Pub Date : 2024-08-10DOI: 10.1186/s40104-024-01067-8
Fatemeh Movahedi, Nilesh Nirmal, Pengyuan Wang, Hongping Jin, Lisbeth Grøndahl, Li Li
Antibiotics in poultry feed to boost growth performance are becoming increasingly contentious due to concerns over antimicrobial resistance development. Essential oils (EOs), as natural, plant-derived compounds, have demonstrated antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. EOs may potentially improve poultry health and growth performance when included in poultry feed. Nevertheless, the incorporation of EOs as nutritional additives is hindered by their high volatility, low water solubility, poor intestinal absorption, and sensitivity to environmental conditions. Recently, nanoencapsulation strategies using nanoformulations have emerged as a potential solution to these challenges, improving the stability and bioavailability of EOs, and enabling targeted delivery in poultry feed. This review provides an overview of the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of EOs, the current limitations of their applications in poultry feed, and the recent advancements in nano-engineering to overcome these limitations. Furthermore, we outline the potential future research direction on EO nanoformulations, emphasizing their promising role in advancing sustainable poultry nutrition. Highlights • Essential oils (EOs) are known as powerful antioxidants and antibacterial agents. • EOs have a high potential to replace antibiotics as feed additives. • Nanoformulations of EOs have shown improved bioactivity and storage stability of EOs. • Nanoformulation promotes the bioavailability and gut adsorption of EOs as feed additives.
由于担心抗菌素耐药性的产生，在家禽饲料中添加抗生素以提高生长性能正变得越来越有争议。精油 (EO) 作为天然的植物衍生化合物，具有抗菌和抗氧化特性。在家禽饲料中添加 EO 有可能改善家禽的健康状况和生长性能。然而，EOs 的高挥发性、低水溶性、肠道吸收性差以及对环境条件的敏感性阻碍了其作为营养添加剂的应用。最近，使用纳米制剂的纳米封装策略成为解决这些难题的潜在方法，它可以提高环氧乙烷的稳定性和生物利用率，并实现在家禽饲料中的定向输送。本综述概述了环氧乙烷的抗氧化和抗菌特性、其目前在家禽饲料中应用的局限性以及为克服这些局限性而在纳米工程方面取得的最新进展。此外，我们还概述了 EO 纳米制剂未来的潜在研究方向，强调了它们在促进可持续家禽营养方面的重要作用。亮点 - 众所周知，精油（EO）是一种强效抗氧化剂和抗菌剂。- 作为饲料添加剂，精油具有取代抗生素的巨大潜力。- EO 的纳米制剂提高了 EO 的生物活性和储存稳定性。- 纳米制剂提高了 EO 作为饲料添加剂的生物利用率和肠道吸附性。
{"title":"Recent advances in essential oils and their nanoformulations for poultry feed","authors":"Fatemeh Movahedi, Nilesh Nirmal, Pengyuan Wang, Hongping Jin, Lisbeth Grøndahl, Li Li","doi":"10.1186/s40104-024-01067-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-024-01067-8","url":null,"abstract":"Antibiotics in poultry feed to boost growth performance are becoming increasingly contentious due to concerns over antimicrobial resistance development. Essential oils (EOs), as natural, plant-derived compounds, have demonstrated antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. EOs may potentially improve poultry health and growth performance when included in poultry feed. Nevertheless, the incorporation of EOs as nutritional additives is hindered by their high volatility, low water solubility, poor intestinal absorption, and sensitivity to environmental conditions. Recently, nanoencapsulation strategies using nanoformulations have emerged as a potential solution to these challenges, improving the stability and bioavailability of EOs, and enabling targeted delivery in poultry feed. This review provides an overview of the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of EOs, the current limitations of their applications in poultry feed, and the recent advancements in nano-engineering to overcome these limitations. Furthermore, we outline the potential future research direction on EO nanoformulations, emphasizing their promising role in advancing sustainable poultry nutrition. Highlights • Essential oils (EOs) are known as powerful antioxidants and antibacterial agents. • EOs have a high potential to replace antibiotics as feed additives. • Nanoformulations of EOs have shown improved bioactivity and storage stability of EOs. • Nanoformulation promotes the bioavailability and gut adsorption of EOs as feed additives.","PeriodicalId":14928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141910228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Obesity is a prevalent chronic disease that has significant negative impacts on humans and our companion animals, including dogs and cats. Obesity occurs with multiple comorbidities, such as diabetes, hypertension, heart disease and osteoarthritis in dogs and cats. A direct link between lipid metabolism dysregulation and obesity-associated diseases has been implicated. However, the understanding of such pathophysiology in companion animals is limited. This review aims to address the role of lipid metabolism in various metabolic disorders associated with obesity, emphasizing the involvement of the gut microbiota. Furthermore, we also discuss the management of obesity, including approaches like nutritional interventions, thus providing novel insights into obesity prevention and treatment for canines and felines.
