Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0053.9490
A.D. Dobrzańska-Danikiewicz, B. Siwczyk, A. Bączyk, A. Romankiewicz
The aim of this paper is to compare the mechanical properties of selected recycled thermoplastics against their equivalents made from new raw materials manufactured using the FDM/FFF additive method.Two materials were tested: recycled polylactide (R-PLA) and recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) with the addition of glycol (R-PETG). Reference materials are their equivalents made from new raw materials. Both types of materials are widely available on the market. In order to compare their mechanical properties and to check whether recycled materials do not differ in quality from their equivalents made from new raw materials, tensile strength tests were performed. In addition, the Vickers microhardness was measured, and the structure of printed samples using optical microscopy was observed.The paper presents the results of the static tensile strength test of samples made by the FDM/FFF technology from the tested materials in accordance with the ISO-00527-2-2012 standard. The samples were manufactured at the average temperature recommended by the producer 10C. The results of tensile strength tests indicate that the samples printed at the average temperature show the best tensile strength for both methods of filament deposition.The recycled materials are not significantly different from the reference materials in terms of tensile strength, microhardness and structure. It is reasonable to test other polymeric materials further and check materials from several consecutive recycling cycles.Closing the cycle of plastic used in 3D printing. The ability to quickly transform waste products, e.g. PET bottles, into filaments and reuse them to produce full-value products.The paper presents the results of strength and microhardness tests as well as microscopic investigations of two recycled thermoplastics commonly used in the industry manufactured using the FDM/FFF technology against the background of reference materials made from new raw materials.
{"title":"Mechanical properties of recycled PLA and PETG printed by FDM/FFM method","authors":"A.D. Dobrzańska-Danikiewicz, B. Siwczyk, A. Bączyk, A. Romankiewicz","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0053.9490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0053.9490","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper is to compare the mechanical properties of selected recycled thermoplastics against their equivalents made from new raw materials manufactured using the FDM/FFF additive method.Two materials were tested: recycled polylactide (R-PLA) and recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) with the addition of glycol (R-PETG). Reference materials are their equivalents made from new raw materials. Both types of materials are widely available on the market. In order to compare their mechanical properties and to check whether recycled materials do not differ in quality from their equivalents made from new raw materials, tensile strength tests were performed. In addition, the Vickers microhardness was measured, and the structure of printed samples using optical microscopy was observed.The paper presents the results of the static tensile strength test of samples made by the FDM/FFF technology from the tested materials in accordance with the ISO-00527-2-2012 standard. The samples were manufactured at the average temperature recommended by the producer 10C. The results of tensile strength tests indicate that the samples printed at the average temperature show the best tensile strength for both methods of filament deposition.The recycled materials are not significantly different from the reference materials in terms of tensile strength, microhardness and structure. It is reasonable to test other polymeric materials further and check materials from several consecutive recycling cycles.Closing the cycle of plastic used in 3D printing. The ability to quickly transform waste products, e.g. PET bottles, into filaments and reuse them to produce full-value products.The paper presents the results of strength and microhardness tests as well as microscopic investigations of two recycled thermoplastics commonly used in the industry manufactured using the FDM/FFF technology against the background of reference materials made from new raw materials.","PeriodicalId":14825,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135054361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0053.9491
A. Eljihad, M. Nassraoui, O. Bouksour
The objective of the paper is to design and characterise with polylactic acid (PLA) material three cellular structures in the form of lattices which are diagonal-octet-centred shapes for two sizes 6x6x6 and 12x12x12 with a compression test to examine their stiffness using FDM technology compared to polyjet technology.The study used two analytical approaches to investigate lattice structures: experimental analysis and theoretical analysis. Experimental methods such as compression tests were conducted to determine the characteristics of lattice structures. In addition, theoretical analysis was conducted using Hook's law and Ashby's Gibson model to predict appropriate behaviour. The combination of experimental and theoretical methods provided a comprehensive understanding of lattice structures and their properties.The experimental study examined the impact of the shape and size of a lattice structure on the stiffness and lightness of objects 3D printed with FDM technology by PLA material. The research revealed that the 6x6x6 diagonal lattice structure size provided a good balance between stiffness and lightness. While the 6x6x6 byte structure was even lighter, with a mass ratio of 2.09 compared to the diagonal structure, it was less rigid, with a ratio of 0.43, making the diagonal structure more suitable for certain applications. The study highlights the importance of considering both the shape and size of the lattice structure when designing 3D-printed objects with specific mechanical properties; the chosen structure could be a good choice for applications where stiffness and lightness are important.The limitations of the research lie in its limited scope, focusing primarily on the effect of shape (octet-diagonal centred) and unit cell size on Young's modulus of PLA material. Other aspects of 3D printing, such as material selection and thermal properties, were not considered. Furthermore, the results obtained are specific to the printing parameters and experimental conditions chosen, which limits their generalizability to other 3D printing configurations or methods. However, these results have important implications for optimising the PLA printing process. They enable the identification of optimal parameters, such as unit cell shape and size, to produce stiffer, higher-quality structures. In addition, the research is helping to improve the mechanical properties of 3D-printed lattice parts, paving the way for more efficient manufacturing methods and stronger components.Our analysis can be used as a decision aid for the design of FDM lattice parts. Indeed, we can choose the diagonal structure of 6x6x6, which would provide favourable stiffness for functional parts.The paper explores the compression test of lattice structures using FDM technology, which presents a new direction for additive manufacturing. The study takes an experimental approach to evaluate the reliability of various additive manufacturing technologies for creating lattice structures.
