Pub Date : 2016-10-24DOI: 10.4172/2155-9872.1000338
Huijae Kim, D. Allen
Many over-the-counter glucose measurement systems currently exist but are not widely used by nondiabetic consumers because of the inconvenience. There exists a need for new methods of conveniently detecting early stages of diabetic or prediabetic conditions rather than waiting for the disease to progress to the point that symptoms indicative of physiological damage are present and a user requests medical care. Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopic urinalysis has shown some promise for use as an unobtrusive measurement system for glucose levels but has required expensive equipment. This paper presents a method of combining a cost-effective, home-deployable NIR system with a non-traditional trend-based data analysis to extract representative glucose levels from patients. By taking multiple measurements over time with an unobtrusive, automatic, in-toilet urinalysis system, limited accuracy samples from each patient can be averaged to obtain an improved accuracy trended value. Data trending is able to predict glucose levels with sufficient accuracy to be clinically relevant in the detection of chronically high glucose conditions. The bandwidth, or averaging window, of the filters can be varied to achieve a target accuracy level, even when the error of individual measurements is large and variable. Urine spectra can be captured from an athome or at-work toilet with a urine capture slot and NIR spectrometer. A new data reporting strategy is proposed for trended measurements, whereby filtered data is reported with a known and acceptable post-filter variance, rather than reporting individual sample measurements. This is in contrast to traditional methods of single-point clinical tests, which may require expensive equipment to achieve sufficient single-point accuracy, be obtrusive or inconvenient, available only on demand, or susceptible to outliers.
{"title":"Using Digital Filters to Obtain Accurate Trended Urine Glucose Levels from Toilet-Deployable Near-Infrared Spectrometers","authors":"Huijae Kim, D. Allen","doi":"10.4172/2155-9872.1000338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9872.1000338","url":null,"abstract":"Many over-the-counter glucose measurement systems currently exist but are not widely used by nondiabetic consumers because of the inconvenience. There exists a need for new methods of conveniently detecting early stages of diabetic or prediabetic conditions rather than waiting for the disease to progress to the point that symptoms indicative of physiological damage are present and a user requests medical care. Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopic urinalysis has shown some promise for use as an unobtrusive measurement system for glucose levels but has required expensive equipment. This paper presents a method of combining a cost-effective, home-deployable NIR system with a non-traditional trend-based data analysis to extract representative glucose levels from patients. By taking multiple measurements over time with an unobtrusive, automatic, in-toilet urinalysis system, limited accuracy samples from each patient can be averaged to obtain an improved accuracy trended value. Data trending is able to predict glucose levels with sufficient accuracy to be clinically relevant in the detection of chronically high glucose conditions. The bandwidth, or averaging window, of the filters can be varied to achieve a target accuracy level, even when the error of individual measurements is large and variable. Urine spectra can be captured from an athome or at-work toilet with a urine capture slot and NIR spectrometer. A new data reporting strategy is proposed for trended measurements, whereby filtered data is reported with a known and acceptable post-filter variance, rather than reporting individual sample measurements. This is in contrast to traditional methods of single-point clinical tests, which may require expensive equipment to achieve sufficient single-point accuracy, be obtrusive or inconvenient, available only on demand, or susceptible to outliers.","PeriodicalId":14865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical and bioanalytical techniques","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83250204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-10-05DOI: 10.4172/2155-9872.1000337
Ali R. Jalalv, Esmael Sanchooli
In this study, we have developed a novel and efficient method based on spectrophotometry in combination with first-order multivariate calibration for simultaneous quantification of cholesterol (CHL) and cholestanol (CHN) in human serum samples. Several multivariate calibration (MVC) models including partial least squares-1 (PLS- 1), principal component regression (PCR), classical least squares (CLS), orthogonal signal correction-PLS-1, net analyte preprocessing-PLS-1 (NAP/PLS-1), and OSC-CLS were constructed based on first-order spectrophotometric data for simultaneous quantification of CHL and CHN under simulated physiological conditions to select the best algorithm for analyzing real samples. The compositions of the calibration mixtures were selected according to a central composite design (CCD) and validated with an external validation set. The results confirmed the more superiority of PCR to other algorithms. The results of applying PCR for simultaneous quantification of CHL and CHN in human serum samples as real samples were also encouraging. It is expected that the suitable features of the developed method make it potentially advantageous for biosensing, and clinical applications.