{"title":"Insights into the interplay between gut microbiota and lipid metabolism in the obesity management of canines and felines","authors":"Kaiqi Li, Xiangyu Xiao, Yuling Li, Sichen Lu, Jianghang Zi, Xiaoqiang Sun, Jia Xu, Hao-Yu Liu, Xiaoqiong Li, Tongxing Song, Demin Cai","doi":"10.1186/s40104-024-01073-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-024-01073-w","url":null,"abstract":"Obesity is a prevalent chronic disease that has significant negative impacts on humans and our companion animals, including dogs and cats. Obesity occurs with multiple comorbidities, such as diabetes, hypertension, heart disease and osteoarthritis in dogs and cats. A direct link between lipid metabolism dysregulation and obesity-associated diseases has been implicated. However, the understanding of such pathophysiology in companion animals is limited. This review aims to address the role of lipid metabolism in various metabolic disorders associated with obesity, emphasizing the involvement of the gut microbiota. Furthermore, we also discuss the management of obesity, including approaches like nutritional interventions, thus providing novel insights into obesity prevention and treatment for canines and felines.","PeriodicalId":14928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141904220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-04DOI: 10.1186/s40104-024-01059-8
Camilla Benedetti, Krishna Chaitanya Pavani, Yannick Gansemans, Nima Azari-Dolatabad, Osvaldo Bogado Pascottini, Luc Peelman, Rani Six, Yuan Fan, Xuefeng Guan, Koen Deserranno, Andrea Fernández-Montoro, Joachim Hamacher, Filip Van Nieuwerburgh, Trudee Fair, An Hendrix, Katrien Smits, Ann Van Soom
Within the follicular fluid, extracellular vesicles (EVs) guide oocyte growth through their cargo microRNAs (miRNAs). Here, we investigated the role of EVs and their cargo miRNAs by linking the miRNAs found in EVs, derived from the fluid of an individual follicle, to the ability of its oocyte to become a blastocyst (competent) or not (non-competent). Bovine antral follicles were dissected, categorized as small (2–4 mm) or large (5–8 mm) and the corresponding oocytes were subjected to individual maturation, fertilization and embryo culture to the blastocyst stage. Follicular fluid was pooled in 4 groups (4 replicates) based on follicle size and competence of the corresponding oocyte to produce a blastocyst. Follicular fluid-derived EVs were isolated, characterized, and subjected to miRNA-sequencing (Illumina Miseq) to assess differential expression (DE) in the 4 groups. Functional validation of the effect of miR-34c on embryo development was performed by supplementation of mimics and inhibitors during in vitro maturation (IVM). We identified 16 DE miRNAs linked to oocyte competence when follicular size was not considered. Within the large and small follicles, 46 DE miRNAs were driving blastocyst formation in each group. Comparison of EVs from competent small and large follicles revealed 90 DE miRNAs. Cell regulation, cell differentiation, cell cycle, and metabolic process regulation were the most enriched pathways targeted by the DE miRNAs from competent oocytes. We identified bta-miR-34c as the most abundant in follicular fluid containing competent oocytes. Supplementation of miR-34c mimic and inhibitor during IVM did not affect embryo development. However, blastocyst quality, as evidenced by higher cell numbers, was significantly improved following oocyte IVM in the presence of miR-34c mimics, while miR-34c inhibitors resulted in the opposite effect. This study demonstrates the regulatory effect of miRNAs from follicular fluid-derived EVs on oocyte competence acquisition, providing a further basis for understanding the significance of miRNAs in oocyte maturation and embryonic development. Up-regulation of miR-34c in EVs from follicular fluid containing competent oocytes and the positive impact of miR-34c mimics added during IVM on the resulting blastocysts indicate its pivotal role in oocyte competence.
在卵泡液中，细胞外囊泡 (EV) 通过其载体微RNA（miRNA）引导卵母细胞生长。在这里，我们通过将从单个卵泡液中提取的 EV 中发现的 miRNA 与卵母细胞成为囊胚（有能力）或无能力（无能力）的能力联系起来，研究了 EV 及其所携带的 miRNA 的作用。解剖牛前列腺卵泡，将其分为小卵泡（2-4 毫米）和大卵泡（5-8 毫米），并对相应的卵母细胞进行单独成熟、受精和胚胎培养至囊胚期。根据卵泡大小和相应卵母细胞产生囊胚的能力，将卵泡液分成 4 组（4 个重复）。对卵泡液衍生的 EVs 进行分离、鉴定和 miRNA 测序（Illumina Miseq），以评估 4 组中的差异表达（DE）。通过在体外成熟（IVM）过程中补充模拟物和抑制物，对 miR-34c 对胚胎发育的影响进行了功能验证。在不考虑卵泡大小的情况下，我们发现了16个与卵母细胞能力相关的DE miRNA。在大卵泡和小卵泡中，每组都有 46 个 DE miRNA 驱动囊胚形成。对有能力的小卵泡和大卵泡的 EV 进行比较，发现了 90 个 DE miRNA。细胞调控、细胞分化、细胞周期和代谢过程调控是有能力卵母细胞中 DE miRNA 靶向的最丰富途径。我们发现 bta-miR-34c 在含有合格卵母细胞的卵泡液中含量最高。在 IVM 期间补充 miR-34c 模拟物和抑制剂不会影响胚胎发育。然而，在有 miR-34c 模拟物存在的情况下，卵母细胞体外受精后囊胚的质量（表现为细胞数量增加）明显改善，而 miR-34c 抑制剂则产生相反的效果。这项研究证明了卵泡液衍生的EVs中的miRNA对卵母细胞能力获得的调控作用，为了解miRNA在卵母细胞成熟和胚胎发育中的意义提供了进一步的依据。miR-34c在含有合格卵母细胞的卵泡液EVs中的上调以及在体外受精过程中加入的miR-34c模拟物对所产生的囊胚的积极影响表明，miR-34c在卵母细胞能力中起着关键作用。
{"title":"From follicle to blastocyst: microRNA-34c from follicular fluid-derived extracellular vesicles modulates blastocyst quality","authors":"Camilla Benedetti, Krishna Chaitanya Pavani, Yannick Gansemans, Nima Azari-Dolatabad, Osvaldo Bogado Pascottini, Luc Peelman, Rani Six, Yuan Fan, Xuefeng Guan, Koen Deserranno, Andrea Fernández-Montoro, Joachim Hamacher, Filip Van Nieuwerburgh, Trudee Fair, An Hendrix, Katrien Smits, Ann Van Soom","doi":"10.1186/s40104-024-01059-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-024-01059-8","url":null,"abstract":"Within the follicular fluid, extracellular vesicles (EVs) guide oocyte growth through their cargo microRNAs (miRNAs). Here, we investigated the role of EVs and their cargo miRNAs by linking the miRNAs found in EVs, derived from the fluid of an individual follicle, to the ability of its oocyte to become a blastocyst (competent) or not (non-competent). Bovine antral follicles were dissected, categorized as small (2–4 mm) or large (5–8 mm) and the corresponding oocytes were subjected to individual maturation, fertilization and embryo culture to the blastocyst stage. Follicular fluid was pooled in 4 groups (4 replicates) based on follicle size and competence of the corresponding oocyte to produce a blastocyst. Follicular fluid-derived EVs were isolated, characterized, and subjected to miRNA-sequencing (Illumina Miseq) to assess differential expression (DE) in the 4 groups. Functional validation of the effect of miR-34c on embryo development was performed by supplementation of mimics and inhibitors during in vitro maturation (IVM). We identified 16 DE miRNAs linked to oocyte competence when follicular size was not considered. Within the large and small follicles, 46 DE miRNAs were driving blastocyst formation in each group. Comparison of EVs from competent small and large follicles revealed 90 DE miRNAs. Cell regulation, cell differentiation, cell cycle, and metabolic process regulation were the most enriched pathways targeted by the DE miRNAs from competent oocytes. We identified bta-miR-34c as the most abundant in follicular fluid containing competent oocytes. Supplementation of miR-34c mimic and inhibitor during IVM did not affect embryo development. However, blastocyst quality, as evidenced by higher cell numbers, was