Pub Date : 2021-11-25DOI: 10.9734/jabb/2021/v24i930234
K. Williams, O. Agwa, G. Abu, O. Akaranta
Sophorolipid have been identified to possess varying antagonism relationship to a number microbiota, although having been identified as being ecologically friendly. The biosafety of biologically synthesized materials has been identified as a major challenge to commercialization and scale-up. Sophorolipid was produced by Candida haemulonis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in Palm oil mill effluent impacted soil in Emohua, Rivers State. Submerged fermentation was employed in the production of the sophorolipid while the Well-in-agar approach was employed in the antimicrobial susceptibility was conducted using 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% on both beneficial and pathogenic bacteria and fungi namely Staphylococcus sp, Nitrobacter sp, Klebsiella sp, Bacillus sp while the fungal flora were Aspergillus sp, Penicillium sp, Rhizopus sp, Candida sp, Mucor sp and Saccharomyces sp. Acute toxicity was conducted using Nitrobacter sp, Nitrosomonas sp and Thiobacillus sp. Probit based determination of acute toxicity after a 48hr and 96hr exposure to the test organisms. Antagonistic nature of the sophorolipids showed there was little or no antagonistic activity on the bacterial isolates than the fungal isolates. The sophorolipid formulation synthesized from both isolates were observed to have a zone of inhibition between 10 mm to 24 mm for Nitrosomonas sp. while to Aspergillus sp it had a range between 4.0 mm to 13.0 mm. Acute toxicity of sophorolipid produced by Candida haemulonis against Nitrosomonas sp 0.054 mg/L while to Thiobacillus sp it had an acute toxicity index of 0.107 mg/L. This study identified that the sophorolipid produced by the yeast isolate had the potential of being employed in a number of sectors. This study has pioneered the untapped benefits in the POME-induced flora and how they can be veritable tools in the biotechnology industry.
{"title":"Antimicrobial Activity and Toxicity of Sophorolipids Produced by Candida haemulonis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae against Some Selected Microorganisms","authors":"K. Williams, O. Agwa, G. Abu, O. Akaranta","doi":"10.9734/jabb/2021/v24i930234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2021/v24i930234","url":null,"abstract":"Sophorolipid have been identified to possess varying antagonism relationship to a number microbiota, although having been identified as being ecologically friendly. The biosafety of biologically synthesized materials has been identified as a major challenge to commercialization and scale-up. Sophorolipid was produced by Candida haemulonis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in Palm oil mill effluent impacted soil in Emohua, Rivers State. Submerged fermentation was employed in the production of the sophorolipid while the Well-in-agar approach was employed in the antimicrobial susceptibility was conducted using 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% on both beneficial and pathogenic bacteria and fungi namely Staphylococcus sp, Nitrobacter sp, Klebsiella sp, Bacillus sp while the fungal flora were Aspergillus sp, Penicillium sp, Rhizopus sp, Candida sp, Mucor sp and Saccharomyces sp. Acute toxicity was conducted using Nitrobacter sp, Nitrosomonas sp and Thiobacillus sp. Probit based determination of acute toxicity after a 48hr and 96hr exposure to the test organisms. Antagonistic nature of the sophorolipids showed there was little or no antagonistic activity on the bacterial isolates than the fungal isolates. The sophorolipid formulation synthesized from both isolates were observed to have a zone of inhibition between 10 mm to 24 mm for Nitrosomonas sp. while to Aspergillus sp it had a range between 4.0 mm to 13.0 mm. Acute toxicity of sophorolipid produced by Candida haemulonis against Nitrosomonas sp 0.054 mg/L while to Thiobacillus sp it had an acute toxicity index of 0.107 mg/L. This study identified that the sophorolipid produced by the yeast isolate had the potential of being employed in a number of sectors. This study has pioneered the untapped benefits in the POME-induced flora and how they can be veritable tools in the biotechnology industry.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80865991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-16DOI: 10.9734/jabb/2021/v24i830233
Omojola F. Olorunniyi
Understanding the relationship between climate variables and mosquito abundance is an important factor to determine parasite activity levels and disease risk since various mosquito genera are vectors of parasitic diseases. This necessitated the investigation of relationship between climatic variables and mosquito abundance in Ekiti State, Nigeria with reference to six selected communities. Adult mosquitoes were collected indoor for twelve months in these communities using light traps. The abundance of collected mosquitoes was related with climatic variables (rainfall, relative humidity and temperature). One thousand two hundred and seventeen (1217) adult mosquitoes were collected indoor in all the communities. The population of the mosquito genera was significantly higher (P=0.01) in rainy season than dry season. Average rainfall showed a strong relationship (R2= 0.751) with Anopheles abundance but relationship was weak for both Culex (R2= 0.236) and Aedes (R2= 0.042). The relationship of relative humidity and average temperature with abundance of mosquito genera was generally weak. Since the abundance of mosquito genera was higher in all the communities during rainy season than dry season it will be more appropriate to control mosquitoes in the communities during the rainy season.
