Pub Date : 2020-10-05DOI: 10.47992/ijcsbe.2581.6942.0086
Ganesha H. R., P. Aithal
Among about 993 universities and approximately 50,000 higher education institutions (HIEs) in India, the Government of India (GoI) has identified a few institutes and accorded them Institutes of National Importance (INI) status. The key assumption was that these institutes would set higher quality standards for other HEIs in the country by delivering world-class research output that is capable of contributing to the overall social and economic development of the country by choosing the research areas that demonstrate National level importance. Undoubtedly, Retail Management education/research is one such area. Besides, these institutes would adopt unbiased practices in the process of student’s admission and recruitment of faculty members that would set higher quality standards for other HEIs to follow. It is evident that these institutes have adopted a transparent and unbiased practice in admitting students, but there is no evidence of such practice in the process of recruitment of faculty members. In this study, we have evaluated the research interests of 1,361 faculty members working in the Department of Management Studies of these institutes. Going by the definition of favoritism by Arasli and Tumer (2008), that is, “the provision of special privilege to friends, colleagues, and acquaintances, in areas of employment, career and personnel decisions,” the results indicate a significant level of favoritism in the recruitment of faculty members at these institutes and this practice whether or not adopted consciously is implicitly affecting the Retail Management education/research in India negatively.
{"title":"The Implicit Impact on Retail Management Education /Research in India Owing to Favoritism in the Recruitment of Faculty Members at IIMs, IITs, NITs, IIITs, IISc, and NITIE","authors":"Ganesha H. R., P. Aithal","doi":"10.47992/ijcsbe.2581.6942.0086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47992/ijcsbe.2581.6942.0086","url":null,"abstract":"Among about 993 universities and approximately 50,000 higher education institutions (HIEs) in India, the Government of India (GoI) has identified a few institutes and accorded them Institutes of National Importance (INI) status. The key assumption was that these institutes would set higher quality standards for other HEIs in the country by delivering world-class research output that is capable of contributing to the overall social and economic development of the country by choosing the research areas that demonstrate National level importance. Undoubtedly, Retail Management education/research is one such area. Besides, these institutes would adopt unbiased practices in the process of student’s admission and recruitment of faculty members that would set higher quality standards for other HEIs to follow. It is evident that these institutes have adopted a transparent and unbiased practice in admitting students, but there is no evidence of such practice in the process of recruitment of faculty members. In this study, we have evaluated the research interests of 1,361 faculty members working in the Department of Management Studies of these institutes. Going by the definition of favoritism by Arasli and Tumer (2008), that is, “the provision of special privilege to friends, colleagues, and acquaintances, in areas of employment, career and personnel decisions,” the results indicate a significant level of favoritism in the recruitment of faculty members at these institutes and this practice whether or not adopted consciously is implicitly affecting the Retail Management education/research in India negatively.","PeriodicalId":149553,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Public Service Delivery eJournal","volume":"90 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125128126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article defends the position that the right of armed self-defense remains important today, in particular in light of the civil unrest of the Summer of 2020. The article proceeds in three parts. The first part will summarize arguments from various prominent commentators that the right to self-defense with firearms is anachronistic in the contemporary United States. These critics argue that Americans can and should rely solely on their local professional police force to protect them. The second part of the article will focus on how this argument has been undermined by recent events. This part documents in great detail the failures of law enforcement in reaction to looting, rioting, and other forms of illegal behavior that threatened the well-being of the public. First, many police departments received implicit or explicit orders from their political supervisors to “stand down.” Second, in many instances, the police themselves were unwilling or unable to combat lawless behavior. If police consistently fail to enforce law and order, the argument against the individual right to bear arms for self-defense purposes significantly weakens. Finally, the last part of the article will discuss examples of individuals and groups of citizens using firearms in self-defense during the recent unrest in the absence of effective law enforcement. Some of these episodes are open to criticism, whether on the grounds that one believes that it’s never worth using or even threatening to use deadly force to defend property, or because the line between justified self-defense and unjustified vigilantism is not always a clear one. Nevertheless, if law enforcement is unwilling or unable to preserve basic law and order, it’s both inevitable that citizens will try to fill the breach, and desirable that law-abiding individuals should be given the means to do so.