significantly improved following oocyte IVM in the presence of miR-34c mimics, while miR-34c inhibitors resulted in the opposite effect. This study demonstrates the regulatory effect of miRNAs from follicular fluid-derived EVs on oocyte competence acquisition, providing a further basis for understanding the significance of miRNAs in oocyte maturation and embryonic development. Up-regulation of miR-34c in EVs from follicular fluid containing competent oocytes and the positive impact of miR-34c mimics added during IVM on the resulting blastocysts indicate its pivotal role in oocyte competence.","PeriodicalId":14928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology","volume":"75 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141887476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The hypothalamus plays a crucial role in the health and productivity of dairy cows, yet studies on its functionality and its impact on peripheral circulation in these animals are relatively scarce, particularly regarding dietary interventions. Therefore, our study undertook a comprehensive analysis, incorporating both metabolomics and transcriptomics, to explore the effects of a grain-based diet on the functionality of the hypothalamus, as well as on blood and milk in dairy cows. The hypothalamic metabolome analysis revealed a significant reduction in prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) level as a prominent response to the grain-based diet introduction. Furthermore, the hypothalamic transcriptome profiling showed a notable upregulation in amino acid metabolism due to the grain-based diet. Conversely, the grain-based diet led to the downregulation of genes involved in the metabolic pathway from lecithin to PGE2, including phospholipase A2 (PLA2G4E, PLA2G2A, and PLA2G12B), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), and prostaglandin E synthase (PTGES). Additionally, the plasma metabolome analysis indicated a substantial decrease in the level of PGE2, along with a decline in adrenal steroid hormones (tetrahydrocortisol and pregnenolone) following the grain-based diet introduction. Analysis of the milk metabolome showed that the grain-based diet significantly increased uric acid level while notably decreasing PGE2 level. Importantly, PGE2 was identified as a critical metabolic marker in the hypothalamus, blood, and milk in response to grain intervention. Correlation analysis demonstrated a significant correlation among metabolic alterations in the hypothalamus, blood, and milk following the grain-based diet. Our findings suggest a potential link between hypothalamic changes and alterations in peripheral circulation resulting from the introduction of a grain-based diet.
{"title":"Effects of grain intervention on hypothalamic function and the metabolome of blood and milk in dairy cows","authors":"Limei Lin, Kaizhen Guo, Huiting Ma, Jiyou Zhang, Zheng Lai, Weiyun Zhu, Shengyong Mao","doi":"10.1186/s40104-024-01034-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-024-01034-3","url":null,"abstract":"The hypothalamus plays a crucial role in the health and productivity of dairy cows, yet studies on its functionality and its impact on peripheral circulation in these animals are relatively scarce, particularly regarding dietary interventions. Therefore, our study undertook a comprehensive analysis, incorporating both metabolomics and transcriptomics, to explore the effects of a grain-based diet on the functionality of the hypothalamus, as well as on blood and milk in dairy cows. The hypothalamic metabolome analysis revealed a significant reduction in prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) level as a prominent response to the grain-based diet introduction. Furthermore, the hypothalamic transcriptome profiling showed a notable upregulation in amino acid metabolism due to the grain-based diet. Conversely, the grain-based diet led to the downregulation of genes involved in the metabolic pathway from lecithin to PGE2, including phospholipase A2 (PLA2G4E, PLA2G2A, and PLA2G12B), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), and prostaglandin E synthase (PTGES). Additionally, the plasma metabolome analysis indicated a substantial decrease in the level of PGE2, along with a decline in adrenal steroid hormones (tetrahydrocortisol and pregnenolone) following the grain-based diet introduction. Analysis of the milk metabolome showed that the grain-based diet significantly increased uric acid level while notably decreasing PGE2 level. Importantly, PGE2 was identified as a critical metabolic marker in the hypothalamus, blood, and milk in response to grain intervention. Correlation analysis demonstrated a significant correlation among metabolic alterations in the hypothalamus, blood, and milk following the grain-based diet. Our findings suggest a potential link between hypothalamic changes and alterations in peripheral circulation resulting from the introduction of a grain-based diet.","PeriodicalId":14928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141185144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Infection with pathogenic bacteria during nonantibiotic breeding is one of the main causes of animal intestinal diseases. Oleanolic acid (OA) is a pentacyclic triterpene that is ubiquitous in plants. Our previous work demonstrated the protective effect of OA on intestinal health, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. This study investigated whether dietary supplementation with OA can prevent diarrhea and intestinal immune dysregulation caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) in piglets. The key molecular role of bile acid receptor signaling in this process has also been explored. Our results demonstrated that OA supplementation alleviated the disturbance of bile acid metabolism in ETEC-infected piglets (P < 0.05). OA supplementation stabilized the composition of the bile acid pool in piglets by regulating the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids and significantly increased the contents of UDCA and CDCA in the ileum and cecum (P < 0.05). This may also explain why OA can maintain the stability of the intestinal microbiota structure in ETEC-challenged piglets. In addition, as a natural ligand of bile acid receptors, OA can reduce the severity of intestinal inflammation and enhance the strength of intestinal epithelial cell antimicrobial programs through the bile acid receptors TGR5 and FXR (P < 0.05). Specifically, OA inhibited NF-κB-mediated intestinal inflammation by directly activating TGR5 and its downstream cAMP-PKA-CREB signaling pathway (P < 0.05). Furthermore, OA enhanced CDCA-mediated MEK-ERK signaling in intestinal epithelial cells by upregulating the expression of FXR (P < 0.05), thereby upregulating the expression of endogenous defense molecules in intestinal epithelial cells. In conclusion, our findings suggest that OA-mediated regulation of bile acid metabolism plays an important role in the innate immune response, which provides a new diet-based intervention for intestinal diseases caused by pathogenic bacterial infections in piglets.
