tracking control using novel insights into the differential rolling process","authors":"P. Schaak","doi":"10.1080/03019233.2023.2185737","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03019233.2023.2185737","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Steel strips suffer from lateral shift when being rolled in a rolling mill, especially at the head and tail ends. That results in strip pinches with costly downtime and damage to the work rolls and the strip itself. The lateral shift can be reduced by levelling the gauge control cylinders in response to shift measurements and differential roll force measurements. Designing such controllers gave rise to the desire for analytical relations that describe the shifting process. Novel insights have been revealed, which include the differential material modulus, the differential mill modulus and the ratio to apportion the effect of levelling to entry and exit strip speed changes. The insights have resulted in compact analytical process models that have been used to implement strip tracking controllers safely and sensibly, and to schedule control gains based on actual process parameters. Focus has been on hot strip mills.","PeriodicalId":14753,"journal":{"name":"Ironmaking & Steelmaking","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43464416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-18DOI: 10.1080/03019233.2023.2208979
Mike Holliday, Yufeng Lai, M. Hobbs, Nick Boone, Tariq Al-Haji, Iain Scott, Jon Willmott
ABSTRACT The size distribution of iron ore sinter is critical to efficient blast furnace operation and is an optimised variable in sinter plants globally. Prompt process control response to discrepancies in sinter size is essential, and the standard sieve measurement test introduces significant delay in data acquisition. We introduce a networked optical sensor system that is shown to accurately measure size distribution within 5 s, collect data continuously at 0.5 Hz, and is well correlated to sieving measurements. This system is deployed at the end of a sinter plant, providing real-time process control data with digital image analysis performed on an integrated microprocessor. The systems performance was assessed with a 12-week validation period, showing excellent correlation with sieve data. Systems such as ours can be widely implemented in sinter plants, and in similar steelmaking applications, due to its cost-effective implementation of continuous data acquisition and the systems versatility to be adapted.
{"title":"Continuous measurement of ferrous sinter size distributions using an optical sensor system","authors":"Mike Holliday, Yufeng Lai, M. Hobbs, Nick Boone, Tariq Al-Haji, Iain Scott, Jon Willmott","doi":"10.1080/03019233.2023.2208979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03019233.2023.2208979","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The size distribution of iron ore sinter is critical to efficient blast furnace operation and is an optimised variable in sinter plants globally. Prompt process control response to discrepancies in sinter size is essential, and the standard sieve measurement test introduces significant delay in data acquisition. We introduce a networked optical sensor system that is shown to accurately measure size distribution within 5 s, collect data continuously at 0.5 Hz, and is well correlated to sieving measurements. This system is deployed at the end of a sinter plant, providing real-time process control data with digital image analysis performed on an integrated microprocessor. The systems performance was assessed with a 12-week validation period, showing excellent correlation with sieve data. Systems such as ours can be widely implemented in sinter plants, and in similar steelmaking applications, due to its cost-effective implementation of continuous data acquisition and the systems versatility to be adapted.","PeriodicalId":14753,"journal":{"name":"Ironmaking & Steelmaking","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45392409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-18DOI: 10.1080/03019233.2023.2210910
Hao Yao, Chengjun Liu, Lifeng Zhang
ABSTRACT The effect of Zr addition on the impact energy at −20°C, the microstructure, and inclusions of high-titanium low-alloy steels in the simulated heat-affected zone was investigated. The impact energy of the steel without Zr addition was 25.7 J and increased to 242.9 J for the steel with the addition of 80 ppm Zr. When the heat input was 300 kJ cm−1, the impact energy of the steel without Zr addition was 17.5 J and increased to 140.9 J for the steel with 80 ppm Zr, the nucleation potential of AFs increased from 24.4 /mm2 to 76.7 /mm−2, and the average nucleation potential of inclusions decreased from 2.02 to 1.67. The grain refinement by the formation of acicular ferrites stemmed from the increase of 1–3 μm Al-Ti-Zr-O inclusions was responsible for the toughness improvement in CGHAZ of the Zr-bearing steel.
{"title":"Effect of Zr addition on toughness in the simulated heat-affected zone of high-titanium low-alloy steels","authors":"Hao Yao, Chengjun Liu, Lifeng Zhang","doi":"10.1080/03019233.2023.2210910","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03019233.2023.2210910","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The effect of Zr addition on the impact energy at −20°C, the microstructure, and inclusions of high-titanium low-alloy steels in the simulated heat-affected zone was investigated. The impact energy of the steel without Zr addition was 25.7 J and increased to 242.9 J for the steel with the addition of 80 ppm Zr. When the heat input was 300 kJ cm−1, the impact energy of the steel without Zr addition was 17.5 J and increased to 140.9 J for the steel with 80 ppm Zr, the nucleation potential of AFs increased from 24.4 /mm2 to 76.7 /mm−2, and the average nucleation potential of inclusions decreased from 2.02 to 1.67. The grain refinement by the formation of acicular ferrites stemmed from the increase of 1–3 μm Al-Ti-Zr-O inclusions was responsible for the toughness improvement in CGHAZ of the Zr-bearing steel.","PeriodicalId":14753,"journal":{"name":"Ironmaking & Steelmaking","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48445454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-18DOI: 10.1080/03019233.2023.2199609
Cui Wang, Jian-liang Zhang, K. Gao, K. Jiao, Zheng-jian Liu, Xue-wei Zhang
ABSTRACT The interface reaction between carbon composite brick and blast furnace slag was investigated to clarify the formation and evolution mechanism of slag-rich protective layer on the brick’s surface in blast furnace. The wettability, microscopic morphology, phase components and thickness of the reaction layer between the original/modified brick and slag with different basicities, MnO, CaF2 and FeO additions were analyzed respectively. The results revealed that the mechanism of the deposition process of the slag-rich protective layer was relevant to the ash in the brick and coke, and the slag entrained by coke, the wettability between the brick and slag and the oxides such as MnO and FeO in the slag, the precipitated Ti(C,N) from the molten iron, etc.
