Pub Date : 2025-11-14DOI: 10.1186/s40104-025-01256-z
Jianrong Yang, Pei Wu, Weidan Jiang, Yang Liu, Yaobin Ma, Xiaowan Jin, Hongmei Ren, Hequn Shi, Xiaoqiu Zhou, Lin Feng
As living standards improve, consumers are placing greater emphasis on the enhancement of fish flesh quality, making its improvement increasingly critical. Plant-derived polysaccharides positively affect the improvement of animal flesh quality. Panax ginseng leaf polysaccharides (PGLP) have a similar composition and lower cost compared with Panax ginseng root polysaccharides. However, its function and application effects in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) are unclear. A total of 540 sub-adult grass carp (679 ± 1.29 g), one of the important economic fish species, were used as experimental models and fed diets supplemented with 0, 100, 200, 300, 400, or 500 mg/kg PGLP for 60 d. After 60 d, grass carp were weighed, and their muscles were collected to explore the effects of PGLP on the growth and development of myofibers and energy metabolism-related parameters. Our study found that PGLP increased the growth performance and muscle nutritional composition as well as improved muscle hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, chewiness, and hyperplasia of myofibers of sub-adult grass carp. Besides, PGLP promoted muscle energy metabolism by increasing creatine, glycogen, pyruvate, and acetyl-CoA contents and creatine kinase (CK), pyruvate kinase (PK), phosphofructokinase (PFK), and hexokinase (HK) activities, while decreasing lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and lactate content in fish muscle. Finally, our study found that PGLP enhanced mitochondrial function by increasing the protein expression of mitochondrial complexes I–V, biogenesis, and fusion and decreasing autophagy and fission in fish muscle. PGLP improved growth performance and flesh quality of sub-adult grass carp, which may be related to enhancing hyperplasia of myofibers by promoting energy metabolism. We concluded that the recommended amount of PGLP in sub-adult grass carp feed to optimize growth performance is 100–200 mg/kg. This study provides a theoretical basis for the application of PGLP in fish feed and for the analysis of the mechanism of nutrition and feed regulating fish flesh quality, which is of great significance.
{"title":"A new vision of Panax ginseng leaf polysaccharide function: multiple roles in improving growth, flesh quality and muscle energy metabolism of sub-adult grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)","authors":"Jianrong Yang, Pei Wu, Weidan Jiang, Yang Liu, Yaobin Ma, Xiaowan Jin, Hongmei Ren, Hequn Shi, Xiaoqiu Zhou, Lin Feng","doi":"10.1186/s40104-025-01256-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-025-01256-z","url":null,"abstract":"As living standards improve, consumers are placing greater emphasis on the enhancement of fish flesh quality, making its improvement increasingly critical. Plant-derived polysaccharides positively affect the improvement of animal flesh quality. Panax ginseng leaf polysaccharides (PGLP) have a similar composition and lower cost compared with Panax ginseng root polysaccharides. However, its function and application effects in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) are unclear. A total of 540 sub-adult grass carp (679 ± 1.29 g), one of the important economic fish species, were used as experimental models and fed diets supplemented with 0, 100, 200, 300, 400, or 500 mg/kg PGLP for 60 d. After 60 d, grass carp were weighed, and their muscles were collected to explore the effects of PGLP on the growth and development of myofibers and energy metabolism-related parameters. Our study found that PGLP increased the growth performance and muscle nutritional composition as well as improved muscle hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, chewiness, and hyperplasia of myofibers of sub-adult grass carp. Besides, PGLP promoted muscle energy metabolism by increasing creatine, glycogen, pyruvate, and acetyl-CoA contents and creatine kinase (CK), pyruvate kinase (PK), phosphofructokinase (PFK), and hexokinase (HK) activities, while decreasing lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and lactate content in fish muscle. Finally, our study found that PGLP enhanced mitochondrial function by increasing the protein expression of mitochondrial complexes I–V, biogenesis, and fusion and decreasing autophagy and fission in fish muscle. PGLP improved growth performance and flesh quality of sub-adult grass carp, which may be related to enhancing hyperplasia of myofibers by promoting energy metabolism. We concluded that the recommended amount of PGLP in sub-adult grass carp feed to optimize growth performance is 100–200 mg/kg. This study provides a theoretical basis for the application of PGLP in fish feed and for the analysis of the mechanism of nutrition and feed regulating fish flesh quality, which is of great significance. ","PeriodicalId":14928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology","volume":"102 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145509494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-14DOI: 10.1186/s40104-025-01278-7
Jiahui Chen, Chuang Hu, Yu Wang, Lin Qi, Haoqi Peng, Genghua Chen, Qinghua Nie, Xiquan Zhang, Wen Luo
Excessive abdominal fat in broilers not only reduces feed efficiency and increases processing costs but also raises environmental concerns. This pathological overaccumulation results from complex metabolic dysregulation across multiple organs. While current research largely centers on adipogenesis within adipose tissue, a comprehensive understanding of the cross-organ regulatory factors influencing this process remains elusive. Here, we employed a high-fat diet (HFD) model and multi-omics approaches to investigate cross-organ regulatory mechanisms underlying abdominal fat deposition in broilers. Our results demonstrated that HFD not only promoted fat accumulation but also altered meat quality traits. Through 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, we identified significant gut microbiota dysbiosis in HFD-fed chickens, manifested by an increased abundance of Lactobacillus and a decreased abundance of Enterococcus. However, jejunal microbiota transplantation from HFD donors did not induce abdominal fat deposition in recipient chickens. Metabolomic profiling revealed that HFD elevated the level of succinic acid, a metabolite positively correlated with Lactobacillus abundance and potentially generated by Lactobacillus. This increase in succinic acid (SA) further triggered metabolic inflammation response in both jejunal tissue and serum. In vivo validation established succinic acid as a key inflammatory mediator facilitating HFD-induced cross-organ communication between the jejunum and abdominal adipose tissue, enhancing intestinal lipid uptake and subsequent abdominal fat deposition. Bulk and single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) revealed that HFD induced macrophage population expansion and intensified adipocyte-macrophage crosstalk. Adipocyte-macrophage co-culture systems further elucidated that macrophages are an indispensable factor in succinic acid-induced fat deposition. This study delineates a succinic acid-driven "gut-fat axis" governing abdominal fat deposition in broilers, integrating gut microbiota dysbiosis and macrophage-mediated inflammatory adipogenesis. By identifying succinic acid as a cross-organ signaling molecule that enhances lipid absorption and activates macrophage-dependent adipogenesis, we establish systemic metabolic-immune crosstalk as a pivotal regulatory mechanism. These findings redefine fat deposition as a process extending beyond adipose-centric models, advancing multi-omics-guided strategies for sustainable poultry production.