{"title":"A Chemometric Strategy for Simultaneous Determination of Cholesterol andCholestanol in Human Serum Samples","authors":"Ali R. Jalalv, Esmael Sanchooli","doi":"10.4172/2155-9872.1000337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9872.1000337","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we have developed a novel and efficient method based on spectrophotometry in combination with first-order multivariate calibration for simultaneous quantification of cholesterol (CHL) and cholestanol (CHN) in human serum samples. Several multivariate calibration (MVC) models including partial least squares-1 (PLS- 1), principal component regression (PCR), classical least squares (CLS), orthogonal signal correction-PLS-1, net analyte preprocessing-PLS-1 (NAP/PLS-1), and OSC-CLS were constructed based on first-order spectrophotometric data for simultaneous quantification of CHL and CHN under simulated physiological conditions to select the best algorithm for analyzing real samples. The compositions of the calibration mixtures were selected according to a central composite design (CCD) and validated with an external validation set. The results confirmed the more superiority of PCR to other algorithms. The results of applying PCR for simultaneous quantification of CHL and CHN in human serum samples as real samples were also encouraging. It is expected that the suitable features of the developed method make it potentially advantageous for biosensing, and clinical applications.","PeriodicalId":14865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical and bioanalytical techniques","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82341025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-20DOI: 10.4172/2155-9872.1000336
Ojochenemi Apen Daneil, O. Ochi, A. Adejumo, L. Hadiza, Ndaman Saidu Abubakar, J. Atehnkeng, Henry Adeyemi Rinde, C. SimeonMailafiya, Anthony Makun Hussaini
Incidence of fungi and aflatoxin in sorghum, millet, sesame and their products in Northern Nigeria was investigated in 146 food samples including; sorghum and traditional beer (50), millet and millet dough (50), and sesame seed (50). Members of the Aspergillus, Fusarium, Pennicilium, Macrophomena, Cercospora, Phoma, Rhizopus, Alternaria and Curvularia species in order of predominance were identified. Aflatoxin analysis showed 28.6% sorghum (0.96-21.74 μg/Kg), 80% burukutu (1.27-8.82 μg/Kg), 20% pito (0.69-2.00 μg/Kg), 29% millet grain (1.05-14.96 μg/Kg), 26.3% millet dough (0.81-3.78 μg/Kg) and 21.7% sesame (0.79-60.05 μg/Kg) samples were unsafe for consumption. Fungi and aflatoxin levels were higher in sesame than millet and sorghum. Fungal load in sesame seeds increased with latitude, aflatoxin levels in millet and sorghum varied with temperature and relative humidity. Beer processing reduced the levels of aflatoxin from sorghum grain to beer, establishing a 47% and 25% carryover respectively. Higher tannin levels in the samples correlated with lower fungal loads however, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium and Pennicilium showed resistance to tannin. Legislative, regulatory and stakeholder involvement is key in the continuous effort to reduce the mycotoxin menace.
