Advanced modeling frameworks are required to examine multi-dimensional interactions among airspace structure, traffic flow, and safety threats due to the expanding complexity of terminal area (TMA) air traffic systems, which are fueled by increasing airspace congestion and operational inefficiencies. This paper proposes a novel three-layer dynamic network model to characterize TMA air traffic operations, integrating an air traffic situation evolution network (ATSEN) for spatiotemporal traffic distribution, an air traffic conflict network (ATCN) for safety-related conflict dynamics, and an integrated flow-driven dynamic network (IFDN) to map flow transmission patterns. To measure operational complexity and important risk indicators, an analytical framework that combines intricate network topology measurements and traffic flow dynamics is created. The model’s capacity to recognize crucial flight segments and assess operating conditions in real time is demonstrated by empirical validation using actual radar data from the Beijing TMA. Key findings show that network robustness and conflict intensities fluctuate under dynamic situations, with peak complexity occurring during periods of high traffic. In addition to providing useful insights for TMA design and operational decision-making, the framework gives air traffic controllers a multifaceted instrument to improve flow management, reduce congestion, and increase safety.
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