{"title":"Succinic acid-driven gut-fat axis orchestrates abdominal fat deposition in chickens via adipocyte-macrophage crosstalk","authors":"Jiahui Chen, Chuang Hu, Yu Wang, Lin Qi, Haoqi Peng, Genghua Chen, Qinghua Nie, Xiquan Zhang, Wen Luo","doi":"10.1186/s40104-025-01278-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-025-01278-7","url":null,"abstract":"Excessive abdominal fat in broilers not only reduces feed efficiency and increases processing costs but also raises environmental concerns. This pathological overaccumulation results from complex metabolic dysregulation across multiple organs. While current research largely centers on adipogenesis within adipose tissue, a comprehensive understanding of the cross-organ regulatory factors influencing this process remains elusive. Here, we employed a high-fat diet (HFD) model and multi-omics approaches to investigate cross-organ regulatory mechanisms underlying abdominal fat deposition in broilers. Our results demonstrated that HFD not only promoted fat accumulation but also altered meat quality traits. Through 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, we identified significant gut microbiota dysbiosis in HFD-fed chickens, manifested by an increased abundance of Lactobacillus and a decreased abundance of Enterococcus. However, jejunal microbiota transplantation from HFD donors did not induce abdominal fat deposition in recipient chickens. Metabolomic profiling revealed that HFD elevated the level of succinic acid, a metabolite positively correlated with Lactobacillus abundance and potentially generated by Lactobacillus. This increase in succinic acid (SA) further triggered metabolic inflammation response in both jejunal tissue and serum. In vivo validation established succinic acid as a key inflammatory mediator facilitating HFD-induced cross-organ communication between the jejunum and abdominal adipose tissue, enhancing intestinal lipid uptake and subsequent abdominal fat deposition. Bulk and single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) revealed that HFD induced macrophage population expansion and intensified adipocyte-macrophage crosstalk. Adipocyte-macrophage co-culture systems further elucidated that macrophages are an indispensable factor in succinic acid-induced fat deposition. This study delineates a succinic acid-driven \"gut-fat axis\" governing abdominal fat deposition in broilers, integrating gut microbiota dysbiosis and macrophage-mediated inflammatory adipogenesis. By identifying succinic acid as a cross-organ signaling molecule that enhances lipid absorption and activates macrophage-dependent adipogenesis, we establish systemic metabolic-immune crosstalk as a pivotal regulatory mechanism. These findings redefine fat deposition as a process extending beyond adipose-centric models, advancing multi-omics-guided strategies for sustainable poultry production.","PeriodicalId":14928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology","volume":"171 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145509543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a non-steroidal estrogenic mycotoxin that extensively contaminates feed and feed ingredients, posing a significant threat to animal health and food safety. Enzymatic degradation of ZEN is regarded as a promising strategy due to its high efficiency and safety. This review provides a comprehensive summary of recent advances in ZEN-degrading enzymes from a novel perspective, encompassing the types and catalytic mechanisms for characterizing ZEN-degrading enzymes, the methods for mining ZEN-degrading enzymes, the strategies for improving ZEN-degrading enzymes, and the applications of ZEN-degrading enzymes. The objective of this review is to offer a reliable reference framework for the enzymatic detoxification of ZEN in feed and feed ingredients, as well as to provide insights for mining other mycotoxin degrading enzyme in the future.
{"title":"Advances in zearalenone-degrading enzymes research: characteristics, mining, improvement, and application","authors":"Yu Tang, Aimin Chen, Yongpeng Guo, Yanan Wang, Lihong Zhao","doi":"10.1186/s40104-025-01281-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-025-01281-y","url":null,"abstract":"Zearalenone (ZEN) is a non-steroidal estrogenic mycotoxin that extensively contaminates feed and feed ingredients, posing a significant threat to animal health and food safety. Enzymatic degradation of ZEN is regarded as a promising strategy due to its high efficiency and safety. This review provides a comprehensive summary of recent advances in ZEN-degrading enzymes from a novel perspective, encompassing the types and catalytic mechanisms for characterizing ZEN-degrading enzymes, the methods for mining ZEN-degrading enzymes, the strategies for improving ZEN-degrading enzymes, and the applications of ZEN-degrading enzymes. The objective of this review is to offer a reliable reference framework for the enzymatic detoxification of ZEN in feed and feed ingredients, as well as to provide insights for mining other mycotoxin degrading enzyme in the future.","PeriodicalId":14928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145499478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-13DOI: 10.1186/s40104-025-01279-6
Xiaofeng Song, Chenglong Jin, Ruifan Wu, Yongjie Wang, Xiaofan Wang
Intramuscular fat (IMF) content serves as the key determinants of meat quality. Emerging evidence indicates that gut microbiota and their metabolites significantly influence IMF deposition levels by modulating host lipid metabolism through multiple pathways, positioning microbial regulation as a pivotal target for meat quality improvement. However, existing studies remain fragmented, predominantly focusing on isolated mechanisms or correlations without a systematic view of the regulatory network. This review consolidates the core mechanisms through which microbiota-derived metabolites including short-chain fatty acids, bile acids, branched-chain amino acids, trimethylamine N-oxide, tryptophan derivatives, succinate, polyamines etc., regulate IMF deposition and proposes a targeted intervention framework, the “gut microbiota/metabolites-IMF axis”. By integrating these insights, we provide a theoretical foundation and define practical research pathways to assess the potential of microbial-based strategies for improving meat quality in swine production.
