Vanitha Virudachalam, Sergei Savin, Matthew P. Steinberg
In the United States, most K-12 students now take annual standardized tests. As a result, school districts that traditionally utilized ongoing "formative'' assessments of student progress increasingly rely on additional "interim" assessments to predict student performance on standardized tests. Moreover, some districts are experimenting with merit-based teacher incentives tied to student performance on state tests. We examine the relationship between predictive midyear assessments and teacher incentives using a two-period principal-agent model. The school district (principal) decides whether to implement interim assessments and how much merit pay to offer, while teachers (agents) choose how much effort to exert each period. We use two-state ("proficient" vs. "not proficient'') Markovian dynamics to describe the evolution of student test readiness. Our results indicate that even free interim assessments are not always beneficial. For "not-proficient'' schools, interim assessments only improve performance if the probability of achieving proficiency absent additional teacher effort is non-zero. The interim assessment's value is shaped by the merit-pay budget and the "achievement gap factor,'' the ratio of probabilities of achieving proficiency, under the same level of teacher effort, for a school in the not-proficient vs. proficient state. The interim assessment is valuable under low budget levels if the achievement gap factor is high and under moderate budget levels if it is low. For "proficient'' schools, if the probability of moving to the proficient state without additional teacher effort is zero, the school district should invest in an interim assessment if the budget is moderate and the achievement gap factor is high.
{"title":"Too Much Information: When Does Additional Testing Benefit Schools?","authors":"Vanitha Virudachalam, Sergei Savin, Matthew P. Steinberg","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3884543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3884543","url":null,"abstract":"In the United States, most K-12 students now take annual standardized tests. As a result, school districts that traditionally utilized ongoing \"formative'' assessments of student progress increasingly rely on additional \"interim\" assessments to predict student performance on standardized tests. Moreover, some districts are experimenting with merit-based teacher incentives tied to student performance on state tests. We examine the relationship between predictive midyear assessments and teacher incentives using a two-period principal-agent model. The school district (principal) decides whether to implement interim assessments and how much merit pay to offer, while teachers (agents) choose how much effort to exert each period. We use two-state (\"proficient\" vs. \"not proficient'') Markovian dynamics to describe the evolution of student test readiness. Our results indicate that even free interim assessments are not always beneficial. For \"not-proficient'' schools, interim assessments only improve performance if the probability of achieving proficiency absent additional teacher effort is non-zero. The interim assessment's value is shaped by the merit-pay budget and the \"achievement gap factor,'' the ratio of probabilities of achieving proficiency, under the same level of teacher effort, for a school in the not-proficient vs. proficient state. The interim assessment is valuable under low budget levels if the achievement gap factor is high and under moderate budget levels if it is low. For \"proficient'' schools, if the probability of moving to the proficient state without additional teacher effort is zero, the school district should invest in an interim assessment if the budget is moderate and the achievement gap factor is high.","PeriodicalId":149553,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Public Service Delivery eJournal","volume":"368 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132704819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The surveys conducted by the RANEPA’s Center for Lifelong Learning Economics have shown that parents and secondary school teachers alike believe that the pandemic has not significantly affected the school system’s performance in preparing students for their final exams. Nevertheless, children from low-income families and those living in rural areas were found to be the most vulnerable to the effects of containment measures and the switchover to online learning. This circumstance may contribute to the increasing inequality in educational opportunities for young people, including in the field of secondary vocational education.