{"title":"The Right to Armed Self-Defense in Light of Law Enforcement Abdication","authors":"D. Bernstein","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.3703927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.3703927","url":null,"abstract":"This article defends the position that the right of armed self-defense remains important today, in particular in light of the civil unrest of the Summer of 2020. The article proceeds in three parts. The first part will summarize arguments from various prominent commentators that the right to self-defense with firearms is anachronistic in the contemporary United States. These critics argue that Americans can and should rely solely on their local professional police force to protect them. \u0000 \u0000The second part of the article will focus on how this argument has been undermined by recent events. This part documents in great detail the failures of law enforcement in reaction to looting, rioting, and other forms of illegal behavior that threatened the well-being of the public. First, many police departments received implicit or explicit orders from their political supervisors to “stand down.” Second, in many instances, the police themselves were unwilling or unable to combat lawless behavior. If police consistently fail to enforce law and order, the argument against the individual right to bear arms for self-defense purposes significantly weakens. \u0000 \u0000Finally, the last part of the article will discuss examples of individuals and groups of citizens using firearms in self-defense during the recent unrest in the absence of effective law enforcement. Some of these episodes are open to criticism, whether on the grounds that one believes that it’s never worth using or even threatening to use deadly force to defend property, or because the line between justified self-defense and unjustified vigilantism is not always a clear one. Nevertheless, if law enforcement is unwilling or unable to preserve basic law and order, it’s both inevitable that citizens will try to fill the breach, and desirable that law-abiding individuals should be given the means to do so.","PeriodicalId":149553,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Public Service Delivery eJournal","volume":"356 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122802587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the context of industrial movement, firms face a trade-off between increasing agglomeration benefits and rising costs for doing business along the high-speed rail (HSR) corridors, given that they promote market integration and strengthen agglomeration economies. This study examines the causal impact of the HSR extension on the industrial movement patterns in China’s Greater Bay Area (GBA). We analyze two firm-level datasets for the period 2007–2018 using the difference-in-differences method. We find that large-scale manufacturing firms exhibit a decentralization trend in the central GBA after the HSR extension, but that service sectors show a clustering pattern in GBA. However, this pattern differs between GBA and other regions, urban districts, and suburban counties, which highlights the redistribution effect of the HSR extension on the industrial growth across regions. These findings have important implications for industrial policymaking, as they help decision-makers reflect on the potential industrial movement trend in relation to the impact of HSR expansion.
{"title":"High-Speed Rail and Industrial Movement: Evidence from China’s Greater Bay Area","authors":"Z. Chang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3695790","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3695790","url":null,"abstract":"In the context of industrial movement, firms face a trade-off between increasing agglomeration benefits and rising costs for doing business along the high-speed rail (HSR) corridors, given that they promote market integration and strengthen agglomeration economies. This study examines the causal impact of the HSR extension on the industrial movement patterns in China’s Greater Bay Area (GBA). We analyze two firm-level datasets for the period 2007–2018 using the difference-in-differences method. We find that large-scale manufacturing firms exhibit a decentralization trend in the central GBA after the HSR extension, but that service sectors show a clustering pattern in GBA. However, this pattern differs between GBA and other regions, urban districts, and suburban counties, which highlights the redistribution effect of the HSR extension on the industrial growth across regions. These findings have important implications for industrial policymaking, as they help decision-makers reflect on the potential industrial movement trend in relation to the impact of HSR expansion.","PeriodicalId":149553,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Public Service Delivery eJournal","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128619045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We examine market reactions to farmout agreements, a popular form of strategic alliance, undertaken by oil and gas firms worldwide. This study is motivated by a gap in the literature regarding empirical studies of farmout arrangements. Using a sample of 589 farmor and 389 farminee announcements over 722 farmout agreements during the period 1990−2016, we document significant market reactions in order of 3.6% over a three-day event window to the farmors. Cross-sectional regressions of event returns provide results consistent with the resource pooling and expertise hypotheses. Furthermore, we also find evidence consistent with farmout agreements as real options by showing that farmors’ stock prices are sensitive to the underlying oil price uncertainty.
