Building a quality culture is a long-haul journey that requires educational, cultural, social, political, and economic considerations and the collaboration of all stakeholders. This paper examines Herman Daly's perspective on the quality infrastructure impact for sustainable development. Specifically, the paper addressed the complications of sustainable development raised by Herman Daly while highlighting quality infrastructure components relevant to sustainable development. From the paper, it can be concluded that sustainable development, which is developed through sustainable infrastructure, can be derived from a quality policy that creates the arrangement for the implementation of quality infrastructure. Furthermore, it was noted that an infrastructural system that is sustainable integrates efficient forms of transportation, energy, and telecommunication. These can assist in unlocking the economic potentials of several developing countries.
{"title":"A Possible Answer to Herman Daly's Dilemma: Building Quality Infrastructure for Sustainable Development","authors":"A. Opeoluwa","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3922356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3922356","url":null,"abstract":"Building a quality culture is a long-haul journey that requires educational, cultural, social, political, and economic considerations and the collaboration of all stakeholders. This paper examines Herman Daly's perspective on the quality infrastructure impact for sustainable development. Specifically, the paper addressed the complications of sustainable development raised by Herman Daly while highlighting quality infrastructure components relevant to sustainable development. From the paper, it can be concluded that sustainable development, which is developed through sustainable infrastructure, can be derived from a quality policy that creates the arrangement for the implementation of quality infrastructure. Furthermore, it was noted that an infrastructural system that is sustainable integrates efficient forms of transportation, energy, and telecommunication. These can assist in unlocking the economic potentials of several developing countries.","PeriodicalId":149553,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Public Service Delivery eJournal","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124521338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This essay evolved from my keynote address for the plenary session of the ASEAN Conference for Young Scientists 2019 organized by the ASEAN Secretariat, Vietnam Ministry of Science and Technology—whose main theme is sustainability science—organized at Hanoi-based Phenikaa University. It has also benefited from my advisory work for the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
{"title":"From Children’s Literature to Sustainability Science, and Young Scientists for a More Sustainable Earth","authors":"Q. Vuong","doi":"10.31219/osf.io/nvg2q","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/nvg2q","url":null,"abstract":"This essay evolved from my keynote address for the plenary session of the ASEAN Conference for Young Scientists 2019 organized by the ASEAN Secretariat, Vietnam Ministry of Science and Technology—whose main theme is sustainability science—organized at Hanoi-based Phenikaa University. It has also benefited from my advisory work for the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).","PeriodicalId":149553,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Public Service Delivery eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115868598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Cabral, Bokyung Kim, Maya Rossin-Slater, Molly Schnell, H. Schwandt
A growing number of American children are exposed to gun violence at their schools, but little is known about the impacts of this exposure on their human capital attainment and economic well-being. This paper studies the causal effects of exposure to shootings at schools on children’s educational and economic outcomes, using individual-level longitudinal administrative data from Texas. We analyze the universe of shootings at Texas public schools that occurred between 1995 and 2016, and match schools that experienced shootings with observationally similar control schools in other districts. We use difference-in-differences models that leverage within-individual and across-cohort variation in shooting exposure within matched school groups to estimate the short- and long-run impacts of shootings on students attending these schools at the time of the shooting. We find that shooting-exposed students have an increased absence rate and are more likely to be chronically absent and repeat a grade in the two years following the event. We also find adverse long-term impacts on the likelihood of high school graduation, college enrollment and graduation, as well as employment and earnings at ages 24-26. Heterogeneity analyses by student and school characteristics indicate that the detrimental impacts of shootings are universal, with most sub-groups being affected.