{"title":"The Unified State Exam (USE) and the Quality of Secondary School Education: the Consequences of the Pandemic","authors":"T. Klyachko, E. Semionova, G. Tokareva","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3881636","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3881636","url":null,"abstract":"The surveys conducted by the RANEPA’s Center for Lifelong Learning Economics have shown that parents and secondary school teachers alike believe that the pandemic has not significantly affected the school system’s performance in preparing students for their final exams. Nevertheless, children from low-income families and those living in rural areas were found to be the most vulnerable to the effects of containment measures and the switchover to online learning. This circumstance may contribute to the increasing inequality in educational opportunities for young people, including in the field of secondary vocational education.","PeriodicalId":149553,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Public Service Delivery eJournal","volume":"21 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133811105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-29DOI: 10.29076/issn.2602-8379vol5iss9.2021pp46-57p
Jennifer Andrea Mayorga Parra Mayorga Parra, Vladimir Vega Flacón
Resumen: La conexión establecida con los cuidadores primarios, originan estilos de apego, que se vinculan a la manera en que se regula las emociones sobre todo en momentos de crisis y/o demandas exigentes del medio. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar la relación entre los estilos de apego y la regulación emocional en estudiantes universitarios, a través de una investigación relacional, observacional, prospectiva, transversal y analítica. Se evaluó a una población de 294 estudiantes universitarios ecuatorianos (23,80 % hombres; 76,20 % mujeres), a quienes se les aplicó el Cuestionario Cartes: Modéles Individuelles de Relations para evaluar estilos de apego y el Cuestionario de Regulación Emocional para medir regulación emocional. En cuanto a los estilos de apego: el 39,79 % presentó apego seguro; el 35,37 % apego evitativo y el 24,82 % apego preocupado. Mientras que, en el uso de estrategias de regulación emocional: en un nivel alto, la reevaluación cognitiva 70,06 % fue superior a la supresión emocional 58,16 %; sin embargo, ésta última en niveles inferiores, se manifestó con un 41,83 % en comparación con la reevaluación cognitiva 29,92 %. Un análisis integral de los resultados de las subvariables de cada variable, permite concluir que los estilos de apego se correlacionan con la regulación emocional.
{"title":"Relación entre estilos de apego y estrategias de regulación emocional en estudiantes universitarios (Relationship Between Attachment Styles and Emotional Regulation Strategies in University Students)","authors":"Jennifer Andrea Mayorga Parra Mayorga Parra, Vladimir Vega Flacón","doi":"10.29076/issn.2602-8379vol5iss9.2021pp46-57p","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29076/issn.2602-8379vol5iss9.2021pp46-57p","url":null,"abstract":"Resumen: La conexión establecida con los cuidadores primarios, originan estilos de apego, que se vinculan a la manera en que se regula las emociones sobre todo en momentos de crisis y/o demandas exigentes del medio. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar la relación entre los estilos de apego y la regulación emocional en estudiantes universitarios, a través de una investigación relacional, observacional, prospectiva, transversal y analítica. Se evaluó a una población de 294 estudiantes universitarios ecuatorianos (23,80 % hombres; 76,20 % mujeres), a quienes se les aplicó el Cuestionario Cartes: Modéles Individuelles de Relations para evaluar estilos de apego y el Cuestionario de Regulación Emocional para medir regulación emocional. En cuanto a los estilos de apego: el 39,79 % presentó apego seguro; el 35,37 % apego evitativo y el 24,82 % apego preocupado. Mientras que, en el uso de estrategias de regulación emocional: en un nivel alto, la reevaluación cognitiva 70,06 % fue superior a la supresión emocional 58,16 %; sin embargo, ésta última en niveles inferiores, se manifestó con un 41,83 % en comparación con la reevaluación cognitiva 29,92 %. Un análisis integral de los resultados de las subvariables de cada variable, permite concluir que los estilos de apego se correlacionan con la regulación emocional.","PeriodicalId":149553,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Public Service Delivery eJournal","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124359751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The actual economic system can't support future population increases because it's based on linear economies with "take-make-dispose" principles. Resources are limited and are overexploited. In this way, they will end and sustainable principles alone aren't sufficient, even if people are more consciuous of sustainability relevance today. Here, we can see the relevance of Circular economy, a new concept that was born in the last years. It's a useful instrument that can be used tounderstand what is happening worldwide, highlighting the importance of recycling and of giving a second chance to products that are ending their product life cycle. This paper is mainly focused on the current situation of Italy waste management system and potentialities. It describes what has been done until today and explains which are future challenges. It also proposes some solutions that can be implemented.