{"title":"Relationship of Climatic Variables with Abundance of Indoor Mosquito Genera in Six Communities in Ekiti State, Nigeria","authors":"Omojola F. Olorunniyi","doi":"10.9734/jabb/2021/v24i830233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2021/v24i830233","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the relationship between climate variables and mosquito abundance is an important factor to determine parasite activity levels and disease risk since various mosquito genera are vectors of parasitic diseases. This necessitated the investigation of relationship between climatic variables and mosquito abundance in Ekiti State, Nigeria with reference to six selected communities. Adult mosquitoes were collected indoor for twelve months in these communities using light traps. The abundance of collected mosquitoes was related with climatic variables (rainfall, relative humidity and temperature). One thousand two hundred and seventeen (1217) adult mosquitoes were collected indoor in all the communities. The population of the mosquito genera was significantly higher (P=0.01) in rainy season than dry season. Average rainfall showed a strong relationship (R2= 0.751) with Anopheles abundance but relationship was weak for both Culex (R2= 0.236) and Aedes (R2= 0.042). The relationship of relative humidity and average temperature with abundance of mosquito genera was generally weak. Since the abundance of mosquito genera was higher in all the communities during rainy season than dry season it will be more appropriate to control mosquitoes in the communities during the rainy season.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88301860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-08DOI: 10.9734/jabb/2021/v24i830231
Martial Jean Huges Kouassi, Gisèle Ahou Yah Koua, Brice Evrad Konan Dibi, M. A. Kouakou, Catherine Bomoh Ebah Djedji, Sidoine Brice Essis, B. N’zué
Aims: This study evaluated the sensory properties and consumer acceptability of orange-fleshed sweet potato and local sweet potato among households of Central and Northern Côte d’Ivoire. Study Design: Selection of sweet potato cultivars, determination of nutritional properties, cooking process, and evaluation of hedonic testing and consumer acceptability. Place and Duration of Study: Bouake and Korhogo district in Central and Northern Côte d’Ivoire, for three years 2018, 2019, and 2020 (July to November). Methodology: Sensory evaluation and acceptability were performed using a nine-point hedonic scale. The relationships between the sensory attributes and the sweet potato cultivars were analyzed using a Principal Component Analysis plot. Biochemical standard methods were used to determine the dry matter, sugar, total carotenoid contents, and mineral composition of sweet potato cultivars tested by the sensory panel. Results: All twelve sweet potato cultivars were accepted based on sensory attributes with the different traits of preference. In Bouake district, white (Sanfo Figui 1 and Sanfo Figui 2) and yellow cultivars (Fatoni 2) were most preferred for their texture and yam-like taste, while in Korhogo locality, OFSP (Covington TIB-440060, CIP-199062-1 and Irene) and yellow cultivar (Gotchan) were most accepted because of their attractive appearance and their sweet taste. The OFSP cultivars recorded low dry matter and high sugar content compared to white and yellow varieties. Also, OFSP showed the highest content of carotenoid (181.70 to 351.47 µg/g dw), while local variety recorded low content. All the sweet potato cultivars tested contain mineral components. Conclusion: This study shows that the local and OFSP varieties were successfully accepted by the consumer with the different quality traits. The main quality traits that determine consumer preference are appearance, texture, and taste (none or sweet taste). Understanding consumer quality traits can increase the effectiveness of breeding programmes, increase yield and adoption of new varieties.