{"title":"Gut microbiota and metabolites in lipid metabolism and intramuscular fat deposition: mechanisms and implications for meat quality","authors":"Xiaofeng Song, Chenglong Jin, Ruifan Wu, Yongjie Wang, Xiaofan Wang","doi":"10.1186/s40104-025-01279-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-025-01279-6","url":null,"abstract":"Intramuscular fat (IMF) content serves as the key determinants of meat quality. Emerging evidence indicates that gut microbiota and their metabolites significantly influence IMF deposition levels by modulating host lipid metabolism through multiple pathways, positioning microbial regulation as a pivotal target for meat quality improvement. However, existing studies remain fragmented, predominantly focusing on isolated mechanisms or correlations without a systematic view of the regulatory network. This review consolidates the core mechanisms through which microbiota-derived metabolites including short-chain fatty acids, bile acids, branched-chain amino acids, trimethylamine N-oxide, tryptophan derivatives, succinate, polyamines etc., regulate IMF deposition and proposes a targeted intervention framework, the “gut microbiota/metabolites-IMF axis”. By integrating these insights, we provide a theoretical foundation and define practical research pathways to assess the potential of microbial-based strategies for improving meat quality in swine production.","PeriodicalId":14928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145499477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-07DOI: 10.1186/s40104-025-01268-9
Aipeng Mao, Xiaoyan Peng, Junning Pu, Yanbin Chen, Qingyue Liu, Jingyi Cai, Hua Zhao, Gang Jia, Gang Tian
Given the high incidence of gastrointestinal disorders in intensive rabbit production, we assessed the effects of graded levels of xylooligosaccharides (XOS) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and intestinal health in growing rabbits. The 35-day-old weaned rabbits (889.41 ± 0.41 g) were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments (0, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 or 0.5 g/kg XOS) and the trial lasted for 35 d. The results revealed that linear trend responses of body weight (BW) to XOS on d 21 and 35 (P ≤ 0.05). During d 1–21, 0.2 g/kg XOS increased average daily feed intake (ADFI) while 0.5 g/kg improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) significantly (P ≤ 0.05). Weight gain rate (WGR) showed a linear trend, while FCR showed a quadratic response (P ≤ 0.05). Throughout the 35-d trial, 0.2 and 0.3 g/kg XOS enhanced ADFI, and 0.4 g/kg XOS improved FCR significantly, average daily gain (ADG) demonstrated linear dose-responsiveness, while WGR and FCR showed quadratic trends (P ≤ 0.05). Notably, 0.2 g/kg XOS elevated serum glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity and ileal secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) levels. Furthermore, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 g/kg XOS reduced jejunal malonaldehyde (MDA) content, 0.4 g/kg XOS decreased serum MDA, and 0.5 g/kg XOS elevated serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) significantly (P ≤ 0.05). 0.2, 0.4, 0.5 g/kg XOS improved the digestibility of crude fiber (CF), 0.2 and 0.4 g/kg XOS increased acid detergent fiber (ADF), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) also increased among all treatments, although 0.5 g/kg XOS reduced cellulase activity significantly (P ≤ 0.05). Furthermore, graded levels of XOS significantly changed the relative abundance of specific bacteria, and 0.4 and 0.5 g/kg XOS enhanced the content of valeric acid significantly (P ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation of XOS serves as an effective nutritional strategy to optimize bacterial community in the cecum, improve fiber digestion and valeric acid production, while enhances resistance to intestinal pathogen infection and oxidative stress in rabbit production.
{"title":"Dietary xylooligosaccharides modulate oxidative stress and pathogen resistance in growing rabbits","authors":"Aipeng Mao, Xiaoyan Peng, Junning Pu, Yanbin Chen, Qingyue Liu, Jingyi Cai, Hua Zhao, Gang Jia, Gang Tian","doi":"10.1186/s40104-025-01268-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-025-01268-9","url":null,"abstract":"Given the high incidence of gastrointestinal disorders in intensive rabbit production, we assessed the effects of graded levels of xylooligosaccharides (XOS) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and intestinal health in growing rabbits. The 35-day-old weaned rabbits (889.41 ± 0.41 g) were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments (0, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 or 0.5 g/kg XOS) and the trial lasted for 35 d. The results revealed that linear trend responses of body weight (BW) to XOS on d 21 and 35 (P ≤ 0.05). During d 1–21, 0.2 g/kg XOS increased average daily feed intake (ADFI) while 0.5 g/kg improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) significantly (P ≤ 0.05). Weight gain rate (WGR) showed a linear trend, while FCR showed a quadratic response (P ≤ 0.05). Throughout the 35-d trial, 0.2 and 0.3 g/kg XOS enhanced ADFI, and 0.4 g/kg XOS improved FCR significantly, average daily gain (ADG) demonstrated linear dose-responsiveness, while WGR and FCR showed quadratic trends (P ≤ 0.05). Notably, 0.2 g/kg XOS elevated serum glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity and ileal secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) levels. Furthermore, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 g/kg XOS reduced jejunal malonaldehyde (MDA) content, 0.4 g/kg XOS decreased serum MDA, and 0.5 g/kg XOS elevated serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) significantly (P ≤ 0.05). 0.2, 0.4, 0.5 g/kg XOS improved the digestibility of crude fiber (CF), 0.2 and 0.4 g/kg XOS increased acid detergent fiber (ADF), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) also increased among all treatments, although 0.5 g/kg XOS reduced cellulase activity significantly (P ≤ 0.05). Furthermore, graded levels of XOS significantly changed the relative abundance of specific bacteria, and 0.4 and 0.5 g/kg XOS enhanced the content of valeric acid significantly (P ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation of XOS serves as an effective nutritional strategy to optimize bacterial community in the cecum, improve fiber digestion and valeric acid production, while enhances resistance to intestinal pathogen infection and oxidative stress in rabbit production.","PeriodicalId":14928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145455312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-06DOI: 10.1186/s40104-025-01274-x