{"title":"Mycotoxicological Concerns with Sorghum, Millet and Sesame in Northern Nigeria","authors":"Ojochenemi Apen Daneil, O. Ochi, A. Adejumo, L. Hadiza, Ndaman Saidu Abubakar, J. Atehnkeng, Henry Adeyemi Rinde, C. SimeonMailafiya, Anthony Makun Hussaini","doi":"10.4172/2155-9872.1000336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9872.1000336","url":null,"abstract":"Incidence of fungi and aflatoxin in sorghum, millet, sesame and their products in Northern Nigeria was investigated in 146 food samples including; sorghum and traditional beer (50), millet and millet dough (50), and sesame seed (50). Members of the Aspergillus, Fusarium, Pennicilium, Macrophomena, Cercospora, Phoma, Rhizopus, Alternaria and Curvularia species in order of predominance were identified. Aflatoxin analysis showed 28.6% sorghum (0.96-21.74 μg/Kg), 80% burukutu (1.27-8.82 μg/Kg), 20% pito (0.69-2.00 μg/Kg), 29% millet grain (1.05-14.96 μg/Kg), 26.3% millet dough (0.81-3.78 μg/Kg) and 21.7% sesame (0.79-60.05 μg/Kg) samples were unsafe for consumption. Fungi and aflatoxin levels were higher in sesame than millet and sorghum. Fungal load in sesame seeds increased with latitude, aflatoxin levels in millet and sorghum varied with temperature and relative humidity. Beer processing reduced the levels of aflatoxin from sorghum grain to beer, establishing a 47% and 25% carryover respectively. Higher tannin levels in the samples correlated with lower fungal loads however, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium and Pennicilium showed resistance to tannin. Legislative, regulatory and stakeholder involvement is key in the continuous effort to reduce the mycotoxin menace.","PeriodicalId":14865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical and bioanalytical techniques","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81826542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-14DOI: 10.4172/2155-9872.1000334
Cristina Cifuentes, S. Mennickent, M. Diego
A thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method for quantification of topiramate in human breast milk was developed using liquid –liquid extraction with n-hexane and methanol as extraction solvents, fluorescence activation with ninhidrine (1% ethanolic solution) and chlorpromazine as internal standard. Thin-layer chromatographic separation was performed on precoated silica gel F 254 HPTLC plates using a mixture of toluene: ethanol (25:10, v/v), as mobile phase. Densitometric detection was done at 326 nm. The method was validated for linearity, precision, selectivity, LOD and LOQ, and accuracy. Linear calibration curves in the range of 0.30 to 50.00 µg/mL showed correlation coefficient of 0.991. The intra-assay and inter-assay precision, expressed as the relative standard deviation (RSD), were in the range of 3.04% - 3.14% (n=3) and 1.81%-4.10% (n=9), respectively. The limit of detection was 0.24 µg/mL, and the limit of quantification was 0.30 µg/mL Accuracy, calculated as percentage recovery, was between 101.65% and 109.51%, with a RSD not higher than 0.41%. Topiramate is well resolved from others antiepileptic drugs and from the internal standard (Rs=5.20). In conclusion, the method is precise, accurate, reproducible and selective for the analysis of topiramate in human breast milk.
{"title":"Quantitative Determination of Topiramate in Human Breast Milk","authors":"Cristina Cifuentes, S. Mennickent, M. Diego","doi":"10.4172/2155-9872.1000334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9872.1000334","url":null,"abstract":"A thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method for quantification of topiramate in human breast milk was developed using liquid –liquid extraction with n-hexane and methanol as extraction solvents, fluorescence activation with ninhidrine (1% ethanolic solution) and chlorpromazine as internal standard. \u0000Thin-layer chromatographic separation was performed on precoated silica gel F 254 HPTLC plates using a mixture of toluene: ethanol (25:10, v/v), as mobile phase. Densitometric detection was done at 326 nm. The method was validated for linearity, precision, selectivity, LOD and LOQ, and accuracy. Linear calibration curves in the range of 0.30 to 50.00 µg/mL showed correlation coefficient of 0.991. The intra-assay and inter-assay precision, expressed as the relative standard deviation (RSD), were in the range of 3.04% - 3.14% (n=3) and 1.81%-4.10% (n=9), respectively. The limit of detection was 0.24 µg/mL, and the limit of quantification was 0.30 µg/mL Accuracy, calculated as percentage recovery, was between 101.65% and 109.51%, with a RSD not higher than 0.41%. Topiramate is well resolved from others antiepileptic drugs and from the internal standard (Rs=5.20). In conclusion, the method is precise, accurate, reproducible and selective for the analysis of topiramate in human breast milk.","PeriodicalId":14865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical and bioanalytical techniques","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73353255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-14DOI: 10.4172/2155-9872.1000330
A. Yohannes, Tesfaye Tolesa, Yared Merdassa, Negussie Megersa
In this work, a method of single drop microextraction (SDME) combined with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode array detection (DAD) was studied for trace level enrichment as well as simultaneous determination of atrazine (ATZ) and its major degradation products such as desethylatrazine (DEA) and desisopropylatrazine (DIA) in environmental waters. The main factors influencing the extraction procedure including types and volume of extraction solvent, sample stirring rate, sample solution pH, extraction temperature, extraction time, and salting out effect were optimized. The method detection limits were as low as 0.01 for ATZ and 0.05 for both DIA and DEA, with coefficients of determination better than 0.998 within a linear range of 0.5-150 μg L-1. Under the optimal conditions, the proposed method was applied for the analysis of real water samples and good spiked recoveries in the range of 65.6%-96.3% with relative standard deviation of less than 5% were obtained. The results confirmed that the proposed procedure provides reliable precision, linearity and sensitivity and is very effective for analyzing the target compounds in environmental waters. Therefore, the developed SDME method coupled with HPLC-DAD was found to be simple, inexpensive, and environmentally benign sample pretreatment technique.