{"title":"Trauma at School: The Impacts of Shootings on Students&Apos; Human Capital and Economic Outcomes","authors":"M. Cabral, Bokyung Kim, Maya Rossin-Slater, Molly Schnell, H. Schwandt","doi":"10.3386/w28311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w28311","url":null,"abstract":"A growing number of American children are exposed to gun violence at their schools, but little is known about the impacts of this exposure on their human capital attainment and economic well-being. This paper studies the causal effects of exposure to shootings at schools on children’s educational and economic outcomes, using individual-level longitudinal administrative data from Texas. We analyze the universe of shootings at Texas public schools that occurred between 1995 and 2016, and match schools that experienced shootings with observationally similar control schools in other districts. We use difference-in-differences models that leverage within-individual and across-cohort variation in shooting exposure within matched school groups to estimate the short- and long-run impacts of shootings on students attending these schools at the time of the shooting. We find that shooting-exposed students have an increased absence rate and are more likely to be chronically absent and repeat a grade in the two years following the event. We also find adverse long-term impacts on the likelihood of high school graduation, college enrollment and graduation, as well as employment and earnings at ages 24-26. Heterogeneity analyses by student and school characteristics indicate that the detrimental impacts of shootings are universal, with most sub-groups being affected.","PeriodicalId":149553,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Public Service Delivery eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129434919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In California 38% of students are either current or former English Learners (ELs). A crucial decision in their educational trajectory is when to reclassify ELs. Upon reclassification, ELs cease to receive language supports, but have more opportunities to take the same courses as fluent English speakers. This paper uses regression discontinuity in California’s two largest school districts to ask: “Are ELs being reclassified at the right time?” In most cases the districts were reclassifying students appropriately, with no discontinuity for outcomes including test scores and graduation on time. Exceptions in which those meeting the reclassification criteria subsequently performed worse were resolved with Los Angeles’s newer reclassification policy.
{"title":"Effects of English Learner Reclassification Policies on Academic Trajectories","authors":"J. Betts, K. Bachofer, A. Zau","doi":"10.3386/w28188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w28188","url":null,"abstract":"In California 38% of students are either current or former English Learners (ELs). A crucial decision in their educational trajectory is when to reclassify ELs. Upon reclassification, ELs cease to receive language supports, but have more opportunities to take the same courses as fluent English speakers. This paper uses regression discontinuity in California’s two largest school districts to ask: “Are ELs being reclassified at the right time?” In most cases the districts were reclassifying students appropriately, with no discontinuity for outcomes including test scores and graduation on time. Exceptions in which those meeting the reclassification criteria subsequently performed worse were resolved with Los Angeles’s newer reclassification policy.","PeriodicalId":149553,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Public Service Delivery eJournal","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133766780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article analyzes the relationship between the development of large energy business, and the concept of sustainable development in modern conditions. The main aspects of social and ethical marketing are discussed and its significance for modern business is revealed. The modern concepts of sustainable development and corporate social responsibility and their interdependence are analyzed, the characteristics of the fundamental international documents in this area are given. Socio-ethical marketing is becoming an essential tool of corporate social responsibility. In turn, corporate social responsibility is the main contribution of large business in the implementation of the concept of sustainable development, especially for companies in the oil and gas sector. A prerequisite for the sustainable development of a business is the adoption of targeted programs for its development, including plans for all divisions of the company to achieve target indicators (in the social, economic and ecological areas), ensuring the stability of the company's functioning, as well as continuous monitoring of their implementation.
Special attention is paid to the problems of environmental pollution by energy companies, alternative electric power industry, as well as the analysis of non-financial reporting. In the conclusion, the participation of large Russian businesses in the implementation of the concept of sustainable development and the introduction of the basic principles of social marketing into their activities is discussed.