Shenghua Zeng, Lin Feng, Pei Wu, Yang Liu, Yaobin Ma, Hongmei Ren, Xiaowan Jin, Xiaoqiu Zhou, Weidan Jiang
Environmental hypoxia is a common phenomenon in aquaculture, which causes gill tissue injury in fish. Glutathione (GSH) is a vital antioxidant in animal tissues, and its levels decrease under hypoxic conditions. However, the effects of glutathione on fish under hypoxic stress remain poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the impact of glutathione on gill tissue damage in fish under hypoxic stress and explore the underlying mechanisms. Six experimental diets with varying glutathione concentrations. The actual glutathione levels in these diets, measured by high-performance liquid chromatography, were 0.00, 145.95, 291.90, 437.85, 583.80, and 729.75 mg/kg, respectively. Fish were fed these diets for 70 d, after which a 96-h hypoxic stress experiment was conducted. The experiment was set up with normoxic and hypoxic groups, in which the dissolved oxygen in the group was 6 mg/L, and that in the group was 1 mg/L. This research revealed that glutathione could enhance the growth performance and antioxidant capability of juvenile grass carp while mitigating the structural damage to gill tissues induced by hypoxia stress. Mechanistic investigations further indicated that glutathione mitigated hypoxia-induced oxidative injury in gill tissues and improved their antioxidant capacity. In addition, glutathione attenuated gill apoptosis induced by hypoxia stress. Glutathione also inhibited the initiation, nucleation, elongation, and degradation phases of autophagy, thereby attenuating hypoxia-induced gill autophagy. Moreover, glutathione was found to alleviate hypoxia-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) in gills, a response potentially linked to the suppression of PERK, IRE1, and ATF6 signaling pathways. Finally, based on the ROS and PC contents in gill tissue, the optimum glutathione supplementation levels for juvenile grass carp under hypoxia stress were 437.10 and 495.00 mg/kg, respectively. In conclusion, our experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness of glutathione in alleviating gill tissue damage caused by hypoxic stress. This study confirms the feasibility and effectiveness of dietary glutathione addition to alleviate hypoxic stress in fish.
{"title":"Glutathione mitigates hypoxia-induced gill damage in juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) by alleviating endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy","authors":"Shenghua Zeng, Lin Feng, Pei Wu, Yang Liu, Yaobin Ma, Hongmei Ren, Xiaowan Jin, Xiaoqiu Zhou, Weidan Jiang","doi":"10.1186/s40104-025-01274-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-025-01274-x","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental hypoxia is a common phenomenon in aquaculture, which causes gill tissue injury in fish. Glutathione (GSH) is a vital antioxidant in animal tissues, and its levels decrease under hypoxic conditions. However, the effects of glutathione on fish under hypoxic stress remain poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the impact of glutathione on gill tissue damage in fish under hypoxic stress and explore the underlying mechanisms. Six experimental diets with varying glutathione concentrations. The actual glutathione levels in these diets, measured by high-performance liquid chromatography, were 0.00, 145.95, 291.90, 437.85, 583.80, and 729.75 mg/kg, respectively. Fish were fed these diets for 70 d, after which a 96-h hypoxic stress experiment was conducted. The experiment was set up with normoxic and hypoxic groups, in which the dissolved oxygen in the group was 6 mg/L, and that in the group was 1 mg/L. This research revealed that glutathione could enhance the growth performance and antioxidant capability of juvenile grass carp while mitigating the structural damage to gill tissues induced by hypoxia stress. Mechanistic investigations further indicated that glutathione mitigated hypoxia-induced oxidative injury in gill tissues and improved their antioxidant capacity. In addition, glutathione attenuated gill apoptosis induced by hypoxia stress. Glutathione also inhibited the initiation, nucleation, elongation, and degradation phases of autophagy, thereby attenuating hypoxia-induced gill autophagy. Moreover, glutathione was found to alleviate hypoxia-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) in gills, a response potentially linked to the suppression of PERK, IRE1, and ATF6 signaling pathways. Finally, based on the ROS and PC contents in gill tissue, the optimum glutathione supplementation levels for juvenile grass carp under hypoxia stress were 437.10 and 495.00 mg/kg, respectively. In conclusion, our experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness of glutathione in alleviating gill tissue damage caused by hypoxic stress. This study confirms the feasibility and effectiveness of dietary glutathione addition to alleviate hypoxic stress in fish.","PeriodicalId":14928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology","volume":"132 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145447195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-30DOI: 10.1186/s40104-025-01280-z
Xi Sun, Chaohui Wang, Xiaoying Liu, Yun Li, Zhouzheng Ren, Xiaojun Yang, Yanli Liu