{"title":"Consumer Preferences for Boiled and Fried Sweet Potato in Central and Northern Côte d'Ivoire, West Africa","authors":"Martial Jean Huges Kouassi, Gisèle Ahou Yah Koua, Brice Evrad Konan Dibi, M. A. Kouakou, Catherine Bomoh Ebah Djedji, Sidoine Brice Essis, B. N’zué","doi":"10.9734/jabb/2021/v24i830231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2021/v24i830231","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: This study evaluated the sensory properties and consumer acceptability of orange-fleshed sweet potato and local sweet potato among households of Central and Northern Côte d’Ivoire. \u0000Study Design: Selection of sweet potato cultivars, determination of nutritional properties, cooking process, and evaluation of hedonic testing and consumer acceptability. \u0000Place and Duration of Study: Bouake and Korhogo district in Central and Northern Côte d’Ivoire, for three years 2018, 2019, and 2020 (July to November). \u0000Methodology: Sensory evaluation and acceptability were performed using a nine-point hedonic scale. The relationships between the sensory attributes and the sweet potato cultivars were analyzed using a Principal Component Analysis plot. Biochemical standard methods were used to determine the dry matter, sugar, total carotenoid contents, and mineral composition of sweet potato cultivars tested by the sensory panel. \u0000Results: All twelve sweet potato cultivars were accepted based on sensory attributes with the different traits of preference. In Bouake district, white (Sanfo Figui 1 and Sanfo Figui 2) and yellow cultivars (Fatoni 2) were most preferred for their texture and yam-like taste, while in Korhogo locality, OFSP (Covington TIB-440060, CIP-199062-1 and Irene) and yellow cultivar (Gotchan) were most accepted because of their attractive appearance and their sweet taste. The OFSP cultivars recorded low dry matter and high sugar content compared to white and yellow varieties. Also, OFSP showed the highest content of carotenoid (181.70 to 351.47 µg/g dw), while local variety recorded low content. All the sweet potato cultivars tested contain mineral components. \u0000Conclusion: This study shows that the local and OFSP varieties were successfully accepted by the consumer with the different quality traits. The main quality traits that determine consumer preference are appearance, texture, and taste (none or sweet taste). Understanding consumer quality traits can increase the effectiveness of breeding programmes, increase yield and adoption of new varieties.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77018603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-30DOI: 10.9734/jabb/2021/v24i830230
S. D. Ramteke, A. Gavali, S. M. Khalate, A. Langote
The study was evaluated for the bio- efficacy and phytotoxicity of Glyphosate 41% SL against the complex weed flora in grapevines. The experiment was carried out at ICAR- NRC Grapes, Pune with seven treatments replicated thrice. The treatments were imposed at 3-4 leaf stage of weeds in vineyards. All the weed population were niformly distributed in vineyards. All the treatments significantly reduced weed density over untreated control. The highest weed density was recorded with untreated control while, the negligible weed density was recorded in hand weeding followed by Glyphosate 41 % SL @ 4000 ml/ha at 15th, 30th, 45th Days after application. Least dry weight (g/m2) as recorded with Glyphosate 41 % SL @ 4000 ml/ha followed by Glyphosate 41 % SL @ 3000 ml/ha whereas, the maximum dry weight of weed (g/m2) was recorded with untreated control at 45th Days after application. Highest weed control efficacy (%) was recorded with Glyphosate 41 % SL @ 4000 ml/ha followed by Glyphosate 41 % SL @ 3000 ml/ha whereas, negligible weed control efficacy (%) Was recorded with untreated control. The highest yield (kg/vines) was recorded with hand weeding treatments followed by Glyphosate 41 % SL @ 4000. The highest benefit: cost ratio was recorded in the treatment Glyphosate 41 % SL (4000 ml/ha) (1:1.99), while least in control treatment (1:1.77). Applications of Glyphosate 41 % SL @ 4000 ml/ha in grapevines showed highest weed control efficacy (%) and yield per vine (kg/vine) in this investigation.
{"title":"Evaluation of Bio - Efficacy and Phytotoxicity of Glyphosate 41% SL against Weed Flora in Grape Vineyards","authors":"S. D. Ramteke, A. Gavali, S. M. Khalate, A. Langote","doi":"10.9734/jabb/2021/v24i830230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2021/v24i830230","url":null,"abstract":"The study was evaluated for the bio- efficacy and phytotoxicity of Glyphosate 41% SL against the complex weed flora in grapevines. The experiment was carried out at ICAR- NRC Grapes, Pune with seven treatments replicated thrice. The treatments were imposed at 3-4 leaf stage of weeds in vineyards. All the weed population were niformly distributed in vineyards. All the treatments significantly reduced weed density over untreated control. The highest weed density was recorded with untreated control while, the negligible weed density was recorded in hand weeding followed by Glyphosate 41 % SL @ 4000 ml/ha at 15th, 30th, 45th Days after application. Least dry weight (g/m2) as recorded with Glyphosate 41 % SL @ 4000 ml/ha followed by Glyphosate 41 % SL @ 3000 ml/ha whereas, the maximum dry weight of weed (g/m2) was recorded with untreated control at 45th Days after application. Highest weed control efficacy (%) was recorded with Glyphosate 41 % SL @ 4000 ml/ha followed by Glyphosate 41 % SL @ 3000 ml/ha whereas, negligible weed control efficacy (%) Was recorded with untreated control. The highest yield (kg/vines) was recorded with hand weeding treatments followed by Glyphosate 41 % SL @ 4000. The highest benefit: cost ratio was recorded in the treatment Glyphosate 41 % SL (4000 ml/ha) (1:1.99), while least in control treatment (1:1.77). Applications of Glyphosate 41 % SL @ 4000 ml/ha in grapevines showed highest weed control efficacy (%) and yield per vine (kg/vine) in this investigation.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83537154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-15DOI: 10.9734/jabb/2021/v24i830229
Dennis M. Chioma, G. Abu, O. Agwa
The disposal and attendant problems associated with agro-wastes have remained a challenge to the environment. Three agricultural wastes (cassava whey, banana peels and groundnut shells) were collected from the Choba and Yam zone markets in Rivers State, Nigeria and screened for their potential as substrates in the formulation of fermentation media to produce oxalic acid. The inoculum for the study was isolated from the banana peels and identified using the megablast search for highly similar sequences from the NCBI non-redundant nucleotide database. The microbial load and proximate composition of the substrates were determined, and the fermentation media formulated. The organism used for the study was identified as Aspergillus niger MW188538. The results showed a total bacterial count of 9.5x104 cfu/ml, 1.87 x 105 cfu/ml, and 4.0 x 104 cfu/g for cassava whey, banana peels and groundnut shell respectively. The carbohydrates of the cassava whey, banana peels and groundnut shells were 67.74 %w/v, 53.24%w/v and 38.8% w/v respectively. After 12 days of fermentation, the substrates from cassava whey, banana peels, groundnut shells accumulated 2.5 ppm, 1.8 ppm and 1.3 ppm of oxalic acid respectively. The study hypothetically indicates that agro-wastes could be utilized as media components for production of industrial organics.