{"title":"Experimental investigation of mechanical stiffness in lattice structures fabricated with PLA using fused deposition modelling","authors":"A. Eljihad, M. Nassraoui, O. Bouksour","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0053.9491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0053.9491","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of the paper is to design and characterise with polylactic acid (PLA) material three cellular structures in the form of lattices which are diagonal-octet-centred shapes for two sizes 6x6x6 and 12x12x12 with a compression test to examine their stiffness using FDM technology compared to polyjet technology.The study used two analytical approaches to investigate lattice structures: experimental analysis and theoretical analysis. Experimental methods such as compression tests were conducted to determine the characteristics of lattice structures. In addition, theoretical analysis was conducted using Hook's law and Ashby's Gibson model to predict appropriate behaviour. The combination of experimental and theoretical methods provided a comprehensive understanding of lattice structures and their properties.The experimental study examined the impact of the shape and size of a lattice structure on the stiffness and lightness of objects 3D printed with FDM technology by PLA material. The research revealed that the 6x6x6 diagonal lattice structure size provided a good balance between stiffness and lightness. While the 6x6x6 byte structure was even lighter, with a mass ratio of 2.09 compared to the diagonal structure, it was less rigid, with a ratio of 0.43, making the diagonal structure more suitable for certain applications. The study highlights the importance of considering both the shape and size of the lattice structure when designing 3D-printed objects with specific mechanical properties; the chosen structure could be a good choice for applications where stiffness and lightness are important.The limitations of the research lie in its limited scope, focusing primarily on the effect of shape (octet-diagonal centred) and unit cell size on Young's modulus of PLA material. Other aspects of 3D printing, such as material selection and thermal properties, were not considered. Furthermore, the results obtained are specific to the printing parameters and experimental conditions chosen, which limits their generalizability to other 3D printing configurations or methods. However, these results have important implications for optimising the PLA printing process. They enable the identification of optimal parameters, such as unit cell shape and size, to produce stiffer, higher-quality structures. In addition, the research is helping to improve the mechanical properties of 3D-printed lattice parts, paving the way for more efficient manufacturing methods and stronger components.Our analysis can be used as a decision aid for the design of FDM lattice parts. Indeed, we can choose the diagonal structure of 6x6x6, which would provide favourable stiffness for functional parts.The paper explores the compression test of lattice structures using FDM technology, which presents a new direction for additive manufacturing. The study takes an experimental approach to evaluate the reliability of various additive manufacturing technologies for creating lattice structures. ","PeriodicalId":14825,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135055891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0053.9494
S. Borkowski, M. Szota, A. Baryłka, T. Bajor, J. Przybytniowski
Data for analysis and scientific interpretation was obtained by conducting a qualitative study in an industrial setting, using the BOST questionnaire – Toyota management principles in questions. The foundation of the research was the Eastern, particularly Japanese philosophy of the approach to production, expressed in the participation of the entire workforce in the evaluation and improvement of activities occurring during the manufacture of products.The paper will present the results relating to Toyota management principles 1 and 2. Arithmetic averages will be calculated for the sets of scores obtained. They are the basis for the being the material result of the production process. For investigations, the 3x3 matrix, after some modification, will be used to assess the relationship between technological capabilities and product competitiveness. The structure of the map described by the technological capabilities and competitiveness of the product gives information on the desirability of manufacturing the product in question.The paper will examine the relationship between the capabilities of technology and the competitiveness of the products of a metalworking company in light of selected Toyota principles. The opinion of production personnel is an important factor in the process of evaluating technology to increase the competitiveness of the products obtained.In the research, employees of the operational level, i.e. the part of the crew that is directly involved in shaping products and creating quality, were used to obtain data on the evaluation of the course of production processes.The technology implemented by specific machines serves to produce a specific product, which is the material result of the production process. The material result should be transformed into a financial result, which is determined by the number of units of the product sold.The product of a given enterprise, according to the laws of the free market, should be better, cheaper, etc., than the product of another enterprise.
