Pub Date : 2021-04-22DOI: 10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I230198
A. Asowata-Ayodele, G. Otunola, A. Afolayan
The two South African spices named Lippia javanica (Izinziniba) and Foeniculum vulgare (Imbambosi) were studied for its proximate principles, minerals, vitamins and anti-nutrients properties. The experiment shows that L. javanica had higher figure in its lipids, fibres and carbohydrates contents. This implies that L. javanica may help the body to maintain an internal distention for proper peristaltic movement of the intestinal tract than F. vulgare will do. While, the protein, ash, moisture contents were more in F. vulgare, this may be the reason, more elemental composition were observed in it because the level of ash, moisture and protein contents determines its minerals or inorganic components. Elements such as Nitrogen (N), Potassium (K), Magnesium (Mg) and Sodium (Na) were observed to be more to mentioned few, the Ca/P levels of both plants was observed to be more than 0.5 which is the minimum ratio required for favourable calcium absorption in the intestine for bone formation. Likewise both plants shows no significant differences in its anti-nutrients levels such as the phytate, oxalate and tannin contents, but L. javanica had more of Vitamin A and E levels, compared to F. vulgare with better Vitamin C, Cyanide and Saponin contents. In general, spices have been reported to contribute to the average Original Research Article Asowata-Ayodele et al.; JABB, 24(2): 15-23, 2021; Article no.JABB.67397 16 requirement for different nutrients. Polyphenols such as tannins have anticancer properties, so beverages such as green tea that contain large amount of these compounds might also be good for maintenance of human health despite its anti-nutrient properties. Comparatively, L. javanica has a better nutrient composition than F. vulgare.
{"title":"The Nutrient, Mineral and Anti-Nutrient Studies of Two Indigenous South African Spices","authors":"A. Asowata-Ayodele, G. Otunola, A. Afolayan","doi":"10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I230198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I230198","url":null,"abstract":"The two South African spices named Lippia javanica (Izinziniba) and Foeniculum vulgare (Imbambosi) were studied for its proximate principles, minerals, vitamins and anti-nutrients properties. The experiment shows that L. javanica had higher figure in its lipids, fibres and carbohydrates contents. This implies that L. javanica may help the body to maintain an internal distention for proper peristaltic movement of the intestinal tract than F. vulgare will do. While, the protein, ash, moisture contents were more in F. vulgare, this may be the reason, more elemental composition were observed in it because the level of ash, moisture and protein contents determines its minerals or inorganic components. Elements such as Nitrogen (N), Potassium (K), Magnesium (Mg) and Sodium (Na) were observed to be more to mentioned few, the Ca/P levels of both plants was observed to be more than 0.5 which is the minimum ratio required for favourable calcium absorption in the intestine for bone formation. Likewise both plants shows no significant differences in its anti-nutrients levels such as the phytate, oxalate and tannin contents, but L. javanica had more of Vitamin A and E levels, compared to F. vulgare with better Vitamin C, Cyanide and Saponin contents. In general, spices have been reported to contribute to the average Original Research Article Asowata-Ayodele et al.; JABB, 24(2): 15-23, 2021; Article no.JABB.67397 16 requirement for different nutrients. Polyphenols such as tannins have anticancer properties, so beverages such as green tea that contain large amount of these compounds might also be good for maintenance of human health despite its anti-nutrient properties. Comparatively, L. javanica has a better nutrient composition than F. vulgare.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"7 1","pages":"15-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87400371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-30DOI: 10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I230197