{"title":"Potential Development of Waste Management in Italy","authors":"Alessandra Ruffini","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3895734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3895734","url":null,"abstract":"The actual economic system can't support future population increases because it's based on linear economies with \"take-make-dispose\" principles. Resources are limited and are overexploited. In this way, they will end and sustainable principles alone aren't sufficient, even if people are more consciuous of sustainability relevance today. Here, we can see the relevance of Circular economy, a new concept that was born in the last years. It's a useful instrument that can be used tounderstand what is happening worldwide, highlighting the importance of recycling and of giving a second chance to products that are ending their product life cycle. This paper is mainly focused on the current situation of Italy waste management system and potentialities. It describes what has been done until today and explains which are future challenges. It also proposes some solutions that can be implemented.","PeriodicalId":149553,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Public Service Delivery eJournal","volume":"28 11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129287529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Polish abstract: Dzięki nowoczesnym mediom problem surowcowo-energetyczny, mający miejsce w stosunkach międzynarodowych przestał być punktem zainteresowania jedynie wąskiej grupy naukowców, a stał się codziennym niemal tematem relacji telewizyjnych i gazetowych, nie mówiąc już o tym, że trudno jest wyobrazić dzisiejszy świat bez paliw kopalnych. Kwestie energetyczne były jednym z głównych środków nacisku, który został zastosowany przez Rosję w stosunku do Czeczenii. Punktem docelowym działań Rosji było przekształcenie Czeczenii z eksportera ropy, w całkowicie uzależnionego od Federacji Rosyjskiej odbiorcę energii. Artykuł stanowi próbę określenia znaczenia problemu surowcowo- energetycznego w konflikcie rosyjsko-czeczeńskim, tak jak polityka Rosji wobec konfliktu z Czeczenią może budzić pewne kontrowersje. Artykuł ten zawiera szeroką analizę problemu badawczego wraz z wnioskami, wyciągniętymi na podstawie literatury przedmiotu oraz rozważań własnych. English abstract: Thanks to modern media, the problem of raw materials and energy in international relations has ceased to be the focus of interest only for a small group of scientists, and has become an almost everyday topic of television and newspaper reports, not to mention the fact that it is difficult to imagine today's world without fossil fuels. The energy issue was one of the main means of pressure Russia used against Chechnya. The target of Russia's actions was to transform Chechnya from an oil exporter into a recipient of energy completely dependent on the Russian Federation. The article is an attempt to define the significance of the raw material and energy problem in the Russian-Chechen conflict, just as Russia's policy towards the conflict with Chechnya may raise some controversy. This article contains a broad analysis of the research problem along with conclusions drawn on the basis of the literature on the subject and own considerations.