{"title":"Single Drop Microextraction Analytical Technique for Simultaneous Separation and Trace Enrichment of Atrazine and its Major Degradation Products from Environmental Waters Followed by Liquid Chromatographic Determination","authors":"A. Yohannes, Tesfaye Tolesa, Yared Merdassa, Negussie Megersa","doi":"10.4172/2155-9872.1000330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9872.1000330","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, a method of single drop microextraction (SDME) combined with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode array detection (DAD) was studied for trace level enrichment as well as simultaneous determination of atrazine (ATZ) and its major degradation products such as desethylatrazine (DEA) and desisopropylatrazine (DIA) in environmental waters. The main factors influencing the extraction procedure including types and volume of extraction solvent, sample stirring rate, sample solution pH, extraction temperature, extraction time, and salting out effect were optimized. The method detection limits were as low as 0.01 for ATZ and 0.05 for both DIA and DEA, with coefficients of determination better than 0.998 within a linear range of 0.5-150 μg L-1. Under the optimal conditions, the proposed method was applied for the analysis of real water samples and good spiked recoveries in the range of 65.6%-96.3% with relative standard deviation of less than 5% were obtained. The results confirmed that the proposed procedure provides reliable precision, linearity and sensitivity and is very effective for analyzing the target compounds in environmental waters. Therefore, the developed SDME method coupled with HPLC-DAD was found to be simple, inexpensive, and environmentally benign sample pretreatment technique.","PeriodicalId":14865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical and bioanalytical techniques","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83240350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-14DOI: 10.4172/2155-9872.1000331
J. Šesták, P. Holba
The paper displays that the traditional method of kinetic evaluation of activation energies by simple portioning of the as-cast DTA curves is erroneous because is missing the impact of thermal inertia which is known since the Newton cooling law. This error is interwoven into all methods using thermal measurements. The method derivation is upgraded when using the missing terms.