Milene Lopes da Silva, Márcia Pinheiro da Silva, José Dobles Dias dos Reis Júnior, C. Lima, Anderson de Oliveira Souza
Several compounds extracted from medicinal plants and their active ingredients can relieve symptoms and even cure diseases, although they occasionally have adverse effects. The knowledge of their properties has been transmitted over the centuries within and among human communities. Himatanthus sucuuba is an Amazon plant that has its value attributed to the different herbal impacts popularly reported. This review presents significant biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, anthelmintic, antileishmanial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antidepressant, immunoregulatory, cytotoxic, and genotoxic. Thus, provides a synopsis of the literature exploring the extracts of H. sucuuba to the Amazon region that could efficiently prevent pathologies associated with leishmaniosis, infection for bacteria or fungus, depression, oxidative stress, and cytotoxicity or genotoxicity. Review Article Silva et al.; JABB, 24(2): 1-14, 2021; Article no.JABB.66598 2
{"title":"Therapeutics Activities of Amazonian Plant Himatanthus sucuuba (Spruce ex Müll. Arg.) Woodson (Apocynaceae): A Review","authors":"Milene Lopes da Silva, Márcia Pinheiro da Silva, José Dobles Dias dos Reis Júnior, C. Lima, Anderson de Oliveira Souza","doi":"10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I230197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I230197","url":null,"abstract":"Several compounds extracted from medicinal plants and their active ingredients can relieve symptoms and even cure diseases, although they occasionally have adverse effects. The knowledge of their properties has been transmitted over the centuries within and among human communities. Himatanthus sucuuba is an Amazon plant that has its value attributed to the different herbal impacts popularly reported. This review presents significant biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, anthelmintic, antileishmanial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antidepressant, immunoregulatory, cytotoxic, and genotoxic. Thus, provides a synopsis of the literature exploring the extracts of H. sucuuba to the Amazon region that could efficiently prevent pathologies associated with leishmaniosis, infection for bacteria or fungus, depression, oxidative stress, and cytotoxicity or genotoxicity. Review Article Silva et al.; JABB, 24(2): 1-14, 2021; Article no.JABB.66598 2","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89872339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-25DOI: 10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I130196
K. Dölle, Q. Wang, J. Tong
Clean water is one of the most significant challenges for our society. Efficient reuse of effluent water after treatment can becomes an effective solution to the shortage of water resources. The focus of this study is to investigate the use of Eichhornia crassipes plants for post treatment of clarified municipal residential sewage under natural conditions using a small pilot Laboratory Water Hyacinth Clarifier system. Twelve Eichhornia crassipes plants are used to investigate total phosphorus and ammonia nitrogen removal during a 20-day study period under various retention rates. The biomass gain of the Eichhornia crassipes plants was 2.4-fold from the initial weight of 1556.5 g to 3676.7 g. Total phosphorous reduction of 10.64%, 11.83%, 20.93%, 41.66%, 67.12%, and 40.13% for the 1.5, 9.0, 12.0, 24.0, 48.0 h, and 120.0-hour retention times respectively. Ammonia nitrogen removal was between 35.71%, 33.33% for the 1.50 and 9.0-hour retention time and 42.85% for the 12.0 and 24.0-hour retention time. A reduction of 71.43% resulted for the 48.0-hour retention time and an 85.71% reduction for the 120.0-hour retention time. Overall retention time of 24.0 h, 48.0 h and 120 h tend to give best removal rates for both total phosphorus and ammonia nitrogen removal. Factors Original Research Article Dölle et al.; JABB, 24(1): 52-61, 2021; Article no.JABB.66324 53 such as climate, contaminant concentration, retention rate, and weather conditions play an important role for the application of Eichhornia crassipes in a tertiary treatment sequence of MRS.
