Ethnic-racial identity (ERI) is an important psychological construct that can have significant implications for individuals' positive development and adjustment. The multifaceted nature of ERI has been well documented, and scholars have identified clear distinctions between process and content dimensions of ERI. ERI affect is among the most widely studied dimensions of ERI. In this article, I revisit the theoretical and empirical foundations on which the conceptualization and measurement of ERI affect have been grounded, and present findings that suggest that distinctions between positive and negative affect are necessary. I also draw on social identity and emotion science theories to explain the patterns of findings for positive and negative affect and offer suggestions for future theorizing and empirical work on ERI affect. Finally, I offer recommendations for revised interpretations of prior work, more refined measurement approaches for future work, and increased attention to the practice-based implications of research on ERI affect.
Interest in two-generation approaches to improve the developmental outcomes of children and their caregivers and the economic well-being of families has increased amid persistent child and family poverty worldwide. Grounded in a dual developmental science perspective and the theory of linked lives, these approaches maximize developmental potential by addressing the interrelated educational, economic, and developmental needs of children and their caregivers. They offer coordinated, aligned, and simultaneous services for at least two generations in the same family. In this article, we propose that from a global perspective, two-generation approaches that harness synergies among children and their caregivers are likely to be more effective than single-generation approaches in alleviating poverty and improving human development. We identify five models in different geographic regions of the world that promote the development of young children (0–6 years), the education and livelihood of their caregivers, and the well-being of both, which we group by type of program: quality child care, early childhood development + nonformal education for parents, and cash transfers + parenting. We close with a call for more research on two-generation programs and policies globally.
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