{"title":"Wealth Effects of Farmout Arrangements in the Oil and Gas Industry","authors":"Luiz Fernando Distadio, Andrew Ferguson, P. Lam","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3444028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3444028","url":null,"abstract":"We examine market reactions to farmout agreements, a popular form of strategic alliance, undertaken by oil and gas firms worldwide. This study is motivated by a gap in the literature regarding empirical studies of farmout arrangements. Using a sample of 589 farmor and 389 farminee announcements over 722 farmout agreements during the period 1990−2016, we document significant market reactions in order of 3.6% over a three-day event window to the farmors. Cross-sectional regressions of event returns provide results consistent with the resource pooling and expertise hypotheses. Furthermore, we also find evidence consistent with farmout agreements as real options by showing that farmors’ stock prices are sensitive to the underlying oil price uncertainty.","PeriodicalId":149553,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Public Service Delivery eJournal","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124135436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The preceding unusual in the financial activities of the government revealed by the auditor-general on the financial health of the country has drawn the attention of the public of the wrongdoing and audit queries observed the audit. The study investigated the roles of internal audit in the misappropriation of public funds. Primary data was our main source of data and structured questionnaire was designed to collate data from the audit and account department of the selected ministries. The descriptive statistics and least square regression analysis was used to test the hypotheses premise. From the analytical output, our study found that Effectiveness of Internal Audit (EIA) is negatively statistical not significant with the misappropriation of funds (MF) in the public sector. On the other hand, Internal Control System (ICS) was positive and statistically significant which implies that an efficient internal control system help to fight against misappropriation of funds in public place. Our study recommended that management and top executives saddle running an entity/managerial function should upgrade the competency of the audit/account department personnel for proper effective internal control Audit system in other to avoid the misappropriation of resources; There should be a good feedback mechanism and whistle blowing system. Keywords: Misappropriation, Internal Audit, Internal Control System, Public Sector DOI: 10.7176/RJFA/11-16-08 Publication date: August 31 st 2020
{"title":"Internal Audit and Fund Misappropriation in the Public Sector of Nigeria","authors":"Promise Nkak","doi":"10.7176/rjfa/11-16-08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/rjfa/11-16-08","url":null,"abstract":"The preceding unusual in the financial activities of the government revealed by the auditor-general on the financial health of the country has drawn the attention of the public of the wrongdoing and audit queries observed the audit. The study investigated the roles of internal audit in the misappropriation of public funds. Primary data was our main source of data and structured questionnaire was designed to collate data from the audit and account department of the selected ministries. The descriptive statistics and least square regression analysis was used to test the hypotheses premise. From the analytical output, our study found that Effectiveness of Internal Audit (EIA) is negatively statistical not significant with the misappropriation of funds (MF) in the public sector. On the other hand, Internal Control System (ICS) was positive and statistically significant which implies that an efficient internal control system help to fight against misappropriation of funds in public place. Our study recommended that management and top executives saddle running an entity/managerial function should upgrade the competency of the audit/account department personnel for proper effective internal control Audit system in other to avoid the misappropriation of resources; There should be a good feedback mechanism and whistle blowing system. Keywords: Misappropriation, Internal Audit, Internal Control System, Public Sector DOI: 10.7176/RJFA/11-16-08 Publication date: August 31 st 2020","PeriodicalId":149553,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Public Service Delivery eJournal","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115274942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hacking is becoming more common and dangerous. The challenge of dealing with hacking often comes from the fact that much of our wisdom about conventional crime cannot be directly applied to understand hacking behavior. Against this backdrop, hacking studies are reviewed in view of the new features of cybercrime and how these features affect the application of the classical economic theory of crime in the cyberspace. Most findings of hacking studies can be interpreted with a parsimonious demand-and-supply framework. Hackers decide whether and how much to “supply” hacking by calculating the return on hacking over other opportunities. Defenders optimally tolerate some level of hacking risks because defense is costly. This tolerance can be interpreted as an indirect “demand” for hacking. Variations in law enforcement, hacking benefits, hacking costs, legal alternatives, private defense, and the dual-use problem can variously affect the supply or demand for hacking, and in turn the equilibrium amount of hacking in the market. Overall, it is suggested that the classical economic theory of crime remains a powerful framework to explain hacking behaviors. However, the application of this theory calls for considerations of different assumptions and driving forces, such as psychological motives and economies of scale in offenses, that are often less prevalent in conventional (offline) criminal behaviors but that tend to underscore hacking in the cyberspace.