{"title":"Water Hyacinths (Eichhornia crassipes) – Application for Secondary Wastewater Treatment and Biomass Production","authors":"K. Dölle, Q. Wang, J. Tong","doi":"10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I130196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I130196","url":null,"abstract":"Clean water is one of the most significant challenges for our society. Efficient reuse of effluent water after treatment can becomes an effective solution to the shortage of water resources. The focus of this study is to investigate the use of Eichhornia crassipes plants for post treatment of clarified municipal residential sewage under natural conditions using a small pilot Laboratory Water Hyacinth Clarifier system. Twelve Eichhornia crassipes plants are used to investigate total phosphorus and ammonia nitrogen removal during a 20-day study period under various retention rates. The biomass gain of the Eichhornia crassipes plants was 2.4-fold from the initial weight of 1556.5 g to 3676.7 g. Total phosphorous reduction of 10.64%, 11.83%, 20.93%, 41.66%, 67.12%, and 40.13% for the 1.5, 9.0, 12.0, 24.0, 48.0 h, and 120.0-hour retention times respectively. Ammonia nitrogen removal was between 35.71%, 33.33% for the 1.50 and 9.0-hour retention time and 42.85% for the 12.0 and 24.0-hour retention time. A reduction of 71.43% resulted for the 48.0-hour retention time and an 85.71% reduction for the 120.0-hour retention time. Overall retention time of 24.0 h, 48.0 h and 120 h tend to give best removal rates for both total phosphorus and ammonia nitrogen removal. Factors Original Research Article Dölle et al.; JABB, 24(1): 52-61, 2021; Article no.JABB.66324 53 such as climate, contaminant concentration, retention rate, and weather conditions play an important role for the application of Eichhornia crassipes in a tertiary treatment sequence of MRS.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"38 1","pages":"52-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87799828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-16DOI: 10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I130195
E. L. Iloanya, O. Nwodo, O. Ezeigwe, Ogochukwu Prince Alaebo, Nnanyelugo Benneth Enemchukwu, Okwuchukwu Bibian Aziagba, Ifeanyi Sunday Okpani
Introduction: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of fraction 2 (F2) of methanol extract of the seeds of Abrus precatorius on malondialdehyde and antioxidant level of alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar albino rats. Original Research Article Iloanya et al.; JABB, 24(1): 35-51, 2021; Article no.JABB.66274 36 Materials and Methods: The methanol extract of the seeds of A. precatorius Linn Fabaceae was fractionated by Sephadex G15. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal administration of alloxan at a dose of 150 mg/kg bodyweight. The phytochemical analysis and the biochemical parameters were investigated using standard diagnostic methods. Results: Both qualitative and quantitative analysis of F2 revealed the presence of high amounts of alkaloids (2000 ± 80 mg/100 g), flavonoids (158 ± 17.6 mg/100 g) and tannins (258 ± 45 mg/100 g) but low concentration of saponins (18.3 ± 2.43 mg/100 g). The malondialdehyde (MDA) level of all the test groups and the group treated with the standard drug decreased significantly (p<0.05) compared with that of untreated diabetic group. However, the catalase activity in all the test groups significantly increased (p<0.05) while the activity of superoxide dismutase increased significantly (p<0.05) in groups administered 20mg/kg of the fraction and the group pre-treated with 10mg/kg of the fraction compared with the diabetic untreated group. Similarly, the result revealed a significant increase (p<0.05) in non-enzymatic antioxidants such as reduced glutathione and vitamin E of the rats treated with graded doses of F2 while vitamin C showed significant (p<0.05) increase in normal control groups and pre-treated groups compared with the diabetic untreated. Studies on membrane stabilization using hypotonicity-induced red blood cell haemolysis revealed that the F2 of the methanol extract of the seeds of A. precatorius Linn inhibited haemolysis in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: The results obtained from this study revealed that the F2 fraction of the methanol extract of A. precatorius contain important phytochemicals found in the Fraction 2 (F2) however showed improvement in antioxidant defence as well as has a stabilizing effect on the membrane.