在非抗生素饲养过程中感染病原菌是动物肠道疾病的主要原因之一。齐墩果酸（OA）是一种五环三萜，在植物中无处不在。我们之前的工作证明了 OA 对肠道健康的保护作用，但其潜在的分子机制仍不清楚。本研究探讨了膳食补充 OA 是否能预防仔猪腹泻和肠毒性大肠杆菌（ETEC）引起的肠道免疫失调。我们还探讨了胆汁酸受体信号在这一过程中的关键分子作用。我们的研究结果表明，补充 OA 可缓解 ETEC 感染仔猪的胆汁酸代谢紊乱（P < 0.05）。通过调节胆汁酸的肠肝循环，补充 OA 可稳定仔猪胆汁酸池的组成，并显著增加回肠和盲肠中 UDCA 和 CDCA 的含量（P < 0.05）。这也可以解释为什么 OA 可以维持 ETEC 攻击仔猪肠道微生物群结构的稳定性。此外，作为胆汁酸受体的天然配体，OA可通过胆汁酸受体TGR5和FXR减轻肠道炎症的严重程度并增强肠道上皮细胞抗微生物程序的强度（P < 0.05）。具体来说，OA 通过直接激活 TGR5 及其下游的 cAMP-PKA-CREB 信号通路，抑制了 NF-κB 介导的肠道炎症（P < 0.05）。此外，OA通过上调FXR的表达增强了CDCA介导的肠上皮细胞MEK-ERK信号转导（P < 0.05），从而上调了肠上皮细胞内源性防御分子的表达。总之，我们的研究结果表明，OA 介导的胆汁酸代谢调节在先天性免疫应答中发挥着重要作用，这为干预仔猪病原菌感染引起的肠道疾病提供了一种新的日粮干预方法。
{"title":"Oleanolic acid improved intestinal immune function by activating and potentiating bile acids receptor signaling in E. coli-challenged piglets","authors":"Chenyu Xue, Hongpeng Jia, Rujing Cao, Wenjie Cai, Weichen Hong, Jianing Tu, Songtao Wang, Qianzhi Jiang, Chongpeng Bi, Anshan Shan, Na Dong","doi":"10.1186/s40104-024-01037-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-024-01037-0","url":null,"abstract":"Infection with pathogenic bacteria during nonantibiotic breeding is one of the main causes of animal intestinal diseases. Oleanolic acid (OA) is a pentacyclic triterpene that is ubiquitous in plants. Our previous work demonstrated the protective effect of OA on intestinal health, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. This study investigated whether dietary supplementation with OA can prevent diarrhea and intestinal immune dysregulation caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) in piglets. The key molecular role of bile acid receptor signaling in this process has also been explored. Our results demonstrated that OA supplementation alleviated the disturbance of bile acid metabolism in ETEC-infected piglets (P < 0.05). OA supplementation stabilized the composition of the bile acid pool in piglets by regulating the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids and significantly increased the contents of UDCA and CDCA in the ileum and cecum (P < 0.05). This may also explain why OA can maintain the stability of the intestinal microbiota structure in ETEC-challenged piglets. In addition, as a natural ligand of bile acid receptors, OA can reduce the severity of intestinal inflammation and enhance the strength of intestinal epithelial cell antimicrobial programs through the bile acid receptors TGR5 and FXR (P < 0.05). Specifically, OA inhibited NF-κB-mediated intestinal inflammation by directly activating TGR5 and its downstream cAMP-PKA-CREB signaling pathway (P < 0.05). Furthermore, OA enhanced CDCA-mediated MEK-ERK signaling in intestinal epithelial cells by upregulating the expression of FXR (P < 0.05), thereby upregulating the expression of endogenous defense molecules in intestinal epithelial cells. In conclusion, our findings suggest that OA-mediated regulation of bile acid metabolism plays an important role in the innate immune response, which provides a new diet-based intervention for intestinal diseases caused by pathogenic bacterial infections in piglets. ","PeriodicalId":14928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology","volume":"126 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140953842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Comprehending the patterns of alteration in boar semen quality and identifying effective nutritional interventions are crucial for enhancing the productivity of commercial pig systems. This study aimed to examine the alteration in semen quality in boars, and assess the impact of protocatechuic acid (PCA) on semen quality during the phase of declining semen quality. In Exp. 1, a total of 38 Pig Improvement Company (PIC) boars were selected and their semen quality data were recorded from the age of 9 to 37 months. In Exp. 2, 18 PIC boars (28 months old) were randomly assigned into three groups (n = 6) and fed a basal diet, a basal diet containing 500 or 1,000 mg/kg PCA, respectively. The experiment lasted for 12 weeks. The semen volume, concentration, and total number of spermatozoa in boars exhibited an increase from 9 to 19 months old and showed a significant linear decreased trend in 28, 24, and 22 months old. Sperm motility displayed an upward trajectory, reaching its peak at 20 months of age, and showed a significant linear decreased trend at 20 months old. Dietary supplementation of PCA demonstrated an effect to mitigate the decrease in semen volume, concentration of spermatozoa, total number of spermatozoa (P > 0.05), and significantly increased the sperm motility (P < 0.05). Moreover, supplementation of 1,000 mg/kg PCA significantly increased the sperm viability (P < 0.05). Analysis on cellular signaling pathways revealed that PCA restored serum testosterone levels and alleviated oxidative damage by upregulating the expression of HO-1, SOD2, and NQO1 in testicular stromal cells. Notably, PCA can enhance phosphorylation by selectively binding to AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) protein, thereby improving sperm mitochondrial function and augmenting sperm motility via PGC-1/Nrf1. These data elucidated the pattern of semen quality variation in boars within the age range of 9 to 37 months old, and PCA has the potential to be a natural antioxidant to enhance sperm quality through modulation of the AMPK/PGC-1/Nrf1 signaling pathway.