{"title":"The Economics of Hacking","authors":"K. Hui, Jiali Zhou","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3695381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3695381","url":null,"abstract":"Hacking is becoming more common and dangerous. The challenge of dealing with hacking often comes from the fact that much of our wisdom about conventional crime cannot be directly applied to understand hacking behavior.\u0000 Against this backdrop, hacking studies are reviewed in view of the new features of cybercrime and how these features affect the application of the classical economic theory of crime in the cyberspace. Most findings of hacking studies can be interpreted with a parsimonious demand-and-supply framework. Hackers decide whether and how much to “supply” hacking by calculating the return on hacking over other opportunities. Defenders optimally tolerate some level of hacking risks because defense is costly. This tolerance can be interpreted as an indirect “demand” for hacking. Variations in law enforcement, hacking benefits, hacking costs, legal alternatives, private defense, and the dual-use problem can variously affect the supply or demand for hacking, and in turn the equilibrium amount of hacking in the market. Overall, it is suggested that the classical economic theory of crime remains a powerful framework to explain hacking behaviors. However, the application of this theory calls for considerations of different assumptions and driving forces, such as psychological motives and economies of scale in offenses, that are often less prevalent in conventional (offline) criminal behaviors but that tend to underscore hacking in the cyberspace.","PeriodicalId":149553,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Public Service Delivery eJournal","volume":"560 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123519690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Financial aid from the Susan Thompson Buffett Foundation (STBF) provides exceptionally generous support to a college population similar to that served by a host of state aid programs. In conjunction with STBF, we randomly assigned aid awards to thousands of Nebraska high school graduates from low-income, minority, and first-generation college households. Randomly- assigned STBF awards boost bachelor's (BA) degree completion for students targeting four-year schools by about 8 points. Degree gains are concentrated among four-year applicants who would otherwise have been unlikely to pursue a four-year program. Degree effects are mediated by award-induced increases in credits earned towards a BA in the first year of college. The extent of initial four-year college engagement explains heterogeneous effects by target campus and across covariate subgroups. Most program spending is a transfer, reducing student debt without affecting degree attainment. Award-induced marginal spending is modest. The projected lifetime earnings impact of awards exceeds marginal educational spending for all of the subgroups examined in the study. Projected earnings gains exceed funder costs for low-income, non-white, urban, and first-generation students, and for students with relatively weak academic preparation.