{"title":"Effects of a Fraction of the Methanol Extract of the Seeds of Abrus Precatorius on Malondialdehyde and Antioxidant Levels of Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats","authors":"E. L. Iloanya, O. Nwodo, O. Ezeigwe, Ogochukwu Prince Alaebo, Nnanyelugo Benneth Enemchukwu, Okwuchukwu Bibian Aziagba, Ifeanyi Sunday Okpani","doi":"10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I130195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I130195","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of fraction 2 (F2) of methanol extract of the seeds of Abrus precatorius on malondialdehyde and antioxidant level of alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar albino rats. Original Research Article Iloanya et al.; JABB, 24(1): 35-51, 2021; Article no.JABB.66274 36 Materials and Methods: The methanol extract of the seeds of A. precatorius Linn Fabaceae was fractionated by Sephadex G15. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal administration of alloxan at a dose of 150 mg/kg bodyweight. The phytochemical analysis and the biochemical parameters were investigated using standard diagnostic methods. Results: Both qualitative and quantitative analysis of F2 revealed the presence of high amounts of alkaloids (2000 ± 80 mg/100 g), flavonoids (158 ± 17.6 mg/100 g) and tannins (258 ± 45 mg/100 g) but low concentration of saponins (18.3 ± 2.43 mg/100 g). The malondialdehyde (MDA) level of all the test groups and the group treated with the standard drug decreased significantly (p<0.05) compared with that of untreated diabetic group. However, the catalase activity in all the test groups significantly increased (p<0.05) while the activity of superoxide dismutase increased significantly (p<0.05) in groups administered 20mg/kg of the fraction and the group pre-treated with 10mg/kg of the fraction compared with the diabetic untreated group. Similarly, the result revealed a significant increase (p<0.05) in non-enzymatic antioxidants such as reduced glutathione and vitamin E of the rats treated with graded doses of F2 while vitamin C showed significant (p<0.05) increase in normal control groups and pre-treated groups compared with the diabetic untreated. Studies on membrane stabilization using hypotonicity-induced red blood cell haemolysis revealed that the F2 of the methanol extract of the seeds of A. precatorius Linn inhibited haemolysis in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: The results obtained from this study revealed that the F2 fraction of the methanol extract of A. precatorius contain important phytochemicals found in the Fraction 2 (F2) however showed improvement in antioxidant defence as well as has a stabilizing effect on the membrane.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"45 1","pages":"35-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75815565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-16DOI: 10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I130194
O. Adedire, A. Atere, W. Ogundipe, A. Farinu
The use of Polyethylene or Polyethylene terephthalate (PE/PET) packaging bags for water in Nigeria has great marketing appeal to consumers. However, poor storage and display techniques could subject these products to microbial, physical and chemical deterioration. Sachet water samples commonly taken by staff and students of the Federal College of Agriculture, Ibadan were subjected to different storage conditions for three and five days. Physicochemical parameters of each water sample were determined through equilibrated devices and titrimetric or colorimetric assays, while aerobic bacteria were isolated through pour-plate method in Nutrient Agar. Exposure of sachet water to sunlight had significant effects on their physical, chemical and bacteriological properties. Highest chloride, calcium, alkalinity, hardness, sulphate and total dissolved solids (13.04 mg/L, 123.53 mg/L, 9.08 mg/L, 33.00 mg/L, 27.59 mg/L and 78.33 mg/L, respectively) were recorded in water samples exposed to indirect sunlight for 5 days. Samples stored at room temperature had the best physicochemical properties. Exposure to sunlight reduced the colony forming units of aerobic bacteria in all the water samples. Lowest bacterial count (0.33 × 10 3 CFU/mL) was observed in water sample exposed to sunlight for 5 days, while the highest count Original Research Article Adedire et al.; JABB, 24(1): 25-34, 2021; Article no.JABB.66080 26 (55.84 CFU/mL) was recorded in samples stored at room temperature. Sensory scores of water samples ranged between 8.33 and 10.00; however, these sensory properties were not significantly affected by their exposure to sunlight for up to 5 days. Sunlight exposure negatively affected the inner surface feel of water packs, sachets appeared slimy after direct and indirect exposure. The physicochemical and microbial changes observed in sunlight-exposed sachet water samples did not influence their organoleptic acceptability. Consequently, in addition to taste and biochemical analysis, the feel of water sachets could be an indication of structural disintegration and water contamination. In order to maintain the integrity of sachet water, products should be hygienically prepared and prevented from sunlight exposure during transportation and storage.