{"title":"Piloyan Method to Determine the Activation Energy from DTA is Defectivein Addition to other Methods which do not take into Account the ThermalInertia","authors":"J. Šesták, P. Holba","doi":"10.4172/2155-9872.1000331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9872.1000331","url":null,"abstract":"The paper displays that the traditional method of kinetic evaluation of activation energies by simple portioning of the as-cast DTA curves is erroneous because is missing the impact of thermal inertia which is known since the Newton cooling law. This error is interwoven into all methods using thermal measurements. The method derivation is upgraded when using the missing terms.","PeriodicalId":14865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical and bioanalytical techniques","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78918447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-14DOI: 10.4172/2155-9872.1000333
Marjorie Buist, Emy Komatsu, Paul G. Lopez, L. Girard, Edward D Bodnar, A. Salama, D. Sachs, C. Galli, A. Perota, S. Conchon, Jean-Paul Judor, J. Concordet, G. Lazzari, J. Soulillou, H. Perreault
For the first time, the N-glycosylation patterns of immunoglobulin G (IgGs) isolated from the serum of two varieties of knockout pigs (lacking N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) and/or α 1,3 galactose) were examined for the presence of potential glycan xenoantigens and compared to N-glycosylation patterns obtained for wild-type (WT) pig IgGs. Glycopeptide analysis was chosen over glycan release, as protein-A eluates from pig serum may contain IgA and IgM as shown previously. The experiments focused on the analysis of tryptic glycopeptides EEQFNSTYR and AEQFNSTYR from IgGs, and excluded IgA and IgM, in which N-glycosylated peptides have different sequences and masses. WT pig IgG glycopeptides showed the presence of N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) and absence of N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac). Released glycans from the protein-A eluate, however, showed the presence of both types of sialic acids, allowing Neu5Ac to be attributed to IgA and/or IgM. The WT IgG samples also showed the presence of glycans that could by composition have been α-galactosylated, but treatments with α- and β-galactosidases produced inconclusive results as to the linkage nature of the terminal Gal residues. Single knockout (α-Gal transferase) pig IgG was shown to contain Neu5Gc residues, and there was a definite absence of α-Gal. Double knockout pigs (DKO for α-Gal transferase and cytidine monophosphate-A-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH)) showed the definite absence of α-Gal and Neu5Gc. Instead of the latter, Neu5Ac residues were observed. Further investigation into the sialylation patterns of WT and DKO pig IgGs consisted of esterifying the glycopeptides to allow the detection and differentiation of α-2,3 and α-2,6 sialic acid-galactose linkages. Fucosylation levels were also compared between IgG species.
{"title":"Features of N-Glycosylation of Immunoglobulins from Knockout Pig Models","authors":"Marjorie Buist, Emy Komatsu, Paul G. Lopez, L. Girard, Edward D Bodnar, A. Salama, D. Sachs, C. Galli, A. Perota, S. Conchon, Jean-Paul Judor, J. Concordet, G. Lazzari, J. Soulillou, H. Perreault","doi":"10.4172/2155-9872.1000333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9872.1000333","url":null,"abstract":"For the first time, the N-glycosylation patterns of immunoglobulin G (IgGs) isolated from the serum of two varieties of knockout pigs (lacking N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) and/or α 1,3 galactose) were examined for the presence of potential glycan xenoantigens and compared to N-glycosylation patterns obtained for wild-type (WT) pig IgGs. Glycopeptide analysis was chosen over glycan release, as protein-A eluates from pig serum may contain IgA and IgM as shown previously. The experiments focused on the analysis of tryptic glycopeptides EEQFNSTYR and AEQFNSTYR from IgGs, and excluded IgA and IgM, in which N-glycosylated peptides have different sequences and masses. WT pig IgG glycopeptides showed the presence of N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) and absence of N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac). Released glycans from the protein-A eluate, however, showed the presence of both types of sialic acids, allowing Neu5Ac to be attributed to IgA and/or IgM. The WT IgG samples also showed the presence of glycans that could by composition have been α-galactosylated, but treatments with α- and β-galactosidases produced inconclusive results as to the linkage nature of the terminal Gal residues. Single knockout (α-Gal transferase) pig IgG was shown to contain Neu5Gc residues, and there was a definite absence of α-Gal. Double knockout