{"title":"Patterns of alteration in boar semen quality from 9 to 37 months old and improvement by protocatechuic acid","authors":"Ruizhi Hu, Xizi Yang, Jiatai Gong, Jing Lv, Xupeng Yuan, Mingkun Shi, Chenxing Fu, Bie Tan, Zhiyong Fan, Liang Chen, Hongfu Zhang, Jianhua He, Shusong Wu","doi":"10.1186/s40104-024-01031-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-024-01031-6","url":null,"abstract":"Comprehending the patterns of alteration in boar semen quality and identifying effective nutritional interventions are crucial for enhancing the productivity of commercial pig systems. This study aimed to examine the alteration in semen quality in boars, and assess the impact of protocatechuic acid (PCA) on semen quality during the phase of declining semen quality. In Exp. 1, a total of 38 Pig Improvement Company (PIC) boars were selected and their semen quality data were recorded from the age of 9 to 37 months. In Exp. 2, 18 PIC boars (28 months old) were randomly assigned into three groups (n = 6) and fed a basal diet, a basal diet containing 500 or 1,000 mg/kg PCA, respectively. The experiment lasted for 12 weeks. The semen volume, concentration, and total number of spermatozoa in boars exhibited an increase from 9 to 19 months old and showed a significant linear decreased trend in 28, 24, and 22 months old. Sperm motility displayed an upward trajectory, reaching its peak at 20 months of age, and showed a significant linear decreased trend at 20 months old. Dietary supplementation of PCA demonstrated an effect to mitigate the decrease in semen volume, concentration of spermatozoa, total number of spermatozoa (P > 0.05), and significantly increased the sperm motility (P < 0.05). Moreover, supplementation of 1,000 mg/kg PCA significantly increased the sperm viability (P < 0.05). Analysis on cellular signaling pathways revealed that PCA restored serum testosterone levels and alleviated oxidative damage by upregulating the expression of HO-1, SOD2, and NQO1 in testicular stromal cells. Notably, PCA can enhance phosphorylation by selectively binding to AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) protein, thereby improving sperm mitochondrial function and augmenting sperm motility via PGC-1/Nrf1. These data elucidated the pattern of semen quality variation in boars within the age range of 9 to 37 months old, and PCA has the potential to be a natural antioxidant to enhance sperm quality through modulation of the AMPK/PGC-1/Nrf1 signaling pathway.","PeriodicalId":14928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140953727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-07DOI: 10.1186/s40104-024-01020-9
Sai Zhang, Juan C. Marini, Vengai Mavangira, Andrew Claude, Julie Moore, Mahmoud A. Mohammad, Nathalie L. Trottier
The study objective was to test the hypothesis that low crude protein (CP) diet with crystalline amino acids (CAA) supplementation improves Lys utilization efficiency for milk production and reduces protein turnover and muscle protein breakdown. Eighteen lactating multiparous Yorkshire sows were allotted to 1 of 2 isocaloric diets (10.80 MJ/kg net energy): control (CON; 19.24% CP) and reduced CP with “optimal” AA profile (OPT; 14.00% CP). Sow body weight and backfat were recorded on d 1 and 21 of lactation and piglets were weighed on d 1, 14, 18, and 21 of lactation. Between d 14 and 18, a subset of 9 sows (CON = 4, OPT = 5) was infused with a mixed solution of 3-[methyl-2H3]histidine (bolus injection) and [13C]bicarbonate (priming dose) first, then a constant 2-h [13C]bicarbonate infusion followed by a 6-h primed constant [1-13C]lysine infusion. Serial blood and milk sampling were performed to determine plasma and milk Lys enrichment, Lys oxidation rate, whole body protein turnover, and muscle protein breakdown. Over the 21-d lactation period, compared to CON, sows fed OPT had greater litter growth rate (P < 0.05). Compared to CON, sows fed OPT had greater efficiency of Lys (P < 0.05), Lys mammary flux (P < 0.01) and whole-body protein turnover efficiency (P < 0.05). Compared to CON, sows fed OPT tended to have lower whole body protein breakdown rate (P = 0.069). Muscle protein breakdown rate did not differ between OPT and CON (P = 0.197). Feeding an improved AA balance diet increased efficiency of Lys and reduced whole-body protein turnover and protein breakdown. These results imply that the lower maternal N retention observed in lactating sows fed improved AA balance diets in previous studies may be a result of greater partitioning of AA towards milk rather than greater body protein breakdown.