{"title":"GLOBALISTYKA PROBLEMU SUROWCOWO-ENERGETYCZNEGO ORAZ KONFLIKT ROSYJSKO-CZECZEŃSKI (Globalistics of the Raw Material and Energy Problem and the Russian-Czech Republic Conflict)","authors":"Sofiya Lutsiv","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3875722","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3875722","url":null,"abstract":"Polish abstract: Dzięki nowoczesnym mediom problem surowcowo-energetyczny, mający miejsce w stosunkach międzynarodowych przestał być punktem zainteresowania jedynie wąskiej grupy naukowców, a stał się codziennym niemal tematem relacji telewizyjnych i gazetowych, nie mówiąc już o tym, że trudno jest wyobrazić dzisiejszy świat bez paliw kopalnych. Kwestie energetyczne były jednym z głównych środków nacisku, który został zastosowany przez Rosję w stosunku do Czeczenii. Punktem docelowym działań Rosji było przekształcenie Czeczenii z eksportera ropy, w całkowicie uzależnionego od Federacji Rosyjskiej odbiorcę energii. Artykuł stanowi próbę określenia znaczenia problemu surowcowo- energetycznego w konflikcie rosyjsko-czeczeńskim, tak jak polityka Rosji wobec konfliktu z Czeczenią może budzić pewne kontrowersje. Artykuł ten zawiera szeroką analizę problemu badawczego wraz z wnioskami, wyciągniętymi na podstawie literatury przedmiotu oraz rozważań własnych. English abstract: Thanks to modern media, the problem of raw materials and energy in international relations has ceased to be the focus of interest only for a small group of scientists, and has become an almost everyday topic of television and newspaper reports, not to mention the fact that it is difficult to imagine today's world without fossil fuels. The energy issue was one of the main means of pressure Russia used against Chechnya. The target of Russia's actions was to transform Chechnya from an oil exporter into a recipient of energy completely dependent on the Russian Federation. The article is an attempt to define the significance of the raw material and energy problem in the Russian-Chechen conflict, just as Russia's policy towards the conflict with Chechnya may raise some controversy. This article contains a broad analysis of the research problem along with conclusions drawn on the basis of the literature on the subject and own considerations.","PeriodicalId":149553,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Public Service Delivery eJournal","volume":"213 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130308164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The construct of resilience to the Sierra Leonean for adapting to crisis and disaster is anchored to and from a more direct and inherent panache with the traditional traits and strength-based problem focus approach to life. The scholarly gap in understanding collectivistic dynamics in resilience remains unexplored in the context of Sierra Leone's unique resilient attributes. Therefore, this review examined the community resilience with the disaster Shock Resistant Model (SRM) within the cultural background of Sierra Leone. The result may help disaster response managers review, design, and implement community reconstruction programs in post-disaster intervention programs.
{"title":"Sierra Leone's Pliability to Crisis and Disaster: A Shock Resistance Model","authors":"A. Frazer","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3864467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3864467","url":null,"abstract":"The construct of resilience to the Sierra Leonean for adapting to crisis and disaster is anchored to and from a more direct and inherent panache with the traditional traits and strength-based problem focus approach to life. The scholarly gap in understanding collectivistic dynamics in resilience remains unexplored in the context of Sierra Leone's unique resilient attributes. Therefore, this review examined the community resilience with the disaster Shock Resistant Model (SRM) within the cultural background of Sierra Leone. The result may help disaster response managers review, design, and implement community reconstruction programs in post-disaster intervention programs.","PeriodicalId":149553,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Public Service Delivery eJournal","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115318221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The notion that human rights are to be enjoyed on individual basis no longer holds sway in both international, regional and domestic laws. Human rights jurisprudence has evolved to recognize the existence of rights to be enjoyed by a group of people. This recognition is indeed necessary noting the massive human rights violation of ethnic and national groups in various climes and neglect of these groups in the scheme of development. A result of the aforementioned is the growing advocacy for what is termed "Rights of Indigenous People". Globally, human rights advocates, observers and even groups identifying as indigenous people have embraced the task of carving out these rights within an existent human rights framework and seeking the special recognition of these rights in novel legal instruments. However, this growing advocacy has not successfully resolved the agitations of the indigenous Niger Delta people in Nigeria, who are plagued by abject poverty and environmental hazards despite being the Nigerian resource hub. The re-echoing question has been whether the Niger Delta people can be considered as indigenous people, thus entitling them to benefit from the rights enjoyable by such a group. This paper advocate for the recognition of the Niger Delta people as indigenous people, drawing inspiration from international law and Canadian jurisprudence.