{"title":"The role of technology in industry according to the BOST method","authors":"S. Borkowski, M. Szota, A. Baryłka, T. Bajor, J. Przybytniowski","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0053.9494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0053.9494","url":null,"abstract":"Data for analysis and scientific interpretation was obtained by conducting a qualitative study in an industrial setting, using the BOST questionnaire – Toyota management principles in questions. The foundation of the research was the Eastern, particularly Japanese philosophy of the approach to production, expressed in the participation of the entire workforce in the evaluation and improvement of activities occurring during the manufacture of products.The paper will present the results relating to Toyota management principles 1 and 2. Arithmetic averages will be calculated for the sets of scores obtained. They are the basis for the being the material result of the production process. For investigations, the 3x3 matrix, after some modification, will be used to assess the relationship between technological capabilities and product competitiveness. The structure of the map described by the technological capabilities and competitiveness of the product gives information on the desirability of manufacturing the product in question.The paper will examine the relationship between the capabilities of technology and the competitiveness of the products of a metalworking company in light of selected Toyota principles. The opinion of production personnel is an important factor in the process of evaluating technology to increase the competitiveness of the products obtained.In the research, employees of the operational level, i.e. the part of the crew that is directly involved in shaping products and creating quality, were used to obtain data on the evaluation of the course of production processes.The technology implemented by specific machines serves to produce a specific product, which is the material result of the production process. The material result should be transformed into a financial result, which is determined by the number of units of the product sold.The product of a given enterprise, according to the laws of the free market, should be better, cheaper, etc., than the product of another enterprise.","PeriodicalId":14825,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering","volume":"112 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135055620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0053.9492
G. Walczyk, W. Pakieła, M. Roszak, P. Snopek
This paper aims to analyse the application, importance and impact of heat treatment operations used in ferritic stainless steel welding processes on the properties of the welds obtained. In addition, the article aimed to formulate the main problems that occur during the welding process of ferritic stainless steels, including, in particular, the phenomenon of ferrite grain growth due to thermal processes.The analysis of the available literature covered issues related to heat treatment processes used in the welding of ferritic stainless steels, taking into account the issue of the growth of the ferrite grain under the influence of heat supplied during welding and the possibility of heat treatment of the obtained welds. The analysis also included determining the possibility of inhibiting the growth of ferrite grains by using elements such as titanium, niobium, and molybdenum, thus improving the strength properties of welds.Organisation of knowledge in the field of the impact on the mechanical properties of ferritic stainless-steel welds and heat treatment processes used before, during, and after welding.Properly selected parameters of the welding process of ferritic stainless steels, especially the amount of heat input, together with appropriate heat treatment parameters, should improve the mechanical properties of ferritic stainless steels.The analysis of the possibility of a wider application of ferritic stainless steels allowed to draw one of the main conclusions stating that the limited possibilities of using ferritic stainless steels in heavy industry are related to their high susceptibility to ferrite grain growth under the influence of high temperature during welding and, consequently, decreases in strength properties of welding joints made of ferritic stainless steels. Additional heat treatment operations are introduced before, during, or after the sapping process to improve their mechanical properties.