The role of bile acids in modulating the gut microbiota and their impact on host metabolism has garnered significant attention. Taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA) is the predominant bile acid within the chicken bile acid pool and is closely related to metabolic disorders. The current study aims to investigate the potential effects of TCDCA on abdominal fat deposition in broilers. From 14 to 28 days of age, the broilers in the CON group received an oral administration of 1 mL of saline, while those in the treatment groups were administered 1 mL of a solution containing 0.05 g, 0.10 g, or 0.20 g of TCDCA. The results showed that TCDCA treatments from 14 to 28 d had no significant effects on BW, ADFI, ADG and FCR in broilers at the age of 28 days of age. However, the abdominal fat percentage in the 0.20 g TCDCA group significantly increased, accompanied by higher TBA and HDL-c levels, as well as a reduction in apolipoprotein B levels in serum. In addition, serum triglyceride levels tended to be higher in the 0.20 g TCDCA group (P = 0.098). The 0.20 g TCDCA treatment increased the gene expressions of SREBP-1, C/EBP-α, and ELOVL6, while decreasing the mRNA abundance of ATGL and CPT-1 in the abdominal fat. Serum levels of TCDCA, TDCA, and THDCA were significantly higher after 0.20 g TCDCA administration, while TCA levels were significantly lower, as determined by the targeted bile acid metabolomics analysis. Conversely, hepatic mRNA levels of CYP7A1, CYP27A1, BAAT, and BSEP were increased in the 0.20 g TCDCA group. The oral administration of 0.20 g TCDCA also upregulated the expression of FXR, VDR, and FGF19 in abdominal fat. The 16S rRNA analysis of cecal microbiota revealed that a decrease in the Shannon and Simpson indexes in the 0.20 g TCDCA group, and an increase in the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. LEfSe analysis revealed that the predominant bacteria in the CON group were Streptococcus and Oscillospira at the genus level, while Lactobacillus, Parabacteroides, Anaeroplasma, and Helicobacter were identified as the dominant genera in the 0.20 g TCDCA group. Functional predictions for the gut microbiota exhibited that lipid metabolism, replication and repair pathway were enhanced in the 0.20 g TCDCA group. Correlation analysis demonstrated that the abundance of Lactobacillus was positively correlated with serum levels of TCDCA, THDCA, and TDCA, while the abundance of Streptococcus and Oscillospira showed a positive correlation with serum TCA levels. Overall, this study elucidates that the intervention of 0.20 g TCDCA may promote abdominal fat deposition by activating bile acid receptors in abdominal fat, and concurrent alterations in both the intestinal microbial community and bile acid profile.
胆汁酸在调节肠道微生物群及其对宿主代谢的影响中的作用已经引起了人们的极大关注。牛磺酸脱氧胆酸（TCDCA）是鸡胆汁酸池中的主要胆汁酸，与代谢紊乱密切相关。本试验旨在探讨TCDCA对肉鸡腹部脂肪沉积的潜在影响。14 ~ 28日龄，CON组肉鸡口服生理盐水1ml，处理组肉鸡口服含0.05 g、0.10 g、0.20 g TCDCA的溶液1ml。结果表明：14 ~ 28 d TCDCA处理对28日龄肉仔鸡的体重、ADFI、ADG和FCR均无显著影响。然而，0.20 g TCDCA组腹部脂肪率显著升高，TBA和HDL-c水平升高，血清载脂蛋白B水平降低。此外，0.20 g TCDCA组血清甘油三酯水平趋于较高（P = 0.098）。0.20 g TCDCA处理增加了SREBP-1、C/EBP-α和ELOVL6基因的表达，降低了腹部脂肪中ATGL和CPT-1的mRNA丰度。通过靶向胆汁酸代谢组学分析，血清TCDCA、TDCA和THDCA水平在给药0.20 g TCDCA后显著升高，而TCA水平显著降低。相反，0.20 g TCDCA组肝脏CYP7A1、CYP27A1、BAAT和BSEP mRNA水平升高。口服0.20 g TCDCA也上调了腹部脂肪中FXR、VDR和FGF19的表达。盲肠菌群16S rRNA分析显示，0.20 g TCDCA组Shannon和Simpson指数降低，厚壁菌门/拟杆菌门比值升高。LEfSe分析显示，CON组的优势菌属为链球菌和示波螺旋菌，而0.20 g TCDCA组的优势菌属为乳杆菌、拟副杆菌、无氧原体和幽门螺杆菌。肠道微生物群的功能预测显示，0.20 g TCDCA组的脂质代谢、复制和修复途径得到增强。相关性分析表明，乳酸菌丰度与血清TCDCA、THDCA、TDCA水平呈正相关，链球菌和示波螺旋菌丰度与血清TCA水平呈正相关。总的来说，本研究阐明了0.20 g TCDCA的干预可能通过激活腹部脂肪中的胆汁酸受体，并同时改变肠道微生物群落和胆汁酸谱，促进腹部脂肪沉积。
{"title":"Taurochenodeoxycholic acid promotes abdominal fat deposition by modulating the crosstalk between bile acid metabolism and intestinal microbiota in broilers","authors":"Xi Sun, Chaohui Wang, Xiaoying Liu, Yun Li, Zhouzheng Ren, Xiaojun Yang, Yanli Liu","doi":"10.1186/s40104-025-01280-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-025-01280-z","url":null,"abstract":"The role of bile acids in modulating the gut microbiota and their impact on host metabolism has garnered significant attention. Taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA) is the predominant bile acid within the chicken bile acid pool and is closely related to metabolic disorders. The current study aims to investigate the potential effects of TCDCA on abdominal fat deposition in broilers. From 14 to 28 days of age, the broilers in the CON group received an oral administration of 1 mL of saline, while those in the treatment groups were administered 1 mL of a solution containing 0.05 g, 0.10 g, or 0.20 g of TCDCA. The results showed that TCDCA treatments from 14 to 28 d had no significant effects on BW, ADFI, ADG and FCR in broilers at the age of 28 days of age. However, the abdominal fat percentage in the 0.20 g TCDCA group significantly increased, accompanied by higher TBA and HDL-c levels, as well as a reduction in apolipoprotein B levels in serum. In addition, serum triglyceride levels tended to be higher in the 0.20 g TCDCA group (P = 0.098). The 0.20 g TCDCA treatment increased the gene expressions of SREBP-1, C/EBP-α, and ELOVL6, while decreasing the mRNA abundance of ATGL and CPT-1 in the abdominal fat. Serum levels of TCDCA, TDCA, and THDCA were significantly higher after 0.20 g TCDCA administration, while TCA levels were significantly lower, as determined by the targeted bile acid metabolomics analysis. Conversely, hepatic mRNA levels of CYP7A1, CYP27A1, BAAT, and BSEP were increased in the 0.20 g TCDCA group. The oral administration of 0.20 g TCDCA also upregulated the expression of FXR, VDR, and FGF19 in abdominal fat. The 16S rRNA analysis of cecal microbiota revealed that a decrease in the Shannon and Simpson indexes in the 0.20 g TCDCA group, and an increase in the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. LEfSe analysis revealed that the predominant bacteria in the CON group were Streptococcus and Oscillospira at the genus level, while Lactobacillus, Parabacteroides, Anaeroplasma, and Helicobacter were identified as the dominant genera in the 0.20 g TCDCA group. Functional predictions for the gut microbiota exhibited that lipid metabolism, replication and repair pathway were enhanced in the 0.20 g TCDCA group. Correlation analysis demonstrated that the abundance of Lactobacillus was positively correlated with serum levels of TCDCA, THDCA, and TDCA, while the abundance of Streptococcus and Oscillospira showed a positive correlation with serum TCA levels. Overall, this study elucidates that the intervention of 0.20 g TCDCA may promote abdominal fat deposition by activating bile acid receptors in abdominal fat, and concurrent alterations in both the intestinal microbial community and bile acid profile. ","PeriodicalId":14928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology","volume":"120 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145397432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-30DOI: 10.1186/s40104-025-01275-w