{"title":"The Rights of Indigenous People in Oil Producing Communities: A Case Study of the Niger-Delta People of Nigeria","authors":"M. Kadiri","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3862622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3862622","url":null,"abstract":"The notion that human rights are to be enjoyed on individual basis no longer holds sway in both international, regional and domestic laws. Human rights jurisprudence has evolved to recognize the existence of rights to be enjoyed by a group of people. This recognition is indeed necessary noting the massive human rights violation of ethnic and national groups in various climes and neglect of these groups in the scheme of development. A result of the aforementioned is the growing advocacy for what is termed \"Rights of Indigenous People\". Globally, human rights advocates, observers and even groups identifying as indigenous people have embraced the task of carving out these rights within an existent human rights framework and seeking the special recognition of these rights in novel legal instruments. However, this growing advocacy has not successfully resolved the agitations of the indigenous Niger Delta people in Nigeria, who are plagued by abject poverty and environmental hazards despite being the Nigerian resource hub. The re-echoing question has been whether the Niger Delta people can be considered as indigenous people, thus entitling them to benefit from the rights enjoyable by such a group. This paper advocate for the recognition of the Niger Delta people as indigenous people, drawing inspiration from international law and Canadian jurisprudence.","PeriodicalId":149553,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Public Service Delivery eJournal","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127837888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Jenet, S. Nik, L. Mian, S. Schmidtler, A. Annunziato, M. Marin-Ferrer, J. Mccourt, A. Lequarré, A. Ganesh, F. Taucer
The Joint Research Centre in collaboration with the European standardization bodies CEN and CENELEC launched a scoping exercise on standardization needs in response to COVID-19 and future pandemics. The purpose of the exercise was to identify ongoing harmonization initiatives, as was well as further standardization needs in relevant sectors such as artisanal reusable face masks, medical face masks, and social distancing in closed public or commercial spaces. An overview of already ongoing standardization activities relevant to COVID-19 in Spain and Italy illustrate, although fragmented and partially complete, the importance of standardization in key sectors for combatting pandemics, such as in health, social, safety and security. This report informs colleagues in European institutions and Member States about the crucial role standardization plays in the common efforts to overcome the COVID-19 pandemic. Examples include potential inputs to the drafting of guidelines, methods and or interoperability standards. Finally, the report also provides practical examples of agile standardization activities and deliverables that have the potential to enable the EU to respond more effectively and multilaterally to future crises. With this report we aim to raise awareness about the opportunities that standardization and harmonization can bring in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.
{"title":"Putting Science into Standards (PSIS): Standardization Needs for Improved Management of COVID-19 (A JRC Scoping Exercise on Potential Standardization Gaps)","authors":"A. Jenet, S. Nik, L. Mian, S. Schmidtler, A. Annunziato, M. Marin-Ferrer, J. Mccourt, A. Lequarré, A. Ganesh, F. Taucer","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3888173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3888173","url":null,"abstract":"The Joint Research Centre in collaboration with the European standardization bodies CEN and CENELEC launched a scoping exercise on standardization needs in response to COVID-19 and future pandemics. The purpose of the exercise was to identify ongoing harmonization initiatives, as was well as further standardization needs in relevant sectors such as artisanal reusable face masks, medical face masks, and social distancing in closed public or commercial spaces. An overview of already ongoing standardization activities relevant to COVID-19 in Spain and Italy illustrate, although fragmented and partially complete, the importance of standardization in key sectors for combatting pandemics, such as in health, social, safety and security. This report informs colleagues in European institutions and Member States about the crucial role standardization plays in the common efforts to overcome the COVID-19 pandemic. Examples include potential inputs to the drafting of guidelines, methods and or interoperability standards. Finally, the report also provides practical examples of agile standardization activities and deliverables that have the potential to enable the EU to respond more effectively and multilaterally to future crises. With this report we aim to raise awareness about the opportunities that standardization and harmonization can bring in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.","PeriodicalId":149553,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Public Service Delivery eJournal","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129828615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-30DOI: 10.22904/SJE.2021.34.2.001
Young-Joo Kim, V. Daly
We investigate the effect of education on mid-life obesity, with particular attention to potential heterogeneity across the Body Mass Index (BMI) distribution. Applying quantile regression methods to British men and women, we first find that childhood and parental BMI are critical determinants of obesity in middle age. We then establish that even when controlling for various weight-related factors in childhood and a potential endogeneity bias, a higher education level reduces the probability of being obese in middle age. We show that this education effect is obtained by a compression of the distribution of BMI (kg/m2) and a shifting of its center leftward toward a more healthy BMI range. We further show that income and physical activity are important channels of the education effect, and the significant effect of education at the upper quantile of the BMI distribution is neither a disguised income effect nor a healthy behavior effect.