{"title":"Application of the heat treatment in the welding process of ferritic stainless steels – causes and effects","authors":"G. Walczyk, W. Pakieła, M. Roszak, P. Snopek","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0053.9492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0053.9492","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to analyse the application, importance and impact of heat treatment operations used in ferritic stainless steel welding processes on the properties of the welds obtained. In addition, the article aimed to formulate the main problems that occur during the welding process of ferritic stainless steels, including, in particular, the phenomenon of ferrite grain growth due to thermal processes.The analysis of the available literature covered issues related to heat treatment processes used in the welding of ferritic stainless steels, taking into account the issue of the growth of the ferrite grain under the influence of heat supplied during welding and the possibility of heat treatment of the obtained welds. The analysis also included determining the possibility of inhibiting the growth of ferrite grains by using elements such as titanium, niobium, and molybdenum, thus improving the strength properties of welds.Organisation of knowledge in the field of the impact on the mechanical properties of ferritic stainless-steel welds and heat treatment processes used before, during, and after welding.Properly selected parameters of the welding process of ferritic stainless steels, especially the amount of heat input, together with appropriate heat treatment parameters, should improve the mechanical properties of ferritic stainless steels.The analysis of the possibility of a wider application of ferritic stainless steels allowed to draw one of the main conclusions stating that the limited possibilities of using ferritic stainless steels in heavy industry are related to their high susceptibility to ferrite grain growth under the influence of high temperature during welding and, consequently, decreases in strength properties of welding joints made of ferritic stainless steels. Additional heat treatment operations are introduced before, during, or after the sapping process to improve their mechanical properties.","PeriodicalId":14825,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135055621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0053.8685
B.B.M.A. Al Nahari, K. Zarbane, Z. Beidouri
The objective of this research paper is to compile a list of key moisture-sensitive smart materials used in 4D printing. These materials have applications in various fields, including industrial and medical, and the list can be used as a reference for creating 4D-printed sensors and actuators.The smart materials used in 4D printing are discussed, and a description of each material is given, including its principle, applications and areas of use.We have discovered a large number of different materials that are sensitive to moisture and have identified those that are most essential for use in 4D printing.According to the results of this research, the moisture-sensitive materials used in 4D printing have very limited use and application, and the majority of these materials are still in the research and development stage.This review article provides researchers interested in using smart materials to exploit 4D printing in the industrial and medical fields, as well as in many other disciplines, with a means to identify the most widely used and prevalent moisture-sensitive materials.
{"title":"The use of moisture-responsive materials in 4D printing","authors":"B.B.M.A. Al Nahari, K. Zarbane, Z. Beidouri","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0053.8685","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0053.8685","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this research paper is to compile a list of key moisture-sensitive smart materials used in 4D printing. These materials have applications in various fields, including industrial and medical, and the list can be used as a reference for creating 4D-printed sensors and actuators.The smart materials used in 4D printing are discussed, and a description of each material is given, including its principle, applications and areas of use.We have discovered a large number of different materials that are sensitive to moisture and have identified those that are most essential for use in 4D printing.According to the results of this research, the moisture-sensitive materials used in 4D printing have very limited use and application, and the majority of these materials are still in the research and development stage.This review article provides researchers interested in using smart materials to exploit 4D printing in the industrial and medical fields, as well as in many other disciplines, with a means to identify the most widely used and prevalent moisture-sensitive materials.","PeriodicalId":14825,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82598872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0053.8686
M. Nimko, V. Skulskyi
This paper aims to assess a separate influence of heat input and base metal grain size on microstructural evolution in the weld adjacent zone of bainitic steels with 1.5…2.0% Cr, welded or overlayed with consumables with 9% Cr after post-weld heat treatment.Analysis of the width of decarburised layer on microphotographs of welded or overlayed specimens after tempering at 750C. Specimens were made by using different welding approaches: single-pass welding, multi-pass welding and overlaying.It is shown that with an increase of the heat input energy, the width of the resulting decarbonised layer decreases linearly; the increase of the base metal grain size leads to a decrease in the layer width after tempering at 750C. The microhardness testing showed the average hardness in the decarburised layer of 15Kh2M2FBS steel was 161 HV0.1 (minimum – 154 HV0.1), while the average hardness in the rest of the heat-affected zone was 192 HV0.1.Future research may include comparing the creep rupture strength of the weldments made with different welding parameters or base metal grain size to assess the influence of these factors on creep rupture strength.Results permit to achieve minimisation of the rate of carbon diffusion in the weld-adjacent area of the heat-affected zone by means of variation of welded parameters and base metal grain size.An influence of high-diffusivity paths (grain boundaries) on carbon diffusion in the heat-affected zone of dissimilar weldments was confirmed experimentally; the correlation between base metal grain size/welding parameters and the rate of the diffusion during high-temperature exposure was found.