{"title":"Effects of improved amino acid balance diet on lysine mammary utilization, whole body protein turnover and muscle protein breakdown on lactating sows","authors":"Sai Zhang, Juan C. Marini, Vengai Mavangira, Andrew Claude, Julie Moore, Mahmoud A. Mohammad, Nathalie L. Trottier","doi":"10.1186/s40104-024-01020-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-024-01020-9","url":null,"abstract":"The study objective was to test the hypothesis that low crude protein (CP) diet with crystalline amino acids (CAA) supplementation improves Lys utilization efficiency for milk production and reduces protein turnover and muscle protein breakdown. Eighteen lactating multiparous Yorkshire sows were allotted to 1 of 2 isocaloric diets (10.80 MJ/kg net energy): control (CON; 19.24% CP) and reduced CP with “optimal” AA profile (OPT; 14.00% CP). Sow body weight and backfat were recorded on d 1 and 21 of lactation and piglets were weighed on d 1, 14, 18, and 21 of lactation. Between d 14 and 18, a subset of 9 sows (CON = 4, OPT = 5) was infused with a mixed solution of 3-[methyl-2H3]histidine (bolus injection) and [13C]bicarbonate (priming dose) first, then a constant 2-h [13C]bicarbonate infusion followed by a 6-h primed constant [1-13C]lysine infusion. Serial blood and milk sampling were performed to determine plasma and milk Lys enrichment, Lys oxidation rate, whole body protein turnover, and muscle protein breakdown. Over the 21-d lactation period, compared to CON, sows fed OPT had greater litter growth rate (P < 0.05). Compared to CON, sows fed OPT had greater efficiency of Lys (P < 0.05), Lys mammary flux (P < 0.01) and whole-body protein turnover efficiency (P < 0.05). Compared to CON, sows fed OPT tended to have lower whole body protein breakdown rate (P = 0.069). Muscle protein breakdown rate did not differ between OPT and CON (P = 0.197). Feeding an improved AA balance diet increased efficiency of Lys and reduced whole-body protein turnover and protein breakdown. These results imply that the lower maternal N retention observed in lactating sows fed improved AA balance diets in previous studies may be a result of greater partitioning of AA towards milk rather than greater body protein breakdown.","PeriodicalId":14928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140845254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-06DOI: 10.1186/s40104-024-01027-2
Daoliang Lan, Wei Fu, Wenhui Ji, Tserang-Donko Mipam, Xianrong Xiong, Shi Ying, Yan Xiong, Peng Sheng, Jiangping Ni, Lijun Bai, Tongling Shan, Xiangdong Kong, Jian Li
The genetic diversity of yak, a key domestic animal on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP), is a vital resource for domestication and breeding efforts. This study presents the first yak pangenome obtained through the de novo assembly of 16 yak genomes. We discovered 290 Mb of nonreference sequences and 504 new genes. Our pangenome-wide presence and absence variation (PAV) analysis revealed 5,120 PAV-related genes, highlighting a wide range of variety-specific genes and genes with varying frequencies across yak populations. Principal component analysis (PCA) based on binary gene PAV data classified yaks into three new groups: wild, domestic, and Jinchuan. Moreover, we proposed a ‘two-haplotype genomic hybridization model’ for understanding the hybridization patterns among breeds by integrating gene frequency, heterozygosity, and gene PAV data. A gene PAV-GWAS identified a novel gene (BosGru3G009179) that may be associated with the multirib trait in Jinchuan yaks. Furthermore, an integrated transcriptome and pangenome analysis highlighted the significant differences in the expression of core genes and the mutational burden of differentially expressed genes between yaks from high and low altitudes. Transcriptome analysis across multiple species revealed that yaks have the most unique differentially expressed mRNAs and lncRNAs (between high- and low-altitude regions), especially in the heart and lungs, when comparing high- and low-altitude adaptations. The yak pangenome offers a comprehensive resource and new insights for functional genomic studies, supporting future biological research and breeding strategies.