{"title":"Screening of Agricultural Wastes for Substrates in Oxalic Acid Production Using Aspergillus niger","authors":"Dennis M. Chioma, G. Abu, O. Agwa","doi":"10.9734/jabb/2021/v24i830229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2021/v24i830229","url":null,"abstract":"The disposal and attendant problems associated with agro-wastes have remained a challenge to the environment. Three agricultural wastes (cassava whey, banana peels and groundnut shells) were collected from the Choba and Yam zone markets in Rivers State, Nigeria and screened for their potential as substrates in the formulation of fermentation media to produce oxalic acid. The inoculum for the study was isolated from the banana peels and identified using the megablast search for highly similar sequences from the NCBI non-redundant nucleotide database. The microbial load and proximate composition of the substrates were determined, and the fermentation media formulated. The organism used for the study was identified as Aspergillus niger MW188538. The results showed a total bacterial count of 9.5x104 cfu/ml, 1.87 x 105 cfu/ml, and 4.0 x 104 cfu/g for cassava whey, banana peels and groundnut shell respectively. The carbohydrates of the cassava whey, banana peels and groundnut shells were 67.74 %w/v, 53.24%w/v and 38.8% w/v respectively. After 12 days of fermentation, the substrates from cassava whey, banana peels, groundnut shells accumulated 2.5 ppm, 1.8 ppm and 1.3 ppm of oxalic acid respectively. The study hypothetically indicates that agro-wastes could be utilized as media components for production of industrial organics.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75062099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-26DOI: 10.9734/jabb/2021/v24i730237
D. Okunlola, A. Amuda, M. Shittu, O. Olatunji, O. T. Ojoawo, O. S. Olaniyan, B. Olateju, A. Fasola, A. Alao
Growth response, carcass characteristics and meat quality of West African Dwarf (WAD) sheep fed Shea Cake Meal (SCM) supplement was investigated. A total of 24 WAD sheep of average body weight ranges from 11-12.65 kg comprising of twelve (12) males and twelve (12) females were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments with six animals per treatment in a completely randomized design in a twelve (12) weeks experimental period. Treatment 1 was control and had no inclusion of SCM. Treatments 2, 3 and 4 had 10%, 15% and 20% inclusion of SCM. Results were significantly different (P<0.05) across treatments. Average weight gain ranged from 10.0 kg (SCM-10) to 13.12 kg (SCM-15). T3 recorded highest values for average feed intake (AFI) at a record value of 63.50 kg. T2 had the least feed conversion ratio of 4.81. The carcass quality and sensory evaluation were significantly affected (P<0.05) across the treatments. Hot carcass weight (HCW) ranged from 18.90 kg (SCM-10) to 20.85 kg (SCM-15). Cold carcass weight was recorded 18.05 kg (SCM-10) and 19.95 kg (SCM-20), respectively. Minimum chilling loss of 3.96% was recorded at SCM-15 inclusion level. Animals on SCM-15 inclusion recorded the highest value of 7.55, 7.25 and 7.25 respectively for appearance, tenderness and overall acceptability. SCM-20 had highest value of 7.50 for juiciness compared to SCM-10 and SCM-15 with recorded values of 6.80 and 7.20, respectively. The study showed that all the dietary inclusion was satisfactory as feed for small ruminants without any deleterious effect on their performance as well as on carcass yield and meat quality. Inclusion level of SCM-15 supplement had highest overall performance when fed to (WAD) sheep.