{"title":"Interface reaction between carbon composite brick and blast furnace slag","authors":"Cui Wang, Jian-liang Zhang, K. Gao, K. Jiao, Zheng-jian Liu, Xue-wei Zhang","doi":"10.1080/03019233.2023.2199609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03019233.2023.2199609","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The interface reaction between carbon composite brick and blast furnace slag was investigated to clarify the formation and evolution mechanism of slag-rich protective layer on the brick’s surface in blast furnace. The wettability, microscopic morphology, phase components and thickness of the reaction layer between the original/modified brick and slag with different basicities, MnO, CaF2 and FeO additions were analyzed respectively. The results revealed that the mechanism of the deposition process of the slag-rich protective layer was relevant to the ash in the brick and coke, and the slag entrained by coke, the wettability between the brick and slag and the oxides such as MnO and FeO in the slag, the precipitated Ti(C,N) from the molten iron, etc.","PeriodicalId":14753,"journal":{"name":"Ironmaking & Steelmaking","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42359010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-18DOI: 10.1080/03019233.2023.2210898
Sujan Hazra, S. Nag, Padmapal, S. Kundu
ABSTRACT A novel raceway heat and material balance model is developed considering all physico-chemical phenomena surrounding the raceway of the blast furnace (BF). This model is unique, as it considers reactions based on thermodynamics and determines important parameters such as raceway adiabatic flame temperature (RAFT), bosh gas properties, raceway coke rate etc. Importantly, the model also predicts blowing parameters in case of known RAFT and permeability of the furnace. This paper focuses on the raceway regime only considering the effect of different injectants, H2, CO, CH4, CO2 and coke oven gas (COG). Firstly, the paper describes the modelling approach, based on thermodynamic, heat and material balances. The first part of the paper quantifies the effect of injectants on the raceway keeping the blowing parameters constant, whereas second part presents the changes of raceway properties as well as blowing parameters keeping RAFT and permeability of the furnace constant.
{"title":"A theoretical approach to evaluate the effect of hydrocarbon and CO2 injection on blast furnace raceway: step towards reduction of CO2 emission","authors":"Sujan Hazra, S. Nag, Padmapal, S. Kundu","doi":"10.1080/03019233.2023.2210898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03019233.2023.2210898","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT A novel raceway heat and material balance model is developed considering all physico-chemical phenomena surrounding the raceway of the blast furnace (BF). This model is unique, as it considers reactions based on thermodynamics and determines important parameters such as raceway adiabatic flame temperature (RAFT), bosh gas properties, raceway coke rate etc. Importantly, the model also predicts blowing parameters in case of known RAFT and permeability of the furnace. This paper focuses on the raceway regime only considering the effect of different injectants, H2, CO, CH4, CO2 and coke oven gas (COG). Firstly, the paper describes the modelling approach, based on thermodynamic, heat and material balances. The first part of the paper quantifies the effect of injectants on the raceway keeping the blowing parameters constant, whereas second part presents the changes of raceway properties as well as blowing parameters keeping RAFT and permeability of the furnace constant.","PeriodicalId":14753,"journal":{"name":"Ironmaking & Steelmaking","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49058882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-14DOI: 10.1080/03019233.2023.2201544
Ilpo Mäkelä, Ville-Valtteri Visuri, T. Fabritius
ABSTRACT A dynamic one-dimensional mathematical model was developed for predicting the thermal state of a steelmaking ladle. The model is intended to be used in process control applications, in which fast computational times are desirable alongside model accuracy. The calculation domain was discretized using the finite difference method, and time integration was performed using both the implicit Euler and Crank–Nicolson methods, the performances of which were compared. The model was implemented in Python programming language and validated using data from our own measurements and other studies available in the literature. The results indicate that the model can reproduce the measured temperature evolution of the ladles within 5°C at best. The worst performance was observed during cooling, where the model underestimates the temperature at the innermost measurement point by up to 200°C. With computation times of around 16–23 s for one hour of simulation, the model is computationally sufficiently fast for online applications.
{"title":"A mathematical model for the thermal state of a steel ladle","authors":"Ilpo Mäkelä, Ville-Valtteri Visuri, T. Fabritius","doi":"10.1080/03019233.2023.2201544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03019233.2023.2201544","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT A dynamic one-dimensional mathematical model was developed for predicting the thermal state of a steelmaking ladle. The model is intended to be used in process control applications, in which fast computational times are desirable alongside model accuracy. The calculation domain was discretized using the finite difference method, and time integration was performed using both the implicit Euler and Crank–Nicolson methods, the performances of which were compared. The model was implemented in Python programming language and validated using data from our own measurements and other studies available in the literature. The results indicate that the model can reproduce the measured temperature evolution of the ladles within 5°C at best. The worst performance was observed during cooling, where the model underestimates the temperature at the innermost measurement point by up to 200°C. With computation times of around 16–23 s for one hour of simulation, the model is computationally sufficiently fast for online applications.","PeriodicalId":14753,"journal":{"name":"Ironmaking & Steelmaking","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48620390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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