Miaomiao Zhu, Yining Zheng, Shiyang Lou, Ruixu Zhang, Dingping Feng, Xinjian Lei, Lei Chen, Jianguo Wang, Junhu Yao, Lu Deng
Ruminants and monogastric animals exhibit significant differences in gluconeogenic efficiency. In dairy cows, hepatic gluconeogenesis serves as the primary source of glucose. Metabolites modulate gluconeogenesis efficiency through allosteric regulation, redox state, and signal transduction pathways. However, the liver-enriched metabolites that regulate hepatic gluconeogenesis in dairy cows and their specific regulatory mechanisms remain incompletely characterized. Six Holstein dairy cows and six Duroc × (Landrace × Yorkshire) (DLY) crossbred pigs served as research subjects. Employing non-targeted and targeted metabolomics, we discovered that three bile acids—taurodeoxycholic acid (TDCA), taurocholic acid (TCA), and glycocholic acid (GCA)—were highly enriched in Holstein dairy cows’ livers. In bovine hepatocytes, individual or combined stimulation of these bile acids significantly upregulated the expression of gluconeogenesis genes (FBP1, PCK1 and G6PC) and enhanced glucose production. In fasting mice with induced gluconeogenesis, TDCA, TCA, and GCA increased fasting blood glucose levels, and pyruvate tolerance tests further revealed their capacity to enhance hepatic gluconeogenesis, enabling more efficient glucose synthesis from pyruvate. Mechanistically, these bile acids activated Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5), elevated intracellular cAMP levels, and ultimately enhanced gluconeogenesis via the transcription factor cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB). Notably, a TGR5 inhibitor abrogated the stimulatory effects of TDCA, TCA, and GCA on hepatic gluconeogenesis in fasting mice. TDCA, TCA, and GCA are key metabolites promoting hepatic gluconeogenesis in dairy cows, with TGR5 as the pivotal receptor and the cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway as the critical downstream mechanism.
{"title":"Taurodeoxycholic, taurocholic, and glycocholic acids promote hepatic gluconeogenesis via TGR5 in dairy cows","authors":"Miaomiao Zhu, Yining Zheng, Shiyang Lou, Ruixu Zhang, Dingping Feng, Xinjian Lei, Lei Chen, Jianguo Wang, Junhu Yao, Lu Deng","doi":"10.1186/s40104-025-01275-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-025-01275-w","url":null,"abstract":"Ruminants and monogastric animals exhibit significant differences in gluconeogenic efficiency. In dairy cows, hepatic gluconeogenesis serves as the primary source of glucose. Metabolites modulate gluconeogenesis efficiency through allosteric regulation, redox state, and signal transduction pathways. However, the liver-enriched metabolites that regulate hepatic gluconeogenesis in dairy cows and their specific regulatory mechanisms remain incompletely characterized. Six Holstein dairy cows and six Duroc × (Landrace × Yorkshire) (DLY) crossbred pigs served as research subjects. Employing non-targeted and targeted metabolomics, we discovered that three bile acids—taurodeoxycholic acid (TDCA), taurocholic acid (TCA), and glycocholic acid (GCA)—were highly enriched in Holstein dairy cows’ livers. In bovine hepatocytes, individual or combined stimulation of these bile acids significantly upregulated the expression of gluconeogenesis genes (FBP1, PCK1 and G6PC) and enhanced glucose production. In fasting mice with induced gluconeogenesis, TDCA, TCA, and GCA increased fasting blood glucose levels, and pyruvate tolerance tests further revealed their capacity to enhance hepatic gluconeogenesis, enabling more efficient glucose synthesis from pyruvate. Mechanistically, these bile acids activated Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5), elevated intracellular cAMP levels, and ultimately enhanced gluconeogenesis via the transcription factor cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB). Notably, a TGR5 inhibitor abrogated the stimulatory effects of TDCA, TCA, and GCA on hepatic gluconeogenesis in fasting mice. TDCA, TCA, and GCA are key metabolites promoting hepatic gluconeogenesis in dairy cows, with TGR5 as the pivotal receptor and the cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway as the critical downstream mechanism.","PeriodicalId":14928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145397462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-15DOI: 10.1186/s40104-025-01261-2
Zhihong Liao, Xuanshu He, Xingyu Gu, Tao Ye, Anqi Chen, Yucai Guo, Wei Zhao, Jin Niu