pigs (DKO for α-Gal transferase and cytidine monophosphate-A-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH)) showed the definite absence of α-Gal and Neu5Gc. Instead of the latter, Neu5Ac residues were observed. Further investigation into the sialylation patterns of WT and DKO pig IgGs consisted of esterifying the glycopeptides to allow the detection and differentiation of α-2,3 and α-2,6 sialic acid-galactose linkages. Fucosylation levels were also compared between IgG species.","PeriodicalId":14865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical and bioanalytical techniques","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81062947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-07DOI: 10.4172/2155-9872.1000332
G. TeklitAmabye, Tesfakiros Semere
The study was carried out to determine the acute toxicity of lindane (Gammalin 20) to Hetrobranchus bidorsalis juveniles using static bioassays. The mean weight and total length of the fish samples were 2.5 g and 8.6 cm respectively. Six groups of the experimental units were set up containing 10 fish individuals in each bowl with 20 litres water capacity. The Gammalin 20, organo chlorine pesticide was distillated and the active ingredient lindane was condensed and collected and the stock solution was prepared. Graded concentration of 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08 and 0.10 ml/L were prepared and the fish of 10 individuals in each of the bowls were exposed to the different concentration with a control experiment where the toxicant was not introduced. The experimental set was replicated three times. The exposed fish were observed daily and death ones were removed immediately and mortality was recorded for 24 and 48 hours exposure period. The LC50 was determined to be 0.06 ml/L for the 24 and 48 hours exposure period. The obtained result was transformed to probit analysis which was plotted against the graded concentration of lindane for the 24 and 48 hours exposure period. The R2 values of 0.76 and 0.80 were obtained for the 24 and 48 hours respectively indicating a strong relationship of lindane with mortality. The result of the water quality varied from pH: 7, 80-8.46, temperature: 28.39-28.42°C DO: 5.06-5.17 mg/L, Conductivity: 462.00-482.00 µS/cm and TDS: 231.00-241.00 mg/L. Although the water quality parameters increase with increase in the lindane concentration yet it was within the maximum permissible level and did not have any effect on the fish and the death of the fish was due to the toxic potential of lindane. It was recommended that Gammalin 20 is very toxic and persistent in the aquatic environment and it use should be greatly discouraged.
{"title":"Bioassay of Lindane (Gamalin 20) to Hetrobrancus bidorsalis Juveniles","authors":"G. TeklitAmabye, Tesfakiros Semere","doi":"10.4172/2155-9872.1000332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9872.1000332","url":null,"abstract":"The study was carried out to determine the acute toxicity of lindane (Gammalin 20) to Hetrobranchus bidorsalis juveniles using static bioassays. The mean weight and total length of the fish samples were 2.5 g and 8.6 cm respectively. Six groups of the experimental units were set up containing 10 fish individuals in each bowl with 20 litres water capacity. The Gammalin 20, organo chlorine pesticide was distillated and the active ingredient lindane was condensed and collected and the stock solution was prepared. Graded concentration of 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08 and 0.10 ml/L were prepared and the fish of 10 individuals in each of the bowls were exposed to the different concentration with a control experiment where the toxicant was not introduced. The experimental set was replicated three times. The exposed fish were observed daily and death ones were removed immediately and mortality was recorded for 24 and 48 hours exposure period. The LC50 was determined to be 0.06 ml/L for the 24 and 48 hours exposure period. The obtained result was transformed to probit analysis which was plotted against the graded concentration of lindane for the 24 and 48 hours exposure period. The R2 values of 0.76 and 0.80 were obtained for the 24 and 48 hours respectively indicating a strong relationship of lindane with mortality. The result of the water quality varied from pH: 7, 80-8.46, temperature: 28.39-28.42°C DO: 5.06-5.17 mg/L, Conductivity: 462.00-482.00 µS/cm and TDS: 231.00-241.00 mg/L. Although the water quality parameters increase with increase in the lindane concentration yet it was within the maximum permissible level and did not have any effect on the fish and the death of the fish was due to the toxic potential of lindane. It was recommended that Gammalin 20 is very toxic and persistent in the aquatic environment and it use should be greatly discouraged.","PeriodicalId":14865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical and bioanalytical techniques","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82851108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-08-30DOI: 10.4172/2155-9872.1000335