{"title":"Ecological Vector of Social Responsibility in Energy Companies","authors":"A. Dementieva, M. Sokolova","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3735441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3735441","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyzes the relationship between the development of large energy business, and the concept of sustainable development in modern conditions. The main aspects of social and ethical marketing are discussed and its significance for modern business is revealed. The modern concepts of sustainable development and corporate social responsibility and their interdependence are analyzed, the characteristics of the fundamental international documents in this area are given. Socio-ethical marketing is becoming an essential tool of corporate social responsibility. In turn, corporate social responsibility is the main contribution of large business in the implementation of the concept of sustainable development, especially for companies in the oil and gas sector. A prerequisite for the sustainable development of a business is the adoption of targeted programs for its development, including plans for all divisions of the company to achieve target indicators (in the social, economic and ecological areas), ensuring the stability of the company's functioning, as well as continuous monitoring of their implementation.<br><br>Special attention is paid to the problems of environmental pollution by energy companies, alternative electric power industry, as well as the analysis of non-financial reporting. In the conclusion, the participation of large Russian businesses in the implementation of the concept of sustainable development and the introduction of the basic principles of social marketing into their activities is discussed.<br>","PeriodicalId":149553,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Public Service Delivery eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126924976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The COVID-19 pandemic closed schools at one point for over 1.6 billion children, with potentially long-term consequences. This paper provides some of the first experimental evidence on strategies to minimize the fallout of the pandemic on learning. We evaluate two low-technology interventions to substitute schooling during this period: SMS text messages and direct phone calls. We conduct a rapid trial in Botswana to inform real-time policy responses, collecting data in multiple waves. We find that phone calls and SMS messages result in cost-effective learning gains of 0.12 standard deviations. We cross-randomize targeted instruction, customizing instruction to a child’s learning level using data collected during the trial. We find evidence that targeted instruction can be more effective than non-targeted instruction, especially for SMS messages which have no effect on their own if they are not targeted. Learning gains are robust to a variety of tests, such as randomized problems of the same proficiency and measures of effort on the test. Parents update their beliefs about their child’s learning in tandem with progress and they feel greater self-efficacy to support their child’s learning. The “low-tech” interventions tested have immediate policy relevance and could have long-run implications for the role of technology and parents as substitutes or complements to the traditional education system.
{"title":"School's Out: Experimental Evidence on Limiting Learning Loss Using “Low-Tech” in a Pandemic","authors":"N. Angrist, Peter Bergman, Moitshepi Matsheng","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3735967","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3735967","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic closed schools at one point for over 1.6 billion children, with potentially long-term consequences. This paper provides some of the first experimental evidence on strategies to minimize the fallout of the pandemic on learning. We evaluate two low-technology interventions to substitute schooling during this period: SMS text messages and direct phone calls. We conduct a rapid trial in Botswana to inform real-time policy responses, collecting data in multiple waves. We find that phone calls and SMS messages result in cost-effective learning gains of 0.12 standard deviations. We cross-randomize targeted instruction, customizing instruction to a child’s learning level using data collected during the trial. We find evidence that targeted instruction can be more effective than non-targeted instruction, especially for SMS messages which have no effect on their own if they are not targeted. Learning gains are robust to a variety of tests, such as randomized problems of the same proficiency and measures of effort on the test. Parents update their beliefs about their child’s learning in tandem with progress and they feel greater self-efficacy to support their child’s learning. The “low-tech” interventions tested have immediate policy relevance and could have long-run implications for the role of technology and parents as substitutes or complements to the traditional education system.","PeriodicalId":149553,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Public Service Delivery eJournal","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127168679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper compares provision of public infrastructure via public-private partnerships (PPPs) with provision under government management. Due to soft budget constraints of government management, PPPs exert more effort and therefore have a cost advantage in building infrastructure. At the same time, hard budget constraints for PPPs introduce a bankruptcy risk and bankruptcy costs. Consequently, if bankruptcy costs are high, PPPs may be less efficient than public management, although this does not result from PPPs’ higher interest costs.
{"title":"Financing Costs and the Efficiency of Public-Private Partnerships","authors":"Besart Avdiu, Alfons J. Weichenrieder","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3732107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3732107","url":null,"abstract":"The paper compares provision of public infrastructure via public-private partnerships (PPPs) with provision under government management. Due to soft budget constraints of government management, PPPs exert more effort and therefore have a cost advantage in building infrastructure. At the same time, hard budget constraints for PPPs introduce a bankruptcy risk and bankruptcy costs. Consequently, if bankruptcy costs are high, PPPs may be less efficient than public management, although this does not result from PPPs’ higher interest costs.","PeriodicalId":149553,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Public Service Delivery eJournal","volume":"13 6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121036249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I study how motivation shapes own and peers' educational success. Using data from Project STAR, I find that academic motivation in early elementary school, as measured by a standardized psychological test, predicts contemporaneous and future test scores, high school GPA, and college-test taking over and above cognitive skills. Exploiting random assignment of students to classes, I find that exposure to motivated classmates causally affects contemporaneous reading achievement, a peer effect that operates over and above spillovers from classmates' past achievement and socio-demographic composition. However, peer motivation does not affect longer-term educational success, likely because it does not change own motivation.