{"title":"Effects of Direct and Indirect Sunlight on Polythene Packs, Sensory, Microbial and Chemical Properties of Sachet Water","authors":"O. Adedire, A. Atere, W. Ogundipe, A. Farinu","doi":"10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I130194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I130194","url":null,"abstract":"The use of Polyethylene or Polyethylene terephthalate (PE/PET) packaging bags for water in Nigeria has great marketing appeal to consumers. However, poor storage and display techniques could subject these products to microbial, physical and chemical deterioration. Sachet water samples commonly taken by staff and students of the Federal College of Agriculture, Ibadan were subjected to different storage conditions for three and five days. Physicochemical parameters of each water sample were determined through equilibrated devices and titrimetric or colorimetric assays, while aerobic bacteria were isolated through pour-plate method in Nutrient Agar. Exposure of sachet water to sunlight had significant effects on their physical, chemical and bacteriological properties. Highest chloride, calcium, alkalinity, hardness, sulphate and total dissolved solids (13.04 mg/L, 123.53 mg/L, 9.08 mg/L, 33.00 mg/L, 27.59 mg/L and 78.33 mg/L, respectively) were recorded in water samples exposed to indirect sunlight for 5 days. Samples stored at room temperature had the best physicochemical properties. Exposure to sunlight reduced the colony forming units of aerobic bacteria in all the water samples. Lowest bacterial count (0.33 × 10 3 CFU/mL) was observed in water sample exposed to sunlight for 5 days, while the highest count Original Research Article Adedire et al.; JABB, 24(1): 25-34, 2021; Article no.JABB.66080 26 (55.84 CFU/mL) was recorded in samples stored at room temperature. Sensory scores of water samples ranged between 8.33 and 10.00; however, these sensory properties were not significantly affected by their exposure to sunlight for up to 5 days. Sunlight exposure negatively affected the inner surface feel of water packs, sachets appeared slimy after direct and indirect exposure. The physicochemical and microbial changes observed in sunlight-exposed sachet water samples did not influence their organoleptic acceptability. Consequently, in addition to taste and biochemical analysis, the feel of water sachets could be an indication of structural disintegration and water contamination. In order to maintain the integrity of sachet water, products should be hygienically prepared and prevented from sunlight exposure during transportation and storage.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"3 1","pages":"25-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82563412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-15DOI: 10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I130193
N. Egbe, Chukwu C. Onyedikachi, Ashiru M. Dantata, Surajo Jamaliddeen, A. Awanye
The recent COVID-19 pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV2) has taken the world by surprise since its outbreak in 2019, and as on February 2021, the world had experienced a total of 107,643,141 (one hundred and seven million, six hundred and forty-three thousand, one hundred and forty-one) confirmed infection cases and 2,358,244 (two million, three hundred and fifty-eight thousand, two hundred and forty-four) deaths world-wide. This virus, although less lethal than the previous human coronaviruses (SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV), is reported highly infectious and mutable. This has led to a concerted effort by numerous governments and private organisations to try and halt the spread of the virus through the development of highly effective therapeutic drugs or prophylactic therapy. There are various drugs, vaccines and other forms of Review Article Egbe et al.; JABB, 24(1): 12-24, 2021; Article no.JABB.65162 13 therapies currently being developed all over the world, with some at various clinical trial stages, with only one (Remdesivir) being fully approved treatment of the COVID-19 disease. The latest breakthrough with Dexamethasone has currently revealed the efficacy of the drug in treating critically ill and even mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients, and this has led to the approval of the drug by the United Kingdom and World Health Organization (WHO). The recent development of a protective SARS-CoV-2 vaccine has created hope for life and restoration of normalcy.