{"title":"Marginal Effects of Merit Aid for Low-Income Students","authors":"J. Angrist, David Autor, Amanda Pallais","doi":"10.3386/W27834","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W27834","url":null,"abstract":"Financial aid from the Susan Thompson Buffett Foundation (STBF) provides exceptionally generous support to a college population similar to that served by a host of state aid programs. In conjunction with STBF, we randomly assigned aid awards to thousands of Nebraska high school graduates from low-income, minority, and first-generation college households. Randomly- assigned STBF awards boost bachelor's (BA) degree completion for students targeting four-year schools by about 8 points. Degree gains are concentrated among four-year applicants who would otherwise have been unlikely to pursue a four-year program. Degree effects are mediated by award-induced increases in credits earned towards a BA in the first year of college. The extent of initial four-year college engagement explains heterogeneous effects by target campus and across covariate subgroups. Most program spending is a transfer, reducing student debt without affecting degree attainment. Award-induced marginal spending is modest. The projected lifetime earnings impact of awards exceeds marginal educational spending for all of the subgroups examined in the study. Projected earnings gains exceed funder costs for low-income, non-white, urban, and first-generation students, and for students with relatively weak academic preparation.","PeriodicalId":149553,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Public Service Delivery eJournal","volume":"108 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132619955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines the advantages and drawbacks of alternative methods of estimating oil supply and oil demand elasticities and of incorporating this information into structural VAR models. I not only summarize the state of the literature, but also draw attention to a number of econometric problems that have been overlooked in this literature. Once these problems are recognized, seemingly conflicting conclusions in the recent literature can be resolved. My analysis reaffirms the conclusion that the one-month oil supply elasticity is close to zero, which implies that oil demand shocks are the dominant driver of the real price of oil. The focus of this paper is not only on correcting some misunderstandings in the recent literature, but on the substantive and methodological insights generated by this exchange, which are of broader interest to applied researchers.
{"title":"Understanding the Estimation of Oil Demand and Oil Supply Elasticities","authors":"L. Kilian","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3759333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3759333","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the advantages and drawbacks of alternative methods of estimating oil supply and oil demand elasticities and of incorporating this information into structural VAR models. I not only summarize the state of the literature, but also draw attention to a number of econometric problems that have been overlooked in this literature. Once these problems are recognized, seemingly conflicting conclusions in the recent literature can be resolved. My analysis reaffirms the conclusion that the one-month oil supply elasticity is close to zero, which implies that oil demand shocks are the dominant driver of the real price of oil. The focus of this paper is not only on correcting some misunderstandings in the recent literature, but on the substantive and methodological insights generated by this exchange, which are of broader interest to applied researchers.","PeriodicalId":149553,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Public Service Delivery eJournal","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123703227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
COVID-19 is exposing the fundamentally unsound nature of successive government policies and higher education institutions. Many institutions were in a weak financial position before the pandemic and are now facing a massive cash-flow crisis. These difficulties could permanently decrease the demand for higher education places. The pandemic has crystallised pre-existing concerns that there is something awry with the product and services universities offer, and how the system is run and financed. The UK higher education policy has been heading in the wrong direction since the mid-1980s, and there is no evidence that the UK’s economic performance has been elevated by the expansion in the number of graduates. On the contrary, it has led to overextension, increased financial fragility, and a system that fails to meet labour market needs. These problems cannot be resolved by a continuation or expansion of previous policies;instead, wholesale reform may be required. Different kinds of institutions could be recognised and encouraged, and they could be organised in different ways, with different kinds of funding and missions. If calls for a bailout are resisted, universities will not be able to continue as before. Moving their funding out of current government spending could give them greater independence and responsibility. Ultimately, there is a case for stopping the use of higher education as a validation device for employers. Alternative, lower-cost methods could be adopted to certify the qualities and abilities that a degree currently signals.