{"title":"Own Motivation, Peer Motivation, and Educational Success","authors":"Jan Bietenbeck","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3730470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3730470","url":null,"abstract":"I study how motivation shapes own and peers' educational success. Using data from Project STAR, I find that academic motivation in early elementary school, as measured by a standardized psychological test, predicts contemporaneous and future test scores, high school GPA, and college-test taking over and above cognitive skills. Exploiting random assignment of students to classes, I find that exposure to motivated classmates causally affects contemporaneous reading achievement, a peer effect that operates over and above spillovers from classmates' past achievement and socio-demographic composition. However, peer motivation does not affect longer-term educational success, likely because it does not change own motivation.","PeriodicalId":149553,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Public Service Delivery eJournal","volume":"92 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128021312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elisa V. Mariscal, A. Elbittar, M. Cave, Rubén Guerrero, Antonio Garcia-Zaballos, E. Iglesias, W. Webb
The appearance and spread of COVID-19 have accentuated the connectivity and digitization lag in Latin American and Caribbean countries. The lockdowns imposed to reduce the spread of the virus increased the demand for digital tools that would allow economic, educational, and social activities to continue remotely. Despite the significant increase in the coverage of broadband networks in the region, there are still few activities that can be carried out remotely. This may be due to a lack of connectivity for a significant number of people, or to the difficulty for various actors in accelerating their digital transformation. This paper intends to assist policymakers in determining what measure might best assist countries given their circumstances.
{"title":"The Impact of Digital Infrastructure on the Consequences of COVID-19 and on the Mitigation of Future Effects","authors":"Elisa V. Mariscal, A. Elbittar, M. Cave, Rubén Guerrero, Antonio Garcia-Zaballos, E. Iglesias, W. Webb","doi":"10.18235/0002809","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18235/0002809","url":null,"abstract":"The appearance and spread of COVID-19 have accentuated the connectivity and digitization lag in Latin American and Caribbean countries. The lockdowns imposed to reduce the spread of the virus increased the demand for digital tools that would allow economic, educational, and social activities to continue remotely. Despite the significant increase in the coverage of broadband networks in the region, there are still few activities that can be carried out remotely. This may be due to a lack of connectivity for a significant number of people, or to the difficulty for various actors in accelerating their digital transformation. This paper intends to assist policymakers in determining what measure might best assist countries given their circumstances.","PeriodicalId":149553,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Public Service Delivery eJournal","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131424425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rachel Fulcher Dawson, M. Kearney, James X. Sullivan
We describe the challenge of college non-completion in the U.S. and a variety of explanations for the high rate of non-completion. We then provide an overview of the implementation of and evidence from eight specific college completion interventions designed to increase college completion rates through a comprehensive set of services. The eight interventions that we review have all been implemented in the past decade and have been evaluated through randomized controlled trials (RCT). After we describe the eight featured programs and the evidence on their effectiveness, we discuss the potential to replicate these programs and deliver them at scale. Finally, we offer some recommendations for future research, with the goal of establishing a body of practical evidence for organizations and policymakers to learn from as they work to address the college completion crisis.
{"title":"Comprehensive Approaches to Increasing Student Completion in Higher Education: A Survey of the Landscape","authors":"Rachel Fulcher Dawson, M. Kearney, James X. Sullivan","doi":"10.3386/w28046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w28046","url":null,"abstract":"We describe the challenge of college non-completion in the U.S. and a variety of explanations for the high rate of non-completion. We then provide an overview of the implementation of and evidence from eight specific college completion interventions designed to increase college completion rates through a comprehensive set of services. The eight interventions that we review have all been implemented in the past decade and have been evaluated through randomized controlled trials (RCT). After we describe the eight featured programs and the evidence on their effectiveness, we discuss the potential to replicate these programs and deliver them at scale. Finally, we offer some recommendations for future research, with the goal of establishing a body of practical evidence for organizations and policymakers to learn from as they work to address the college completion crisis.","PeriodicalId":149553,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Public Service Delivery eJournal","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114430729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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