Y. Choong, N. Yousof, Mohd Isa Wasiman, J. Jamal, Z. Ismail
Hibiscus sabdariffa tea is a widely used medicinal beverage and a treatment for high blood pressure and high blood cholesterol in many parts of the world. Many studies on H. sabdariffa have been conducted including extraction and identification of main biocompounds. However, information on the effects of processing the plant is scarce. This is important as sample processing procedure influence the composition of the end product. Hence, the main objective of this present study was to examine the effect of sample processing (non-extracted, ethanol extract and water extract) on H. sabdariffa composition. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) was used for the process of identification. The powdered sample of H. sabdariffa (FT34) was obtained from a local company in Peninsula Malaysia. A fresh sample obtained from the same company was processed in the Phytochemistry Laboratory, Institute for Medical Research and labelled as FT35. Sample and potassium bromide (KBr) were mixed (1:250) to form a 1-2 mm transparent disk under 9.80 psi in vacuum. The FTIR Spectra were recorded with 32 scans and 0.2 cms-1 OPD speed. Spectra of FT34 and FT35 raw samples indicated obvious differences in the range of 1500-1135 cm-1. The FT34 ethanol extract using trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) showed that the peak at 1629 cm-1 was the highest in the range of 1800-1500 cm-1, whereas for FT35, the highest peak was 1739 cm-1. The peak at 1071 cm-1 of FT35 was the only one compatible to standard dephinidin-3-O-sambubioside and cyanidin-3-Osambubioside which are used for qualification of sample content. In fact, both standards showed up as different chromatographs in thin layer chromatography. Water extract of FT35 showed a peak at 1676 cm-1 which was not detected in water extract spectrum of FT34, while the pattern of spectrum varied within the range of 1300-400 cm-1. Second derivative spectra enhanced the comparable base peaks of both sample and the target standards. There were five matched ethanol extract base peaks, indicating the macrofingerprint of H. sabdariffa. Two dimensional correlation spectrum of FT34 raw powder showed different correlation spot especially in the cluster of 1425 cm-1 to 1743 cm-1 compared with FT35. The three-stage infrared spectroscopy comprehensively analysed the holographic spectra and hierarchically characterized the integrated constituents involved.
{"title":"Determination of Effects of Sample Processing on Hibiscus sabdariffa L.Using Tri-step Infrared Spectroscopy","authors":"Y. Choong, N. Yousof, Mohd Isa Wasiman, J. Jamal, Z. Ismail","doi":"10.4172/2155-9872.1000335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9872.1000335","url":null,"abstract":"Hibiscus sabdariffa tea is a widely used medicinal beverage and a treatment for high blood pressure and high blood cholesterol in many parts of the world. Many studies on H. sabdariffa have been conducted including extraction and identification of main biocompounds. However, information on the effects of processing the plant is scarce. This is important as sample processing procedure influence the composition of the end product. Hence, the main objective of this present study was to examine the effect of sample processing (non-extracted, ethanol extract and water extract) on H. sabdariffa composition. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) was used for the process of identification. The powdered sample of H. sabdariffa (FT34) was obtained from a local company in Peninsula Malaysia. A fresh sample obtained from the same company was processed in the Phytochemistry Laboratory, Institute for Medical Research and labelled as FT35. Sample and potassium bromide (KBr) were mixed (1:250) to form a 1-2 mm transparent disk under 9.80 psi in vacuum. The FTIR Spectra were recorded with 32 scans and 0.2 cms-1 OPD speed. Spectra of FT34 and FT35 raw samples indicated obvious differences in the range of 1500-1135 cm-1. The FT34 ethanol extract using trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) showed that the peak at 1629 cm-1 was the highest in the range of 1800-1500 cm-1, whereas for FT35, the highest peak was 1739 cm-1. The peak at 1071 cm-1 of FT35 was the only one compatible to standard dephinidin-3-O-sambubioside and cyanidin-3-Osambubioside which are used for qualification of sample content. In fact, both standards showed up as different chromatographs in thin layer chromatography. Water extract of FT35 showed a peak at 1676 cm-1 which was not detected in water extract spectrum of