{"title":"The Distributional Effect of Education on Body Mass","authors":"Young-Joo Kim, V. Daly","doi":"10.22904/SJE.2021.34.2.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22904/SJE.2021.34.2.001","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate the effect of education on mid-life obesity, with particular attention to potential heterogeneity across the Body Mass Index (BMI) distribution. Applying quantile regression methods to British men and women, we first find that childhood and parental BMI are critical determinants of obesity in middle age. We then establish that even when controlling for various weight-related factors in childhood and a potential endogeneity bias, a higher education level reduces the probability of being obese in middle age. We show that this education effect is obtained by a compression of the distribution of BMI (kg/m2) and a shifting of its center leftward toward a more healthy BMI range. We further show that income and physical activity are important channels of the education effect, and the significant effect of education at the upper quantile of the BMI distribution is neither a disguised income effect nor a healthy behavior effect.","PeriodicalId":149553,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Public Service Delivery eJournal","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128046928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Capitation payment models have been increasingly adopted by the payers in the U.S. healthcare market during the past decade. However, healthcare services provided in Medicare Advantage (MA), the largest capitation program in the U.S., have been suggested to be more appealing to healthier patients and less appealing to sicker patients. The mismatch between a patient's health status and the benefits she gets from MA suggests that there may be a misallocation problem in MA. Despite extensive research on Medicare capitation program, little is known about how MA health plans actually allocate these capitation payments to different patients due to limited access to MA health plans' claims data. This paper utilizes a large commercial insurance database containing claims from more than 2 million MA enrollees to study the allocation problem of MA capitation payments. We empirically demonstrate that MA inadvertently incentivizes MA health plans to reallocate parts of the capitation payments from the sick to cross subsidize the healthy. By exploiting an exogenous policy shock on MA capitation payments through a Difference-in-Difference (DID) design, we identify, the first time in the literature, this reverse cross subsidization practice. Furthermore, we show that the reverse cross subsidization practice is associated with the risk selection problem in MA, where low-risk patients are more likely to enroll in MA compared to the high-risk patients.
{"title":"Reverse Cross Subsidization in Healthcare Capitation Programs: Evidence from Medicare Advantage","authors":"Zhaowei She, T. Ayer, Bilal Gokpinar, D. Hughes","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3856673","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3856673","url":null,"abstract":"Capitation payment models have been increasingly adopted by the payers in the U.S. healthcare market during the past decade. However, healthcare services provided in Medicare Advantage (MA), the largest capitation program in the U.S., have been suggested to be more appealing to healthier patients and less appealing to sicker patients. The mismatch between a patient's health status and the benefits she gets from MA suggests that there may be a misallocation problem in MA. Despite extensive research on Medicare capitation program, little is known about how MA health plans actually allocate these capitation payments to different patients due to limited access to MA health plans' claims data. This paper utilizes a large commercial insurance database containing claims from more than 2 million MA enrollees to study the allocation problem of MA capitation payments. We empirically demonstrate that MA inadvertently incentivizes MA health plans to reallocate parts of the capitation payments from the sick to cross subsidize the healthy. By exploiting an exogenous policy shock on MA capitation payments through a Difference-in-Difference (DID) design, we identify, the first time in the literature, this reverse cross subsidization practice. Furthermore, we show that the reverse cross subsidization practice is associated with the risk selection problem in MA, where low-risk patients are more likely to enroll in MA compared to the high-risk patients.<br>","PeriodicalId":149553,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Public Service Delivery eJournal","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131827901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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