研究了添加乳木果饼粕(SCM)的西非矮羊(WAD)的生长响应、胴体特性和肉品质。试验选用24只平均体重11 ~ 12.65 kg的WAD羊，公母各12只，采用完全随机设计，随机分为4个饲粮处理，每个处理6只。治疗1为对照，不包括SCM。处理2、3和4分别纳入10%、15%和20%的SCM。结果两组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。平均增重10.0 kg (SCM-10)至13.12 kg (SCM-15)。T3的平均采食量(AFI)最高，为63.50 kg。T2的饲料系数最低，为4.81。各处理对胴体品质和感官评价有显著影响(P<0.05)。热胴体重(HCW)从18.90 kg (SCM-10)到20.85 kg (SCM-15)不等。冷胴体重分别为18.05 kg (SCM-10)和19.95 kg (SCM-20)。在SCM-15夹杂水平下，低温损失最小，为3.96%。纳入SCM-15的动物在外观、柔软度和总体可接受性方面的最高值分别为7.55、7.25和7.25。SCM-20多汁性最高，为7.50，而SCM-10和SCM-15的记录值分别为6.80和7.20。试验结果表明，各饲料添加量均能满足小反刍动物的饲料要求，对小反刍动物的生产性能、胴体产量和肉品质均无不良影响。饲喂(WAD)羊时，添加水平的SCM-15的综合生产性能最高。
{"title":"Growth Response, Carcass Yield and Meat Quality of West African Dwarf Sheep Fed Graded Level of Shea Cake Meal","authors":"D. Okunlola, A. Amuda, M. Shittu, O. Olatunji, O. T. Ojoawo, O. S. Olaniyan, B. Olateju, A. Fasola, A. Alao","doi":"10.9734/jabb/2021/v24i730237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2021/v24i730237","url":null,"abstract":"Growth response, carcass characteristics and meat quality of West African Dwarf (WAD) sheep fed Shea Cake Meal (SCM) supplement was investigated. A total of 24 WAD sheep of average body weight ranges from 11-12.65 kg comprising of twelve (12) males and twelve (12) females were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments with six animals per treatment in a completely randomized design in a twelve (12) weeks experimental period. Treatment 1 was control and had no inclusion of SCM. Treatments 2, 3 and 4 had 10%, 15% and 20% inclusion of SCM. Results were significantly different (P<0.05) across treatments. Average weight gain ranged from 10.0 kg (SCM-10) to 13.12 kg (SCM-15). T3 recorded highest values for average feed intake (AFI) at a record value of 63.50 kg. T2 had the least feed conversion ratio of 4.81. The carcass quality and sensory evaluation were significantly affected (P<0.05) across the treatments. Hot carcass weight (HCW) ranged from 18.90 kg (SCM-10) to 20.85 kg (SCM-15). Cold carcass weight was recorded 18.05 kg (SCM-10) and 19.95 kg (SCM-20), respectively. Minimum chilling loss of 3.96% was recorded at SCM-15 inclusion level. Animals on SCM-15 inclusion recorded the highest value of 7.55, 7.25 and 7.25 respectively for appearance, tenderness and overall acceptability. SCM-20 had highest value of 7.50 for juiciness compared to SCM-10 and SCM-15 with recorded values of 6.80 and 7.20, respectively. The study showed that all the dietary inclusion was satisfactory as feed for small ruminants without any deleterious effect on their performance as well as on carcass yield and meat quality. Inclusion level of SCM-15 supplement had highest overall performance when fed to (WAD) sheep.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89666595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-25DOI: 10.9734/jabb/2021/v24i730232
D. Okunlola, M. Shittu, O. Olatunji, A. Amuda, B. Olateju, A. Fasola, A. Alao
The blood profile and histology of selected tissues (kidney, lungs, intestine, and epididymis) of Balami Sheep fed Shea Cake meal supplement was investigated. A total of thirty-two (32) sheep of the average weight range of 11.75-14.75kg comprising an equal number (16) of males and females were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments in a completely randomized experimental design with eight sheep per treatment for twelve weeks duration. Treatment 1 (T1) was a control diet and had zero inclusion level of Shea cake meal (SCM), while treatments 2,3, and 4 had 10%,15%, and 20% inclusion of SCM, respectively. At the twelfth week of the experiment, two blood samples of 5ml each were taken from each animal from the jugular vein. The first set was preserved in Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid (EDTA) bottle for haematological parameters, while the second samples were preserved without EDTA for serum examination. Representative samples of tissues were randomly selected and slaughtered for gross microscopic examination. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) at various levels of inclusion for parameters investigated. The white blood cell (WBC), Red blood cell (RBC), and Packed cell volume (PCV) recorded the highest values at T3 (15% inclusion level) (13.42 x109/L), 2.92x1012/L, 3.75%, respectively). The serum parameters were significantly(p <0.05)different among the treatments. Total protein ranges from 54.78(mg/dl) (T1) - 60.51(mg/dl) (T2), Cholesterol70.15(mg/dl) (T1) - 78.00(mg/dl) (T4). Iron ranges from 58.15(ug/dl) (T1) - 62.88(ug/dl) (T3).The histopathology of tissues (kidney, lungs, intestine, and epididymis) showed no alteration across the treatments (P= .05) in the gross microscopic examinations. No lesion was observed in the lungs, kidney, epididymis, and intestine. The results showed that shea cake meal posed no health risk to Balami sheep and as such recommended as a good supplement in the diets of the sheep.