{"title":"To a Radical Degree: Reshaing the Uk's Higher Education for the Post-pandemic World","authors":"S. Davies","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3851942","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3851942","url":null,"abstract":"COVID-19 is exposing the fundamentally unsound nature of successive government policies and higher education institutions. Many institutions were in a weak financial position before the pandemic and are now facing a massive cash-flow crisis. These difficulties could permanently decrease the demand for higher education places. The pandemic has crystallised pre-existing concerns that there is something awry with the product and services universities offer, and how the system is run and financed. The UK higher education policy has been heading in the wrong direction since the mid-1980s, and there is no evidence that the UK’s economic performance has been elevated by the expansion in the number of graduates. On the contrary, it has led to overextension, increased financial fragility, and a system that fails to meet labour market needs. These problems cannot be resolved by a continuation or expansion of previous policies;instead, wholesale reform may be required. Different kinds of institutions could be recognised and encouraged, and they could be organised in different ways, with different kinds of funding and missions. If calls for a bailout are resisted, universities will not be able to continue as before. Moving their funding out of current government spending could give them greater independence and responsibility. Ultimately, there is a case for stopping the use of higher education as a validation device for employers. Alternative, lower-cost methods could be adopted to certify the qualities and abilities that a degree currently signals.","PeriodicalId":149553,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Public Service Delivery eJournal","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126740751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Morgan, M. B. Kao, L. Kilvington, R. Alexander, Y. Gheraibia
The purpose of this deliverable is to provide a single point of reference on the safety, regulatory and liability issues for operating robots in the European Union. The deliverable describes a state of the art and the well-known normative frameworks for assuring safety on the one hand and examines the regulatory and legal liability issues related to operating robots on the other.
We organised the report based on the required structure of the deliverable with taking into consideration the different robots technologies, as recognised at the European Union and international level.
This deliverable is closely related to other deliverables which describe the current state of the arts and normative framework from a different point of view. This review report is intended as a guiding document to be used by all project partners.
There is currently no single framework to regulate robotics technology in Europe. Different types of robots, depending on where they operate—which Member State and in the air, on land, or in the waters—may be subject to various existing laws or regulations on the international, European Union, Member State levels. The regulations include legal standards and industry guidelines on the robot technologies themselves and on the developers, manufacturers, suppliers, and operators that must be met before these new technologies can be legally and safely deployed. Specific types of robots are subject to different regulatory regimes, and depending on the type of the robot, the applicable regulations may be harmonised across Europe or differ in each Member State.
Current liability regimes on the EU and Member State levels govern the situations in which the humans associated with the robots are civilly liable for the damage they cause to property or injuries to persons. The appropriate legal regime could be fault-based, strict liability, or product liability depending on the particular circumstances. While existing laws are sufficient to address liability issues given the current state of the technology, further scientific advances that lead to increasingly sophisticated robots may raise problems on how to appropriately assign responsibility.
{"title":"Review of Legal Frameworks, Standards and Best Practices in Verification and Assurance for Infrastructure Inspection Robotics","authors":"P. Morgan, M. B. Kao, L. Kilvington, R. Alexander, Y. Gheraibia","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3645997","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3645997","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this deliverable is to provide a single point of reference on the safety, regulatory and liability issues for operating robots in the European Union. The deliverable describes a state of the art and the well-known normative frameworks for assuring safety on the one hand and examines the regulatory and legal liability issues related to operating robots on the other.<br><br>We organised the report based on the required structure of the deliverable with taking into consideration the different robots technologies, as recognised at the European Union and international level.<br><br>This deliverable is closely related to other deliverables which describe the current state of the arts and normative framework from a different point of view. This review report is intended as a guiding document to be used by all project partners.<br><br>There is currently no single framework to regulate robotics technology in Europe. Different types of robots, depending on where they operate—which Member State and in the air, on land, or in the waters—may be subject to various existing laws or regulations on the international, European Union, Member State levels. The regulations include legal standards and industry guidelines on the robot technologies themselves and on the developers, manufacturers, suppliers, and operators that must be met before these new technologies can be legally and safely deployed. Specific types of robots are subject to different regulatory regimes, and depending on the type of the robot, the applicable regulations may be harmonised across Europe or differ in each Member State.<br><br>Current liability regimes on the EU and Member State levels govern the situations in which the humans associated with the robots are civilly liable for the damage they cause to property or injuries to persons. The appropriate legal regime could be fault-based, strict liability, or product liability depending on the particular circumstances. While existing laws are sufficient to address liability issues given the current state of the technology, further scientific advances that lead to increasingly sophisticated robots may raise problems on how to appropriately assign responsibility.","PeriodicalId":149553,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy - Development: Public Service Delivery eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129687542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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