{"title":"Influence of the base metal grain size and heat input on decarburization in single pass SAW and multi pass SMAW welded joints of dissimilar ferritic steels","authors":"M. Nimko, V. Skulskyi","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0053.8686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0053.8686","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to assess a separate influence of heat input and base metal grain size on microstructural evolution in the weld adjacent zone of bainitic steels with 1.5…2.0% Cr, welded or overlayed with consumables with 9% Cr after post-weld heat treatment.Analysis of the width of decarburised layer on microphotographs of welded or overlayed specimens after tempering at 750C. Specimens were made by using different welding approaches: single-pass welding, multi-pass welding and overlaying.It is shown that with an increase of the heat input energy, the width of the resulting decarbonised layer decreases linearly; the increase of the base metal grain size leads to a decrease in the layer width after tempering at 750C. The microhardness testing showed the average hardness in the decarburised layer of 15Kh2M2FBS steel was 161 HV0.1 (minimum – 154 HV0.1), while the average hardness in the rest of the heat-affected zone was 192 HV0.1.Future research may include comparing the creep rupture strength of the weldments made with different welding parameters or base metal grain size to assess the influence of these factors on creep rupture strength.Results permit to achieve minimisation of the rate of carbon diffusion in the weld-adjacent area of the heat-affected zone by means of variation of welded parameters and base metal grain size.An influence of high-diffusivity paths (grain boundaries) on carbon diffusion in the heat-affected zone of dissimilar weldments was confirmed experimentally; the correlation between base metal grain size/welding parameters and the rate of the diffusion during high-temperature exposure was found.","PeriodicalId":14825,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82338851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0053.8697
J. Obolewicz, A. Baryłka, M. Szota
A construction site is a space where construction workers use the right materials, tools and machinery. They are required to have the knowledge and skills to work safely, as their behaviour has a huge impact on the safety of the entire construction site.All activities affecting the safety of the construction site should be preceded by a review of the legal conditions in the field of safety and health protection and, above all, by familiarisation with the design documentation of the facility. The document defines all the elements of the building object, construction equipment and works, land or plot development, function, form and construction of the building object, its energy and ecological characteristics, as well as the proposed necessary technical and material solutions showing the principles of connection with the surroundings and the conditions of use of the building object.Based on an analysis of the documentation, it is recommended to proceed with the development of a Health and Safety Plan or an IBWR manual. And to draw up an action plan for behaviour affecting construction safety. The work presents a network model and schedule for the execution of the works; schedules for employment, operation of machinery, and supply of materials; site development plans drawn up for the successive stages of construction; diagrams and descriptions of the organisation of the construction management and site management.A typical technology and organisation design used should include: in the field of technology: technical characteristics of the construction project and the conditions of its implementation; a list of the elements of the object or processes that make up a specific project with an indication of the sequence of their execution and size; a description of the technology of the basic processes specifying the methods of their execution; the selection of machinery and auxiliary equipment and transport units; drawings of forming devices, scaffolding and other special constructions necessary for the adopted technology and the technology of execution of specific construction processes in atypical conditions.The SDS and IBWR instructions being developed and the action scheme for behaviour affecting construction safety should find wide practical application.Based on the analysis, an OHS plan and an IBWR instruction were developed. An action scheme for behaviour affecting construction safety was developed.