{"title":"The Coronavirus Disease of 2019: Prevention, Management and Treatment Strategies","authors":"N. Egbe, Chukwu C. Onyedikachi, Ashiru M. Dantata, Surajo Jamaliddeen, A. Awanye","doi":"10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I130193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I130193","url":null,"abstract":"The recent COVID-19 pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV2) has taken the world by surprise since its outbreak in 2019, and as on February 2021, the world had experienced a total of 107,643,141 (one hundred and seven million, six hundred and forty-three thousand, one hundred and forty-one) confirmed infection cases and 2,358,244 (two million, three hundred and fifty-eight thousand, two hundred and forty-four) deaths world-wide. This virus, although less lethal than the previous human coronaviruses (SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV), is reported highly infectious and mutable. This has led to a concerted effort by numerous governments and private organisations to try and halt the spread of the virus through the development of highly effective therapeutic drugs or prophylactic therapy. There are various drugs, vaccines and other forms of Review Article Egbe et al.; JABB, 24(1): 12-24, 2021; Article no.JABB.65162 13 therapies currently being developed all over the world, with some at various clinical trial stages, with only one (Remdesivir) being fully approved treatment of the COVID-19 disease. The latest breakthrough with Dexamethasone has currently revealed the efficacy of the drug in treating critically ill and even mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients, and this has led to the approval of the drug by the United Kingdom and World Health Organization (WHO). The recent development of a protective SARS-CoV-2 vaccine has created hope for life and restoration of normalcy.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"20 1","pages":"12-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86264827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-10DOI: 10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I130192
Aynias Seid, Berhanu Andualem
Climatic change has a great challenge to almost all human activities over the years. Continuous increase in climate change could have a negative effect on global food security. In order to feed the current ever-increasing world population, there is a need to double the rate of agricultural productivity. Biotechnology through genetic modification can contribute their incredible roles positively towards reducing vulnerability of natural and human systems to climate change effects including greenhouse gas reduction, and increase agricultural production on less land in helping to meet future food by the adoption of GM-crop traits such as herbicide-tolerant crops, drought-tolerant crops, insect-resistant crops, and high-yielding transgenic crops which counters the negative effects of climate change. It is important that bio-safety regulatory systems to be established and good policies formulated on agricultural development with the use of sustainable agricultural biotechnology with public-private partnership to effectively utilize modern biotechnology to enhance food security and mitigate climatic changes. Currently, modern biotechnology has encountered Review Article Seid and Andualem; JABB, 24(1): 1-11, 2021; Article no.JABB.62215 2 enormous public debates related to risks and benefits of genetically modified organisms in terms of human health, environment, socio-economic, and ethical and cultural concern issues. However, safe application of modern agricultural biotechnologies is significantly contributing to the current and future climate change adaptation and mitigation efforts, and greatly improve agricultural productivity and food security to ensure food availability or access to food for all and efficient utilization of food resources globally. This will ensure that the GM-crops have no adverse effect on living organisms and the environmentally safe. Therefore, the aim of this review paper was to assessed the current challenges and future perspectives of biotechnology through genetic modification for climate change adaptation and mitigation, and food security.
{"title":"The Role of Green Biotechnology through Genetic Engineering for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation, and for Food Security: Current Challenges and Future Perspectives","authors":"Aynias Seid, Berhanu Andualem","doi":"10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I130192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I130192","url":null,"abstract":"Climatic change has a great challenge to almost all human activities over the years. Continuous increase in climate change could have a negative effect on global food security. In order to feed the current ever-increasing world population, there is a need to double the rate of agricultural productivity. Biotechnology through genetic modification can contribute their incredible roles positively towards reducing vulnerability of natural and human systems to climate change effects including greenhouse gas reduction, and increase agricultural production on less land in helping to meet future food by the adoption of GM-crop traits such as herbicide-tolerant crops, drought-tolerant crops, insect-resistant crops, and high-yielding transgenic crops which counters the negative effects of climate change. It is important that bio-safety regulatory systems to be established and good policies formulated on agricultural development with the use of sustainable agricultural biotechnology with public-private partnership to effectively utilize modern biotechnology to enhance food security and mitigate climatic changes. Currently, modern biotechnology has encountered Review Article Seid and Andualem; JABB, 24(1): 1-11, 2021; Article no.JABB.62215 2 enormous public debates related to risks and benefits of genetically modified organisms in terms of human health, environment, socio-economic, and ethical and cultural concern issues. However, safe application of modern agricultural biotechnologies is significantly contributing to the current and future climate change adaptation and mitigation efforts, and greatly improve agricultural productivity and food security to ensure food availability or access to food for all and efficient utilization of food resources globally. This will ensure that the GM-crops have no adverse effect on living organisms and the environmentally safe. Therefore, the aim of this review paper was to assessed the current challenges and future perspectives of biotechnology through genetic modification for climate change adaptation and mitigation, and food security.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"58 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82980447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.9734/jabb/2021/v24i730224