{"title":"Blood Profile and Selected Organ Histopathology of Balami Sheep Fed Shea Cake (Vitellaria paradoxa) Meal","authors":"D. Okunlola, M. Shittu, O. Olatunji, A. Amuda, B. Olateju, A. Fasola, A. Alao","doi":"10.9734/jabb/2021/v24i730232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2021/v24i730232","url":null,"abstract":"The blood profile and histology of selected tissues (kidney, lungs, intestine, and epididymis) of Balami Sheep fed Shea Cake meal supplement was investigated. A total of thirty-two (32) sheep of the average weight range of 11.75-14.75kg comprising an equal number (16) of males and females were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments in a completely randomized experimental design with eight sheep per treatment for twelve weeks duration. Treatment 1 (T1) was a control diet and had zero inclusion level of Shea cake meal (SCM), while treatments 2,3, and 4 had 10%,15%, and 20% inclusion of SCM, respectively. At the twelfth week of the experiment, two blood samples of 5ml each were taken from each animal from the jugular vein. The first set was preserved in Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid (EDTA) bottle for haematological parameters, while the second samples were preserved without EDTA for serum examination. Representative samples of tissues were randomly selected and slaughtered for gross microscopic examination. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) at various levels of inclusion for parameters investigated. The white blood cell (WBC), Red blood cell (RBC), and Packed cell volume (PCV) recorded the highest values at T3 (15% inclusion level) (13.42 x109/L), 2.92x1012/L, 3.75%, respectively). The serum parameters were significantly(p <0.05)different among the treatments. Total protein ranges from 54.78(mg/dl) (T1) - 60.51(mg/dl) (T2), Cholesterol70.15(mg/dl) (T1) - 78.00(mg/dl) (T4). Iron ranges from 58.15(ug/dl) (T1) - 62.88(ug/dl) (T3).The histopathology of tissues (kidney, lungs, intestine, and epididymis) showed no alteration across the treatments (P= .05) in the gross microscopic examinations. No lesion was observed in the lungs, kidney, epididymis, and intestine. The results showed that shea cake meal posed no health risk to Balami sheep and as such recommended as a good supplement in the diets of the sheep.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75239318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Edem K. Netsey, Samuel Kakraba, S. Naandam, Aayire C. Yadem
Many diseases like cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anemia disease (SCD), among others, arise from single point mutations in the respective proteins. How a single point mutation might lead to a global devastating consequence on a protein remains an intellectual mystery. SCD is a genetic blood-related disorder resulting from mutations in the beta chain of the human hemoglobin protein (simply, β-globin), subsequently affecting the entire human body. Higher mortality and morbidity rates have been reported for patients with SCD, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Clinical management of SCD often requires specialized interdisciplinary clinicians. SCD presents a major global burden, hence an improved understanding of how single point mutations in β-globin results in different phenotypes of SCD might offer insight into protein engineering, with potential therapeutic intervention in view. By use of mathematical modeling, we built a hierarchical (nested) graph-theoretic model for the β-globin. Subsequently, we quantified the network of interacting amino acid residues, representing them as molecular system of three distinct stages (levels) of interactions. Using our nested graph model, we studied the effect of virtual single point mutations in β-globin that results in varying phenotypes of SCD, visualized by unsupervised machine learning algorithm, the dendrogram.