{"title":"The impact of human behaviour on the (un)safety of the construction site","authors":"J. Obolewicz, A. Baryłka, M. Szota","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0053.8697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0053.8697","url":null,"abstract":"A construction site is a space where construction workers use the right materials, tools and machinery. They are required to have the knowledge and skills to work safely, as their behaviour has a huge impact on the safety of the entire construction site.All activities affecting the safety of the construction site should be preceded by a review of the legal conditions in the field of safety and health protection and, above all, by familiarisation with the design documentation of the facility. The document defines all the elements of the building object, construction equipment and works, land or plot development, function, form and construction of the building object, its energy and ecological characteristics, as well as the proposed necessary technical and material solutions showing the principles of connection with the surroundings and the conditions of use of the building object.Based on an analysis of the documentation, it is recommended to proceed with the development of a Health and Safety Plan or an IBWR manual. And to draw up an action plan for behaviour affecting construction safety. The work presents a network model and schedule for the execution of the works; schedules for employment, operation of machinery, and supply of materials; site development plans drawn up for the successive stages of construction; diagrams and descriptions of the organisation of the construction management and site management.A typical technology and organisation design used should include: in the field of technology: technical characteristics of the construction project and the conditions of its implementation; a list of the elements of the object or processes that make up a specific project with an indication of the sequence of their execution and size; a description of the technology of the basic processes specifying the methods of their execution; the selection of machinery and auxiliary equipment and transport units; drawings of forming devices, scaffolding and other special constructions necessary for the adopted technology and the technology of execution of specific construction processes in atypical conditions.The SDS and IBWR instructions being developed and the action scheme for behaviour affecting construction safety should find wide practical application.Based on the analysis, an OHS plan and an IBWR instruction were developed. An action scheme for behaviour affecting construction safety was developed.","PeriodicalId":14825,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering","volume":"215 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79586973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0053.8696
G. Krzesniak
The article aims to present a proposal and discuss the investment cost calculation procedures based on data collected during the manufacturing process, according to standard SPC control chart evaluation and standard PDCA. It is applied as a tool to support the process of continuous improvement of the manufacturing process and improve profitability by proper allocation the cost of investment and resources.The study uses the results of a literature review on the issue of cost analysis and their modelling. Key elements are the main cost components, but also those that are considered less important and maybe overall decisive. Application cost to benefit relations – as a method of data evaluation for cost modelling to improve overall cost structure is proposed.The relationship between return on investment and amortisation time allows to easily visualise which of the proposed changes are the most cost-effective over time. Based on the analysis conducted the results, the change is proposed below, in order from the most cost-effective.Further research should focus on the impact if a decision were based on the findings and proposals defined.Each production process is based on the use of resources. This applies to both production plants and other activities. A resource can be anything that will be used in the manufacturing process. Of key importance for the success of the project is their proper use and not only effective but most of all efficient.The considerations presented in the study may be the basis for determining the key factors of the cost of production and investment. The proposed simulation model allows for determining the efficient direction for investment. This, in turn, should enable us to define the main directions of searching for the optimisation of the product cost to achieve the expected cost and quality level.
{"title":"Effective data usage for the proper and beneficial automotive production cost improvement","authors":"G. Krzesniak","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0053.8696","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0053.8696","url":null,"abstract":"The article aims to present a proposal and discuss the investment cost calculation procedures based on data collected during the manufacturing process, according to standard SPC control chart evaluation and standard PDCA. It is applied as a tool to support the process of continuous improvement of the manufacturing process and improve profitability by proper allocation the cost of investment and resources.The study uses the results of a literature review on the issue of cost analysis and their modelling. Key elements are the main cost components, but also those that are considered less important and maybe overall decisive. Application cost to benefit relations – as a method of data evaluation for cost modelling to improve overall cost structure is proposed.The relationship between return on investment and amortisation time allows to easily visualise which of the proposed changes are the most cost-effective over time. Based on the analysis conducted the results, the change is proposed below, in order from the most cost-effective.Further research should focus on the impact if a decision were based on the findings and proposals defined.Each production process is based on the use of resources. This applies to both production plants and other activities. A resource can be anything that will be used in the manufacturing process. Of key importance for the success of the project is their proper use and not only effective but most of all efficient.The considerations presented in the study may be the basis for determining the key factors of the cost of production and investment. The proposed simulation model allows for determining the efficient direction for investment. This, in turn, should enable us to define the main directions of searching for the optimisation of the product cost to achieve the expected cost and quality level.","PeriodicalId":14825,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78965050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0053.7667
J. Obolewicz, A. Baryłka, M. Szota
The interest in the social aspects of work safety results because the human factor plays a key role in the causes of accidents at work in construction. Statistical data for Poland confirm that organisational and human causes, in particular those related to improper behaviour of employees, account for the highest share in the structure of causes of accidents at work according to the TOL classification.Human behaviour determines the current and future state of occupational safety and requires at least interest. The key factors of human error resulting in accidents include lack of knowledge about hazards in the working environment and appropriate qualifications or irregularities in the behaviour of a group of employees in relation to the adopted social standards, established rules, or inappropriate behaviour. On the one hand, human behaviour depends on the safety culture; on the other hand, it is human behaviour that shapes the climate of work safety by consolidating certain beliefs and attitudes.The measures outlined in work allow for the creation of a desirable safety climate and enable the smooth and compliant operation of the construction site, as well as the economic benefits of minimising losses due to eliminating occupational accidents and illnesses. Social benefits, in turn, can include increased awareness and motivation of construction site personnel, made possible by shaping the desired safety climate by informing and involving workers and their social representatives.The practical application of shaping the safety climate is very important, which will also impact the quality and productivity of the work and the image of the construction workers.The article attempts to systematise terms related to the concept of security climate, and tools for shaping the security climate on the example of construction.