E. Fagbohun, K. Ojo
Aims: This research work aims to determine the changes in nutritional (proximate, mineral) composition and mycoflora of Sorghum bicolor grains stored for 5 months in order to determine its fitness in meeting nutritional demand. Study Design: Experimental study design was carried out Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, from February 2017 to August 2018. Methodology: The grain was procured from Usi market in Usi-Ekiti. It was further sundried for seven days and stored in an airtight container in the laboratory at room temperature. They were visually examined for external changes on the caryopsis and cultured to determine the spoilage fungi. Mineral and proximate analyses were routinely carried out to determine the changes in nutrient composition. These analyses were carried out monthly for five months to determine the changes in physicochemical properties and mycoflora associated with Sorghum bicolor on storage. Results: During storage, spoilage such as external mouldiness, discoloration, musty odour and progressive depletion of external caryopsis were observed on the grain. Seven species of fungi namely Penicillium glabrum, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium spp., Fusarium spp., Alternaria spp., Aspergillus niger and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were isolated using a combination of direct plating, dilution and washing method. The colony count of the mycoflora population increased from 6 to 16 spore-forming units per gram. The proximate component comprising ash, moisture, crude protein, fat and fiber content decreased but an increase in carbohydrate content was recorded. A negative Pearson correlation (r = - .990) between crude protein and carbohydrate content was recorded. This was attributed to the presence of resistant starch in Sorghum bicolor and the use of alternative source(s) of carbon for energy by the fungi. The entire mineral component decreased during storage. Copper was the barest mineral while magnesium was the most stable mineral in the stored grain. Conclusion: Sorghum bicolor grains contain vital minerals and nutrients. Prolonged storage of Sorghum bicolor increased the mycoflora population and consequently decreased the nutrient composition excluding the carbohydrate component. Some minerals and proximate components of the grain were relatively stable while others experienced pronounced depletion. Nutritionally deficient grains may lead to malnutrition especially in growing animals and human populations were adequate minerals and nutrients are required for rapid growth.
{"title":"The Effects of Storage on Nutrient Composition and Mycoflora of Stored Guinea Corn (Sorghum bicolor) Grains","authors":"E. Fagbohun, K. Ojo","doi":"10.9734/jabb/2021/v24i730224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2021/v24i730224","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: This research work aims to determine the changes in nutritional (proximate, mineral) composition and mycoflora of Sorghum bicolor grains stored for 5 months in order to determine its fitness in meeting nutritional demand. Study Design: Experimental study design was carried out Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, from February 2017 to August 2018. Methodology: The grain was procured from Usi market in Usi-Ekiti. It was further sundried for seven days and stored in an airtight container in the laboratory at room temperature. They were visually examined for external changes on the caryopsis and cultured to determine the spoilage fungi. Mineral and proximate analyses were routinely carried out to determine the changes in nutrient composition. These analyses were carried out monthly for five months to determine the changes in physicochemical properties and mycoflora associated with Sorghum bicolor on storage. Results: During storage, spoilage such as external mouldiness, discoloration, musty odour and progressive depletion of external caryopsis were observed on the grain. Seven species of fungi namely Penicillium glabrum, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium spp., Fusarium spp., Alternaria spp., Aspergillus niger and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were isolated using a combination of direct plating, dilution and washing method. The colony count of the mycoflora population increased from 6 to 16 spore-forming units per gram. The proximate component comprising ash, moisture, crude protein, fat and fiber content decreased but an increase in carbohydrate content was recorded. A negative Pearson correlation (r = - .990) between crude protein and carbohydrate content was recorded. This was attributed to the presence of resistant starch in Sorghum bicolor and the use of alternative source(s) of carbon for energy by the fungi. The entire mineral component decreased during storage. Copper was the barest mineral while magnesium was the most stable mineral in the stored grain. Conclusion: Sorghum bicolor grains contain vital minerals and nutrients. Prolonged storage of Sorghum bicolor increased the mycoflora population and consequently decreased the nutrient composition excluding the carbohydrate component. Some minerals and proximate components of the grain were relatively stable while others experienced pronounced depletion. Nutritionally deficient grains may lead to malnutrition especially in growing animals and human populations were adequate minerals and nutrients are required for rapid growth.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"277 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80064757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.9734/jabb/2021/v24i730223
Sravani Nalapur, R. Ambati
Neuro-muscular disorders cause a series of serious complications in the human body, where some lead to considerable morbidity and mortality ocassionally. Neurological diseases result in dystrophy, inhibited growth, etc. This present review aimed to emphasize the employment of neurotoxins against neuro degenerative disorders. The source of neurotoxins includes botulinum (Clostridium botulinum), snakes like Vespa orientalis and some medically important arthropods like hornets and spiders. The review not only describes the potential of the neurotoxins in the treatment but also elucidates the mechanism of action of lethal toxins like botulinum. Safety and dosage regimens of various toxins with the help of proven study data would aid in endorsing researchers for further research on toxins making them more superior targeted drugs.