{"title":"A Mathematical Graph-Theoretic Model of Single Point Mutations Associated with Sickle Cell Anemia Disease","authors":"Edem K. Netsey, Samuel Kakraba, S. Naandam, Aayire C. Yadem","doi":"10.24297/jbt.v9i.9109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24297/jbt.v9i.9109","url":null,"abstract":"Many diseases like cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anemia disease (SCD), among others, arise from single point mutations in the respective proteins. How a single point mutation might lead to a global devastating consequence on a protein remains an intellectual mystery. SCD is a genetic blood-related disorder resulting from mutations in the beta chain of the human hemoglobin protein (simply, β-globin), subsequently affecting the entire human body. Higher mortality and morbidity rates have been reported for patients with SCD, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Clinical management of SCD often requires specialized interdisciplinary clinicians. SCD presents a major global burden, hence an improved understanding of how single point mutations in β-globin results in different phenotypes of SCD might offer insight into protein engineering, with potential therapeutic intervention in view. By use of mathematical modeling, we built a hierarchical (nested) graph-theoretic model for the β-globin. Subsequently, we quantified the network of interacting amino acid residues, representing them as molecular system of three distinct stages (levels) of interactions. Using our nested graph model, we studied the effect of virtual single point mutations in β-globin that results in varying phenotypes of SCD, visualized by unsupervised machine learning algorithm, the dendrogram.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84405117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-25DOI: 10.9734/jabb/2021/v24i730225
Ochia M. Angela, Ekwealor U. Kenneth, Okigbo N. Raphael, I. F. Chisom
Phenology refers to periodic biological phenomena that are correlated with climatic conditions. Very little is known about the phenological pattern of most tropical fruit trees especially in the South-East, Nigeria. The aim of this study was to provide a phenological data and baseline information on the phenology of Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-lecomte ex O’Rorke). The study was conducted with exotic species at Ihiala, South-East, Nigeria, a tropical climate. The initiation and completion of different phenophases of the tree, such as budding, leafing, flowering, fruiting and ripening were recorded at 2 weeks interval. The combination of the principal growth stages and the secondary growth stages produced 2-digit codes, were used to delineate the time-dependent phenophases. The results showed that changes in the prevailing seasons influenced the vegetative phenophases in I. gabonensis. There are splashes of rains even in the supposed dry months. Hence, bud formation, leafing and leaf fall phenophases were overlapping all through the seasons. Flowering phenophase peaked by March/April with the coming of the rains. Also fruiting and ripening peaked by June/July respectively (rainy season). Thus the study has revealed that the major seasons in the area (rainy and dry seasons) influence the various phenophases in I. gabonensis. The study has equally revealed the phenological data and base line information on the phenology of I. gabonensis which will in the future serve as correlation between phenology and climate change in the area. The study has revealed that the phenology of I. gabonensis may not be stable or resilient since it is influenced by these changing seasons, little wonder then a shift in phenology is recorded in this study.
物候学是指与气候条件相关的周期性生物现象。人们对大多数热带果树的物候模式知之甚少，尤其是在尼日利亚东南部。本研究的目的是提供一个物候数据和基线信息的Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-lecomte ex O 'Rorke)。该研究是在热带气候的尼日利亚东南部的Ihiala进行的。每隔2周记录树的萌芽、叶片、开花、结果和成熟等不同物候期的发生和完成情况。主生长期和次生长期的组合产生2位编码，用来描述随时间变化的物候期。结果表明，季节的变化影响了加蓬草的营养物候期。即使在本应干旱的月份，也有零星的降雨。因此，在整个季节中，芽形成、叶片和落叶物候都是重叠的。随着雨季的到来，花期在3月/ 4月达到顶峰。结果和成熟的高峰分别在6月/ 7月(雨季)。因此，研究表明，该地区的主要季节(雨季和旱季)影响着加蓬沙猴的各个物候期。该研究还揭示了加蓬蓬的物候数据和物候基线信息，为今后该地区物候与气候变化的相关性提供了依据。研究表明，由于受这些季节变化的影响，加蓬石竹物候可能并不稳定或具有弹性，因此本研究记录了物候变化。
{"title":"Phenological Study of Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-Lecomte ex O’ Rorke) Growing in Ihiala, Anambra State, South-East, Nigeria","authors":"Ochia M. Angela, Ekwealor U. Kenneth, Okigbo N. Raphael, I. F. Chisom","doi":"10.9734/jabb/2021/v24i730225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2021/v24i730225","url":null,"abstract":"Phenology refers to periodic biological phenomena that are correlated with climatic conditions. Very little is known about the phenological pattern of most tropical fruit trees especially in the South-East, Nigeria. The aim of this study was to provide a phenological data and baseline information on the phenology of Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-lecomte ex O’Rorke). The study was conducted with exotic species at Ihiala, South-East, Nigeria, a tropical climate. The initiation and completion of different phenophases of the tree, such as budding, leafing, flowering, fruiting and ripening were recorded at 2 weeks interval. The combination of the principal growth stages and the secondary growth stages produced 2-digit codes, were used to delineate the time-dependent phenophases. The results showed that changes in the prevailing seasons influenced the vegetative phenophases in I. gabonensis. There are splashes of rains even in the supposed dry months. Hence, bud formation, leafing and leaf fall phenophases were overlapping all through the seasons. Flowering phenophase peaked by March/April with the coming of the rains. Also fruiting and ripening peaked by June/July respectively (rainy season). Thus the study has revealed that the major seasons in the area (rainy and dry seasons) influence the various phenophases in I. gabonensis. The study has equally revealed the phenological data and base line information on the phenology of I. gabonensis which will in the future serve as correlation between phenology and climate change in the area. The study has revealed that the phenology of I. gabonensis may not be stable or resilient since it is influenced by these changing seasons, little wonder then a shift in phenology is recorded in this study.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89380536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-25DOI: 10.9734/jabb/2021/v24i730226