{"title":"Shaping the climate of construction work safety","authors":"J. Obolewicz, A. Baryłka, M. Szota","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0053.7667","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0053.7667","url":null,"abstract":"The interest in the social aspects of work safety results because the human factor plays a key role in the causes of accidents at work in construction. Statistical data for Poland confirm that organisational and human causes, in particular those related to improper behaviour of employees, account for the highest share in the structure of causes of accidents at work according to the TOL classification.Human behaviour determines the current and future state of occupational safety and requires at least interest. The key factors of human error resulting in accidents include lack of knowledge about hazards in the working environment and appropriate qualifications or irregularities in the behaviour of a group of employees in relation to the adopted social standards, established rules, or inappropriate behaviour. On the one hand, human behaviour depends on the safety culture; on the other hand, it is human behaviour that shapes the climate of work safety by consolidating certain beliefs and attitudes.The measures outlined in work allow for the creation of a desirable safety climate and enable the smooth and compliant operation of the construction site, as well as the economic benefits of minimising losses due to eliminating occupational accidents and illnesses. Social benefits, in turn, can include increased awareness and motivation of construction site personnel, made possible by shaping the desired safety climate by informing and involving workers and their social representatives.The practical application of shaping the safety climate is very important, which will also impact the quality and productivity of the work and the image of the construction workers.The article attempts to systematise terms related to the concept of security climate, and tools for shaping the security climate on the example of construction.","PeriodicalId":14825,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82823302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0053.7663
U. Aulia, Akhyar Akhyar
Generally, laser cutting processes aim to cut materials with high accuracy, as well as precise and near-perfect sizes and results. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the roundness quality of the holes cut by laser cutting on galvanised steel plates; two variations are given, such as cutting speed and nozzle diameter.The type of laser used is a fibre laser. The material used is galvanized steel with a thickness of 3 mm with dimensions of 200 mm in length and 200 mm in width. A round profile is good if the distance between the points of the geometric shape is the same distance from the centre point.The measurement results show that the smallest radius deviation is with an average value of 20.08 mm at a nozzle diameter of 2.5 mm and a cutting speed of 3 m/min, close to the initial radius value of 20.00 mm.During the laser cutting process, The best roundness quality is the combination of a nozzle diameter of 2.5 mm and a cutting speed of 3 m/min with a small deviation (the index deviation is 0.4%). At the same time, the biggest deviation in this experiment is the combination of parameters with a nozzle diameter of 3 mm and a cutting speed of 4 m/min (the maximum deviation value is 1%).The use of the proposed nozzle diameter and cutting speed approach is an important requirement for industrial applications with laser cutting to get the right product for its intended use.This article presents different nozzle diameters and cutting speeds to reveal the roundness quality due to these variations, where the roundness quality will be adapted for a particular application.
{"title":"Evaluation of the roundness quality of galvanized steel plate due to variations in cutting speed and nozzle diameter during the laser cutting","authors":"U. Aulia, Akhyar Akhyar","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0053.7663","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0053.7663","url":null,"abstract":"Generally, laser cutting processes aim to cut materials with high accuracy, as well as precise and near-perfect sizes and results. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the roundness quality of the holes cut by laser cutting on galvanised steel plates; two variations are given, such as cutting speed and nozzle diameter.The type of laser used is a fibre laser. The material used is galvanized steel with a thickness of 3 mm with dimensions of 200 mm in length and 200 mm in width. A round profile is good if the distance between the points of the geometric shape is the same distance from the centre point.The measurement results show that the smallest radius deviation is with an average value of 20.08 mm at a nozzle diameter of 2.5 mm and a cutting speed of 3 m/min, close to the initial radius value of 20.00 mm.During the laser cutting process, The best roundness quality is the combination of a nozzle diameter of 2.5 mm and a cutting speed of 3 m/min with a small deviation (the index deviation is 0.4%). At the same time, the biggest deviation in this experiment is the combination of parameters with a nozzle diameter of 3 mm and a cutting speed of 4 m/min (the maximum deviation value is 1%).The use of the proposed nozzle diameter and cutting speed approach is an important requirement for industrial applications with laser cutting to get the right product for its intended use.This article presents different nozzle diameters and cutting speeds to reveal the roundness quality due to these variations, where the roundness quality will be adapted for a particular application.","PeriodicalId":14825,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80764155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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