{"title":"Pangenome and multi-tissue gene atlas provide new insights into the domestication and highland adaptation of yaks","authors":"Daoliang Lan, Wei Fu, Wenhui Ji, Tserang-Donko Mipam, Xianrong Xiong, Shi Ying, Yan Xiong, Peng Sheng, Jiangping Ni, Lijun Bai, Tongling Shan, Xiangdong Kong, Jian Li","doi":"10.1186/s40104-024-01027-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-024-01027-2","url":null,"abstract":"The genetic diversity of yak, a key domestic animal on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP), is a vital resource for domestication and breeding efforts. This study presents the first yak pangenome obtained through the de novo assembly of 16 yak genomes. We discovered 290 Mb of nonreference sequences and 504 new genes. Our pangenome-wide presence and absence variation (PAV) analysis revealed 5,120 PAV-related genes, highlighting a wide range of variety-specific genes and genes with varying frequencies across yak populations. Principal component analysis (PCA) based on binary gene PAV data classified yaks into three new groups: wild, domestic, and Jinchuan. Moreover, we proposed a ‘two-haplotype genomic hybridization model’ for understanding the hybridization patterns among breeds by integrating gene frequency, heterozygosity, and gene PAV data. A gene PAV-GWAS identified a novel gene (BosGru3G009179) that may be associated with the multirib trait in Jinchuan yaks. Furthermore, an integrated transcriptome and pangenome analysis highlighted the significant differences in the expression of core genes and the mutational burden of differentially expressed genes between yaks from high and low altitudes. Transcriptome analysis across multiple species revealed that yaks have the most unique differentially expressed mRNAs and lncRNAs (between high- and low-altitude regions), especially in the heart and lungs, when comparing high- and low-altitude adaptations. The yak pangenome offers a comprehensive resource and new insights for functional genomic studies, supporting future biological research and breeding strategies.","PeriodicalId":14928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140845039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-05DOI: 10.1186/s40104-024-01021-8
Hyunjun Choi, Yesid Garavito Duarte, Guilherme A. M. Pasquali, Sung Woo Kim
Xylanase and β-glucanase combination (XG) hydrolyzes soluble non-starch polysaccharides that are anti-nutritional compounds. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of increasing levels of XG on intestinal health and growth performance of nursery pigs. Forty pigs (6.5 ± 0.4 kg) were assigned to 5 dietary treatments and fed for 35 d in 3 phases (11, 9, and 15 d, respectively). Basal diets mainly included corn, soybean meal, and corn distiller’s dried grains with solubles, contained phytase (750 FTU/kg), and were supplemented with 5 levels of XG at (1) 0, (2) 280 TXU/kg xylanase and 125 TGU/kg β-glucanase, (3) 560 and 250, (4) 840 and 375, or (5) 1,120 and 500, respectively. Growth performance was measured. On d 35, all pigs were euthanized and jejunal mucosa, jejunal digesta, jejunal tissues, and ileal digesta were collected to determine the effects of increasing XG levels and XG intake on intestinal health. Increasing XG intake tended to quadratically decrease (P = 0.059) viscosity of jejunal digesta (min: 1.74 mPa·s at 751/335 (TXU/TGU)/kg). Increasing levels of XG quadratically decreased (P < 0.05) Prevotellaceae (min: 0.6% at 630/281 (TXU/TGU)/kg) in the jejunal mucosa. Increasing XG intake quadratically increased (P < 0.05) Lactobacillaceae (max: 40.3% at 608/271 (TXU/TGU)/kg) in the jejunal mucosa. Increasing XG intake quadratically decreased (P < 0.05) Helicobacteraceae (min: 1.6% at 560/250 (TXU/TGU)/kg) in the jejunal mucosa. Increasing levels of XG tended to linearly decrease (P = 0.073) jejunal IgG and tended to quadratically increase (P = 0.085) jejunal villus height to crypt depth ratio (max: 2.62 at 560/250 (TXU/TGU)/kg). Increasing XG intake tended to linearly increase the apparent ileal digestibility of dry matter (P = 0.087) and ether extract (P = 0.065). Increasing XG intake linearly increased (P < 0.05) average daily gain. A combinational use of xylanase and β-glucanase would hydrolyze the non-starch polysaccharides fractions, positively modulating the jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota. Increased intake of these enzyme combination possibly reduced digesta viscosity and humoral immune response in the jejunum resulting in improved intestinal structure, and ileal digestibility of nutrients, and finally improving growth of nursery pigs. The beneficial effects were maximized at a combination of 550 to 800 TXU/kg xylanase and 250 to 360 TGU/kg β-glucanase.
{"title":"Investigation of the nutritional and functional roles of a combinational use of xylanase and β-glucanase on intestinal health and growth of nursery pigs","authors":"Hyunjun Choi, Yesid Garavito Duarte, Guilherme A. M. Pasquali, Sung Woo Kim","doi":"10.1186/s40104-024-01021-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-024-01021-8","url":null,"abstract":"Xylanase and β-glucanase combination (XG) hydrolyzes soluble non-starch polysaccharides that are anti-nutritional compounds. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of increasing levels of XG on intestinal health and growth performance of nursery pigs. Forty pigs (6.5 ± 0.4 kg) were assigned to 5 dietary treatments and fed for 35 d in 3 phases (11, 9, and 15 d, respectively). Basal diets mainly included corn, soybean meal, and corn distiller’s dried grains with solubles, contained phytase (750 FTU/kg), and were supplemented with 5 levels of XG at (1) 0, (2) 280 TXU/kg xylanase and 125 TGU/kg β-glucanase, (3) 560 and 250, (4) 840 and 375, or (5) 1,120 and 500, respectively. Growth performance was measured. On d 35, all pigs were euthanized and jejunal mucosa, jejunal digesta, jejunal tissues, and ileal digesta were collected to determine the effects of increasing XG levels and XG intake on intestinal health. Increasing XG intake tended to quadratically decrease (P = 0.059) viscosity of jejunal digesta (min: 1.74 mPa·s at 751/335 (TXU/TGU)/kg). Increasing levels of XG quadratically decreased (P < 0.05) Prevotellaceae (min: 0.6% at 630/281 (TXU/TGU)/kg) in the jejunal mucosa. Increasing XG intake quadratically increased (P < 0.05) Lactobacillaceae (max: 40.3% at 608/271 (TXU/TGU)/kg) in the jejunal mucosa. Increasing XG intake quadratically decreased (P < 0.05) Helicobacteraceae (min: 1.6% at 560/250 (TXU/TGU)/kg) in the jejunal mucosa. Increasing levels of XG tended to linearly decrease (P = 0.073) jejunal IgG and tended to quadratically increase (P = 0.085) jejunal villus height to crypt depth ratio (max: 2.62 at 560/250 (TXU/TGU)/kg). Increasing XG intake tended to linearly increase the apparent ileal digestibility of dry matter (P = 0.087) and ether extract (P = 0.065). Increasing XG intake linearly increased (P < 0.05) average daily gain. A combinational use of xylanase and β-glucanase would hydrolyze the non-starch polysaccharides fractions, positively modulating the jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota. Increased intake of these enzyme combination possibly reduced digesta viscosity and humoral immune response in the jejunum resulting in improved intestinal structure, and ileal digestibility of nutrients, and finally improving growth of nursery pigs. The beneficial effects were maximized at a combination of 550 to 800 TXU/kg xylanase and 250 to 360 TGU/kg β-glucanase.","PeriodicalId":14928,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140826270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dietary supplementation of xylooligosaccharides (XOS) has been found to influence gut health by manipulating cecal microbiota and producing microbe-origin metabolites. But no study investigated and compared the effect of in ovo feeding of xylobiose (XOS2) and xylotriose (XOS3) in chickens. This study investigated the effect of in ovo feeding of these XOS compounds on post-hatch gut health parameters in chickens. A total of 144 fertilized chicken eggs were divided into three groups: a) non-injected control (CON), b) XOS2, and c) XOS3. On the 17th embryonic day, the eggs of the XOS2 and XOS3 groups were injected with 3 mg of XOS2 and XOS3 diluted in 0.5 mL of 0.85% normal saline through the amniotic sac. After hatching, the chicks were raised for 21 d. Blood was collected on d 14 to measure plasma immunoglobulin. Cecal digesta were collected for measuring short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) on d 14 and 21, and for microbial ecology and microbial metabolic pathway analyses on d 7 and 21. The results were considered significantly different at P < 0.05. ELISA quantified plasma IgA and IgG on d 14 chickens, revealing no differences among the treatments. Gas chromatography results showed no significant differences in the concentrations of cecal SCFAs on d 14 but significant differences on d 21. However, the SCFA concentrations were lower in the XOS3 than in the CON group on d 21. The cecal metagenomics data showed that the abundance of the family Clostridiaceae significantly decreased on d 7, and the abundance of the family Oscillospiraceae increased on d 21 in the XOS2 compared to the CON. There was a reduction in the relative abundance of genus Clostridium sensu stricto 1 in the XOS2 compared to the CON on d 7 and the genus Ruminococcus torques in both XOS2 and XOS3 groups compared to the CON on d 21. The XOS2 and XOS3 groups reduced the genes for chondroitin sulfate degradation I and L-histidine degradation I pathways, which contribute to improved gut health, respectively, in the microbiome on d 7. In contrast, on d 21, the XOS2 and XOS3 groups enriched the thiamin salvage II, L-isoleucine biosynthesis IV, and O-antigen building blocks biosynthesis (E. coli) pathways, which are indicative of improved gut health. Unlike the XOS3 and CON, the microbiome enriched the pathways associated with energy enhancement, including flavin biosynthesis I, sucrose degradation III, and Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle pathways, in the XOS2 group on d 21. In ovo XOS2 and XOS3 feeding promoted beneficial bacterial growth and reduced harmful bacteria at the family and genus levels. The metagenomic-based microbial metabolic pathway profiling predicted a favorable change in the availability of cecal metabolites in the XOS2 and XOS3 groups. The modulation of microbiota and metabolic pathways suggests that in ovo XOS2 and XOS3 feeding improved gut health during the post-hatch period of broilers.
研究发现，膳食中补充木寡糖（XOS）可通过调节盲肠微生物群和产生微生物源代谢物来影响肠道健康。但还没有研究调查和比较在鸡体内饲喂木寡糖（XOS2）和木三糖（XOS3）的效果。本研究调查了蛋内饲喂这些 XOS 复合物对鸡孵化后肠道健康参数的影响。总共 144 枚受精鸡蛋被分为三组：a）未注射对照组（CON）；b）XOS2；c）XOS3。在胚胎第 17 天，向 XOS2 组和 XOS3 组的受精卵经羊膜囊注射 3 毫克 XOS2 和 XOS3（用 0.5 毫升 0.85% 生理盐水稀释）。雏鸡孵化后饲养 21 d，第 14 d 采血测定血浆免疫球蛋白。在第 14 天和第 21 天收集盲肠消化物以测定短链脂肪酸 (SCFA)，在第 7 天和第 21 天收集盲肠消化物以进行微生物生态学和微生物代谢途径分析。结果以 P < 0.05 为差异显著。ELISA 对第 14 天的血浆 IgA 和 IgG 进行了定量分析，结果显示各处理之间没有差异。气相色谱法结果表明，第 14 d 的粪便 SCFAs 浓度无显著差异，但第 21 d 的差异显著。不过，在第 21 天，XOS3 组的 SCFA 浓度低于 CON 组。盲肠元基因组学数据显示，与对照组相比，XOS2 组梭子蟹科动物的丰度在第 7 天显著下降，而在第 21 天，鹅膏菌科动物的丰度有所上升。与对照组相比，XOS2 组中严格意义上的梭菌属 1 在第 7 天的相对丰度有所降低，而 XOS2 和 XOS3 组中的瘤胃球菌属在第 21 天的相对丰度均低于对照组。在第 7 天，XOS2 组和 XOS3 组减少了硫酸软骨素降解 I 和 L 组氨酸降解 I 途径的基因，这两种途径分别有助于改善微生物群的肠道健康。相比之下，在第 21 天，XOS2 和 XOS3 组富集了硫胺素挽救 II、L-异亮氨酸生物合成 IV 和 O-抗原结构单元生物合成（大肠杆菌）途径，这表明肠道健康得到了改善。与 XOS3 和 CON 不同，XOS2 组的微生物组在第 21 天富集了与能量增强相关的途径，包括黄素生物合成 I、蔗糖降解 III 和卡尔文-本森-巴塞尔循环途径。在卵内喂养 XOS2 和 XOS3 在科和属的水平上促进了有益细菌的生长，减少了有害细菌的数量。基于元基因组的微生物代谢途径分析预测，XOS2和XOS3组的盲肠代谢物的可用性将发生有利的变化。对微生物群和代谢途径的调节表明，在孵化后的肉鸡体内饲喂 XOS2 和 XOS3 可改善肠道健康。
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