A. Abubakar, Jabir Aliyu Danyaya, K. Abubakar, Magaji Umar Faruk, Y. Saidu
Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is a rare but devastating cardiac failure of indeterminate etiology occurring in late pregnancy or early puerperium. The prevalence of PPCM in Northern Nigeria could be attributed to the unique customary puerperal practices of prolonged consumption oflarge quantities of Guiera senegalensis and Natron. This study investigated the effect of decoction of G. senegalensis with and without Natron on cardiac markers, lipid profile and histology ofheart in postpartum female albino rats using standard methods.Thirty-five (35)female albino rats of body weights 190-200 g of five month were randomly grouped into seven (7) of five rats each. Group 2, 3 and 4 were orally administered with 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight of G. senegalensis. Group 5, 6 and 7 were orally administered with 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight (1:1) of G. senegalensis and Natron by gavage, whereas group 1 received distilled water. The study revealed significant (p< 0.05) decrease in triglyceride(TG) in group 2 to VII, high density lipoproteincholesterol (HDL-c) in group 2, 5 and 6, very low density lipoprotein- cholesterol (VLDL-c) in group 3 to V, couples with significant (p< 0.05) increase in low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) in group 2, 3, 5 and 7, and for (AIX) in group 2, total cholesterol(TC) in group 2, 3 and 7 when compared with control. Significant (p< 0.05) increase in Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in group 3 to 7, and Myoglobin (MB) in group 3 was observed. Significant (p< 0.05) decrease in Troponin I (TnI) in group 2 and 4 was seen. There were no significant (p>0.05) changes in Troponin T (Tn T), aspartate amino transferase (AST) and Creatine Kinase(CK-NAC) of the treatment group when compared to control group. Histopathological examination of section of the heart revealed ventricular dilatation, hypertrophied with enlarged nuclei, stretched, and irregular and mural thrombi in group 2 to 4 and 7. Inflammation in group 5 and 7, Pigment deposited in group 4 to 7 and Mild fibrosis in group 3 were observed. The study demonstrates that consumption of G. senegalensis and Natron for 28 days’induces dyslipidemia and causes changes in the heart of postpartum rats and thus may contribute to the pathogenesis of PPCM.
{"title":"Effect of Guiera senegalensis and Natron on Serum Indices of Cardiac Function of Postpartum Rats","authors":"A. Abubakar, Jabir Aliyu Danyaya, K. Abubakar, Magaji Umar Faruk, Y. Saidu","doi":"10.9734/jabb/2021/v24i730226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2021/v24i730226","url":null,"abstract":"Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is a rare but devastating cardiac failure of indeterminate etiology occurring in late pregnancy or early puerperium. The prevalence of PPCM in Northern Nigeria could be attributed to the unique customary puerperal practices of prolonged consumption oflarge quantities of Guiera senegalensis and Natron. This study investigated the effect of decoction of G. senegalensis with and without Natron on cardiac markers, lipid profile and histology ofheart in postpartum female albino rats using standard methods.Thirty-five (35)female albino rats of body weights 190-200 g of five month were randomly grouped into seven (7) of five rats each. Group 2, 3 and 4 were orally administered with 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight of G. senegalensis. Group 5, 6 and 7 were orally administered with 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight (1:1) of G. senegalensis and Natron by gavage, whereas group 1 received distilled water. The study revealed significant (p< 0.05) decrease in triglyceride(TG) in group 2 to VII, high density lipoproteincholesterol (HDL-c) in group 2, 5 and 6, very low density lipoprotein- cholesterol (VLDL-c) in group 3 to V, couples with significant (p< 0.05) increase in low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) in group 2, 3, 5 and 7, and for (AIX) in group 2, total cholesterol(TC) in group 2, 3 and 7 when compared with control. Significant (p< 0.05) increase in Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in group 3 to 7, and Myoglobin (MB) in group 3 was observed. Significant (p< 0.05) decrease in Troponin I (TnI) in group 2 and 4 was seen. There were no significant (p>0.05) changes in Troponin T (Tn T), aspartate amino transferase (AST) and Creatine Kinase(CK-NAC) of the treatment group when compared to control group. Histopathological examination of section of the heart revealed ventricular dilatation, hypertrophied with enlarged nuclei, stretched, and irregular and mural thrombi in group 2 to 4 and 7. Inflammation in group 5 and 7, Pigment deposited in group 4 to 7 and Mild fibrosis in group 3 were observed. The study demonstrates that consumption of G. senegalensis and Natron for 28 days’induces dyslipidemia and causes changes in the heart of postpartum rats and thus may contribute to the pathogenesis of PPCM.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73552189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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