{"title":"A Review on Neurotoxins from Clostridium botulinum against Neuro-muscular Disorders","authors":"Sravani Nalapur, R. Ambati","doi":"10.9734/jabb/2021/v24i730223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2021/v24i730223","url":null,"abstract":"Neuro-muscular disorders cause a series of serious complications in the human body, where some lead to considerable morbidity and mortality ocassionally. Neurological diseases result in dystrophy, inhibited growth, etc. This present review aimed to emphasize the employment of neurotoxins against neuro degenerative disorders. The source of neurotoxins includes botulinum (Clostridium botulinum), snakes like Vespa orientalis and some medically important arthropods like hornets and spiders. The review not only describes the potential of the neurotoxins in the treatment but also elucidates the mechanism of action of lethal toxins like botulinum. Safety and dosage regimens of various toxins with the help of proven study data would aid in endorsing researchers for further research on toxins making them more superior targeted drugs.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76120722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.9734/jabb/2021/v24i730222
Y. M. Adeosun, O. O. Koyenikan, B. Oyewole
The escalating prices of petroleum fuels, the uncertainties in their supply and the wreckage of global climate caused by their continual use have rekindled research interests in the use of plant oil for fuels and other biofuels. Sponge gourd seeds were investigated for its biodiesel properties with the aim of determining the desirability of incorporating the oil into bio-fuel. The seeds were sourced for, processed and extracted while the bio-fuel oil obtained were analyzed. 31.0 Percentage (%) of oil yield was obtained from Luffa cylindrica seeds according to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and Association of Analytical Chemists (AOAC) Standards which were used to determine other Biofuel properties of luffa cylindrica seed. The laboratory analysis revealed that the oil obtained has higher viscosity at 40°C (15.55 mm2/s) which can perfectly meet up with an established standard of biodiesel on reduction after transesterification. The analysis obtained had a flash point of (150°C), Cetane number of (71.90), Refractive index of (1.645 nm), Acid value of (34.10 mg KOH/g) and Iodine value of (86.20 mgI2/g) obtained compared with most standard biodiesel which is in agreement with the specified ASTM biodiesel standard.
{"title":"Physical-Chemical Characterization of the Oil Extracted from Sponge Gourd (Luffa cylindrica) Seeds and Its Potential Application as Lipid-base Raw Material to Produce Biodiesel","authors":"Y. M. Adeosun, O. O. Koyenikan, B. Oyewole","doi":"10.9734/jabb/2021/v24i730222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2021/v24i730222","url":null,"abstract":"The escalating prices of petroleum fuels, the uncertainties in their supply and the wreckage of global climate caused by their continual use have rekindled research interests in the use of plant oil for fuels and other biofuels. Sponge gourd seeds were investigated for its biodiesel properties with the aim of determining the desirability of incorporating the oil into bio-fuel. The seeds were sourced for, processed and extracted while the bio-fuel oil obtained were analyzed. 31.0 Percentage (%) of oil yield was obtained from Luffa cylindrica seeds according to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and Association of Analytical Chemists (AOAC) Standards which were used to determine other Biofuel properties of luffa cylindrica seed. The laboratory analysis revealed that the oil obtained has higher viscosity at 40°C (15.55 mm2/s) which can perfectly meet up with an established standard of biodiesel on reduction after transesterification. The analysis obtained had a flash point of (150°C), Cetane number of (71.90), Refractive index of (1.645 nm), Acid value of (34.10 mg KOH/g) and Iodine value of (86.20 mgI2/g) obtained compared with most standard biodiesel which is in agreement with the specified ASTM biodiesel standard.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79438379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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