The carnivorous fish, largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), has difficulty metabolizing dietary carbohydrates, frequently resulting in issues with energy metabolism and fatty liver disease. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms involved are still not fully understood. The results of high-carbohydrate (HC) diets and high-glucose (HG) treatments in largemouth bass hepatocytes showed that high-glucose causes liver damage and glycolipid accumulation. High-glucose promoted the lipogenesis process by activating AMPK/ACC/SREBP-1 pathway and reduced bile acid synthesis by downregulating cholesterol 7-hydroxylase (cyp7a1) and sterol 12-hydroxylase (cyp8b1). Concurrently, HG treatments also caused mitochondrial fission and damage by increasing the expression of dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), leading to impaired mitochondria accumulation and mitochondria-dependent apoptosis via the p38 MAPK/Bcl-2/Casp3 pathway. Additionally, HG treatments decreased Sirt1 expression and relocated it from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it interacts with autophagosomes and lysosomes, inhibiting Pink1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy. This also led to the cytoplasmic translocation of Pink1 and its co-localization with Sirt1, indicating that Sirt1 regulates high glucose-induced metabolic stress by inhibiting the Pink1/Parkin mitophagy pathway. In summary, HG treatment induces mitochondrial damage and glycolipid accumulation in largemouth bass through mechanisms involving AMPK/SREBP1/ACC1-mediated lipogenesis, bile acid metabolism, Sirt-mediated mitophagy, and p38 MAPK/Bcl-2/Casp3-activated apoptosis.
{"title":"Mechanisms of high-glucose-induced mitochondrial damage and glycolipid accumulation in largemouth bass","authors":"Zhihong Liao, Xuanshu He, Xingyu Gu, Tao Ye, Anqi Chen, Yucai Guo, Wei Zhao, Jin Niu","doi":"10.1186/s40104-025-01261-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-025-01261-2","url":null,"abstract":"The carnivorous fish, largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), has difficulty metabolizing dietary carbohydrates, frequently resulting in issues with energy metabolism and fatty liver disease. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms involved are still not fully understood. The results of high-carbohydrate (HC) diets and high-glucose (HG) treatments in largemouth bass hepatocytes showed that high-glucose causes liver damage and glycolipid accumulation. High-glucose promoted the lipogenesis process by activating AMPK/ACC/SREBP-1 pathway and reduced bile acid synthesis by downregulating cholesterol 7-hydroxylase (cyp7a1) and sterol 12-hydroxylase (cyp8b1). Concurrently, HG treatments also caused mitochondrial fission and damage by increasing the expression of dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), leading to impaired mitochondria accumulation and mitochondria-dependent apoptosis via the p38 MAPK/Bcl-2/Casp3 pathway. Additionally, HG treatments decreased Sirt1 expression and relocated it from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it interacts with autophagosomes and lysosomes, inhibiting Pink1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy. This also led to the cytoplasmic translocation of Pink1 and its co-localization with Sirt1, indicating that Sirt1 regulates high glucose-induced metabolic stress by inhibiting the Pink1/Parkin mitophagy pathway. In summary, HG treatment induces mitochondrial damage and glycolipid accumulation in largemouth bass through mechanisms involving AMPK/SREBP1/ACC1-mediated lipogenesis, bile acid metabolism, Sirt-mediated mitophagy, and p38 MAPK/Bcl-2/Casp3-activated apoptosis. ","PeriodicalId":14928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology","volume":"25 1","pages":"132"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145289270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-30DOI: 10.1186/s40104-025-01266-x
Supatirada Wongchanla, Kunal Dixit, Sangwoo Park, Kwangwook Kim, Shuhan Sun, Maria Marco, Steven B. Palomares, Alejandra Mejia-Caballero, Sahana Mohan, Xunde Li, Xiaojing Li, Yanhong Liu
L-Glutamate and L-aspartate are functional amino acids that play pivotal roles in the cellular metabolic pathways of swine enterocytes. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary L-glutamate and L-aspartate on growth performance, diarrhea severity, intestinal barrier integrity, and fecal microbiota of weaned piglets challenged with F18 enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Weaned piglets were randomly assigned to seven dietary treatments, including unchallenged and ETEC-challenged controls, amino acid-supplemented groups, and an antibiotic control, to assess their responses to ETEC challenge. Supplementation with 1% L-glutamate or 2% L-aspartate enhanced growth performance, with significantly greater (P < 0.05) average daily weight gain and gain-to-feed ratio compared with the positive control group from d 0 to d 5 post-inoculation. Pigs fed with 1% or 2% L-aspartate had reduced (P < 0.05) diarrhea severity in ETEC-challenged pigs compared with the positive control group. The 1% L-aspartate supplementation also supported intestinal structure by increasing (P < 0.05) duodenal villi height and ileal villi width compared with carbadox supplementation. Additionally, 1% L-glutamate supplementation significantly improved (P < 0.05) resilience in ETEC-challenged pigs by reducing fecal shedding of β-hemolysin-producing bacteria compared with the positive control group on d 14 post-inoculation. Moreover, 1% L-aspartate supplementation promoted intestinal barrier integrity by significantly up-regulated (P < 0.05) the expression of ileal OCDN and ileal ZO-1 compared with the positive control group on d 14 post-inoculation. Interestingly, 2% L-aspartate supplementation altered the intestinal mucosa by down-regulating (P < 0.05) the expression of jejunal CLDN-1, while up-regulating (P < 0.05) the expression of ileal CLDN-1 compared with the negative control group on d 14 post-inoculation. Furthermore, L-glutamate supplementation significantly changed proportions of Firmicutes and Bacteroidota and showed the trend for enrichment in beneficial bacterial genera such as Bifidobacterium and Megasphaera in ETEC-infected pigs by d 14 post-inoculation. Supplementation with L-glutamate or L-aspartate promoted growth performance, supported gut health, and enhanced disease resistance in weaned pigs challenged with F18 ETEC. During the weaning period, L-glutamate or L-aspartate could potentially be considered conditionally essential amino acids, helping to alleviate weaning complications and reduce the need for antibiotic use in swine farming.