FT34, while the pattern of spectrum varied within the range of 1300-400 cm-1. Second derivative spectra enhanced the comparable base peaks of both sample and the target standards. There were five matched ethanol extract base peaks, indicating the macrofingerprint of H. sabdariffa. Two dimensional correlation spectrum of FT34 raw powder showed different correlation spot especially in the cluster of 1425 cm-1 to 1743 cm-1 compared with FT35. The three-stage infrared spectroscopy comprehensively analysed the holographic spectra and hierarchically characterized the integrated constituents involved.","PeriodicalId":14865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical and bioanalytical techniques","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76150343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-07-29DOI: 10.4172/2155-9872.1000329
Xiuli Dong, Jessica Jenkins Broglie, Yongan Tang, Liju Yang
This study evaluated the label-free bio-layer interferometric (BLI) biosensor for the detection of norovirus (NoV) using two types of virus like particles (VLPs) that represent human NoV GI.1 and GII.4. To construct biosensors for NoV GI.1 and GII.4 detection, the commercial AMC sensors, on which anti-mouse Fc-specific antibodies were preimmobilized on the surfaces, were further bound with the capture antibodies mAb3901 and mAb NS14, respectively, by using the Blitz system. The kinetics of immobilization of capture antibodies on the AMC sensors demonstrated that mAb3901 and mAb NS14 reached saturated binding phase almost at the same time (~415 s). The optimal concentration of capture antibodies for immobilization was 15 μg/mL for both mAb3901 and mAb NS14. The AMC sensors loaded more mAb NS14 than mAb3901 at the same binding condition. The biosensors constructed by immobilization of the capture antibodies at their optimal concentration showed tight binding interactions with their respective GI.1 VLPs and GII.4 VLPs, with the affinity constant of 6.01 × 10-7 M and 2.01 × 10-7 M, respectively. For both biosensors, the VLPs binding rates were linearly increased with the increase of VLP concentrations. These biosensors were able to detect GI.1 or GII.4 VLPs at the concentration of 5 μg/mL in PBS, and showed intense and stable binding interactions at VLP concentration of 10 μg/mL and above. The mAb NS14-immoblized biosensors for GII.4 VLP detection were more sensitive than the mAb3901-immoblized biosensors for GI.1 VLP detection. This detection technique was label-free, easy, rapid (2 min), and accurate, requiring a very small sample volume (4 μL).
{"title":"Evaluation of Bio-Layer Interferometric Biosensors for Label-Free Rapid Detection of Norovirus Using Virus Like Particles","authors":"Xiuli Dong, Jessica Jenkins Broglie, Yongan Tang, Liju Yang","doi":"10.4172/2155-9872.1000329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9872.1000329","url":null,"abstract":"This study evaluated the label-free bio-layer interferometric (BLI) biosensor for the detection of norovirus (NoV) using two types of virus like particles (VLPs) that represent human NoV GI.1 and GII.4. To construct biosensors for NoV GI.1 and GII.4 detection, the commercial AMC sensors, on which anti-mouse Fc-specific antibodies were preimmobilized on the surfaces, were further bound with the capture antibodies mAb3901 and mAb NS14, respectively, by using the Blitz system. The kinetics of immobilization of capture antibodies on the AMC sensors demonstrated that mAb3901 and mAb NS14 reached saturated binding phase almost at the same time (~415 s). The optimal concentration of capture antibodies for immobilization was 15 μg/mL for both mAb3901 and mAb NS14. The AMC sensors loaded more mAb NS14 than mAb3901 at the same binding condition. The biosensors constructed by immobilization of the capture antibodies at their optimal concentration showed tight binding interactions with their respective GI.1 VLPs and GII.4 VLPs, with the affinity constant of 6.01 × 10-7 M and 2.01 × 10-7 M, respectively. For both biosensors, the VLPs binding rates were linearly increased with the increase of VLP concentrations. These biosensors were able to detect GI.1 or GII.4 VLPs at the concentration of 5 μg/mL in PBS, and showed intense and stable binding interactions at VLP concentration of 10 μg/mL and above. The mAb NS14-immoblized biosensors for GII.4 VLP detection were more sensitive than the mAb3901-immoblized biosensors for GI.1 VLP detection. This detection technique was label-free, easy, rapid (2 min), and accurate, requiring a very small sample volume (4 μL).","PeriodicalId":14865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of analytical and bioanalytical techniques","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79754706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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