谷氨酸和天冬氨酸是在猪肠细胞代谢途径中起关键作用的功能性氨基酸。因此，本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加l -谷氨酸和l -天冬氨酸对F18产肠毒素大肠杆菌（ETEC）致毒断奶仔猪生长性能、腹泻严重程度、肠道屏障完整性和粪便微生物群的影响。试验将断奶仔猪随机分为7组饲粮处理，包括未攻毒组和ETEC攻毒组、氨基酸补充组和抗生素对照组，以评估仔猪对ETEC攻毒的反应。接种后第0 ~ 5天，添加1% l -谷氨酸或2% l -天冬氨酸提高了生长性能，平均日增重和料重比显著高于阳性对照组（P < 0.05）。与阳性对照组相比，饲粮中添加1%或2% l -天冬氨酸降低了ecc感染猪的腹泻严重程度（P < 0.05）。与卡巴多克斯相比，添加1% l -天冬氨酸还增加了十二指肠绒毛高度和回肠绒毛宽度（P < 0.05），从而支持肠道结构。此外，在接种后第14天，与阳性对照组相比，添加1%的l -谷氨酸显著降低了β-溶血素产生菌的粪便排出量，显著提高了ecc感染猪的恢复能力（P < 0.05）。此外，在接种后第14天，与阳性对照组相比，添加1% l -天冬氨酸显著上调了回肠OCDN和回肠ZO-1的表达（P < 0.05），促进了肠道屏障的完整性。有趣的是，在接种后第14天，与阴性对照组相比，添加2% l -天冬氨酸可下调空肠CLDN-1的表达（P < 0.05），上调回肠CLDN-1的表达（P < 0.05），从而改变肠黏膜。此外，补充l -谷氨酸显著改变了大肠杆菌感染猪的厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门比例，并在接种后第14天显示出双歧杆菌和巨孢子菌等有益菌属的富集趋势。在饲喂F18 ETEC的断奶仔猪中，补充l -谷氨酸或l -天冬氨酸可促进生长性能、支持肠道健康并增强抗病能力。在断奶期间，l -谷氨酸或l -天冬氨酸可能被认为是有条件必需氨基酸，有助于减轻断奶并发症，减少养猪业对抗生素的使用。
{"title":"Effects of dietary L-glutamate and L-aspartate supplementation on growth performance, severity of diarrhea, intestinal barrier integrity, and fecal microbiota of weaned piglets challenged with F18 enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli","authors":"Supatirada Wongchanla, Kunal Dixit, Sangwoo Park, Kwangwook Kim, Shuhan Sun, Maria Marco, Steven B. Palomares, Alejandra Mejia-Caballero, Sahana Mohan, Xunde Li, Xiaojing Li, Yanhong Liu","doi":"10.1186/s40104-025-01266-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-025-01266-x","url":null,"abstract":"L-Glutamate and L-aspartate are functional amino acids that play pivotal roles in the cellular metabolic pathways of swine enterocytes. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary L-glutamate and L-aspartate on growth performance, diarrhea severity, intestinal barrier integrity, and fecal microbiota of weaned piglets challenged with F18 enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Weaned piglets were randomly assigned to seven dietary treatments, including unchallenged and ETEC-challenged controls, amino acid-supplemented groups, and an antibiotic control, to assess their responses to ETEC challenge. Supplementation with 1% L-glutamate or 2% L-aspartate enhanced growth performance, with significantly greater (P < 0.05) average daily weight gain and gain-to-feed ratio compared with the positive control group from d 0 to d 5 post-inoculation. Pigs fed with 1% or 2% L-aspartate had reduced (P < 0.05) diarrhea severity in ETEC-challenged pigs compared with the positive control group. The 1% L-aspartate supplementation also supported intestinal structure by increasing (P < 0.05) duodenal villi height and ileal villi width compared with carbadox supplementation. Additionally, 1% L-glutamate supplementation significantly improved (P < 0.05) resilience in ETEC-challenged pigs by reducing fecal shedding of β-hemolysin-producing bacteria compared with the positive control group on d 14 post-inoculation. Moreover, 1% L-aspartate supplementation promoted intestinal barrier integrity by significantly up-regulated (P < 0.05) the expression of ileal OCDN and ileal ZO-1 compared with the positive control group on d 14 post-inoculation. Interestingly, 2% L-aspartate supplementation altered the intestinal mucosa by down-regulating (P < 0.05) the expression of jejunal CLDN-1, while up-regulating (P < 0.05) the expression of ileal CLDN-1 compared with the negative control group on d 14 post-inoculation. Furthermore, L-glutamate supplementation significantly changed proportions of Firmicutes and Bacteroidota and showed the trend for enrichment in beneficial bacterial genera such as Bifidobacterium and Megasphaera in ETEC-infected pigs by d 14 post-inoculation. Supplementation with L-glutamate or L-aspartate promoted growth performance, supported gut health, and enhanced disease resistance in weaned pigs challenged with F18 ETEC. During the weaning period, L-glutamate or L-aspartate could potentially be considered conditionally essential amino acids, helping to alleviate weaning complications and reduce the need for antibiotic use in swine farming.","PeriodicalId":14928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145188846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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