Pub Date : 2020-10-14DOI: 10.9734/jabb/2020/v23i830169
C. Fawole, S. J. Salami, D. A. Dashak, A. Harmony
The liquid-liquid extraction of Petroleum contaminated surface water samples were conducted in accordance with standard procedure of US EPA. Identification and quantification of TPHs was performed by Gas chromatograph with Mass spectrometric detection (GC/MSD) in accordance with standard analytical method of US EPA 8270;625. The TPHs raw sample showed an elevated value of 104762.42 mg/L above the DPR/EGASPIN maximum contamination limit (MCL). At week 5, TPHs phytoremediations in the monoculture reactors removal efficiency was (31.28 mg/L) 99.97% and mixedculture indicated (19.72 mg/L) 99.98%; their concentrations were above DPR/EGASPIN MCL while polyculture indicated (8.91 mg/L) 99.99% value was below DPR/EGASPIN MCL. The Original Research Article Fawole et al.; JABB, 23(8): 1-12, 2020; Article no.JABB.61482 2 combination of phytoremediation and vermiremediation techniques in polyculture reactors showed better and spectacular results as the biotas demonstrated good potentiality of hyperbioaccumulation to serve as hydrocarbon sinks from the ecotoxics of TPHs.
{"title":"Phytoremediation, Vermiremediation and Efficiency Assessments of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Contaminated Surface Water from Okpoka Creek, Niger-Delta Nigeria using Cyperus odoratus, Colocasia esculenta, Phoenix roebelenii and Eisenia fetida","authors":"C. Fawole, S. J. Salami, D. A. Dashak, A. Harmony","doi":"10.9734/jabb/2020/v23i830169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2020/v23i830169","url":null,"abstract":"The liquid-liquid extraction of Petroleum contaminated surface water samples were conducted in accordance with standard procedure of US EPA. Identification and quantification of TPHs was performed by Gas chromatograph with Mass spectrometric detection (GC/MSD) in accordance with standard analytical method of US EPA 8270;625. The TPHs raw sample showed an elevated value of 104762.42 mg/L above the DPR/EGASPIN maximum contamination limit (MCL). At week 5, TPHs phytoremediations in the monoculture reactors removal efficiency was (31.28 mg/L) 99.97% and mixedculture indicated (19.72 mg/L) 99.98%; their concentrations were above DPR/EGASPIN MCL while polyculture indicated (8.91 mg/L) 99.99% value was below DPR/EGASPIN MCL. The Original Research Article Fawole et al.; JABB, 23(8): 1-12, 2020; Article no.JABB.61482 2 combination of phytoremediation and vermiremediation techniques in polyculture reactors showed better and spectacular results as the biotas demonstrated good potentiality of hyperbioaccumulation to serve as hydrocarbon sinks from the ecotoxics of TPHs.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"59 3 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90112269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-13DOI: 10.9734/jabb/2020/v23i730168
E. C. Okechukwu, E. Amuta, G. Gberikon, N. Chima, B. Yakubu, J. Igwe, M. Njoku
Background: Antibiotic resistance has remained a global concern. Food pathogens that carry resistance genes will cause public health threat irrespective of their pathogenicity, as this pool of resistance genes are disseminated via food chain. The antibiotic susceptibility of E. coli isolates to different antibiotics were investigated and resistance genes were genetically identified by multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The study aimed to determine the phenotypic antibiotic resistance pattern of the E. coli isolates and characterize the antibiotics resistance genes in the E. coli isolates from the Cow milk and milk products. Original Research Article Okechukwu et al.; JABB, 23(7): 40-50, 2020; Article no.JABB.54639 2 Results: The study showed that the E. coli isolates were Multidrug resistant (MDR) to several antibiotics with resistance pattern of four to ten combinations of antibiotics and the antibiotics resistance occurred mostly in three classes of antibiotics, namely: β-lactams, Amphenicol and Tetracycline. The antibiotics resistance genes expressed in the multidrug resistant E. coli isolates were tetA 22(78.6%), dfrA1 9(32.1%), blaCITM and blaSHV 3(10.7%), tetB and blaTEM 1(3.6%), qnr 0(0%) and aac (3)-iv 0(0%). Conclusion: The study showed that the cow milk and its products sold on the streets of Abuja are contaminated with resistant E. coli that can pose health risk to the consumers. Monitoring and screening for resistant food pathogens in food especially of animal origin is vital to mitigate the prevalence of antibiotics resistance.
{"title":"Genetic Characterization of Multiple Antibiotics Resistance Genes of Escherichia coli Strain from Cow Milk and Its Products Sold in Abuja, Nigeria","authors":"E. C. Okechukwu, E. Amuta, G. Gberikon, N. Chima, B. Yakubu, J. Igwe, M. Njoku","doi":"10.9734/jabb/2020/v23i730168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2020/v23i730168","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Antibiotic resistance has remained a global concern. Food pathogens that carry resistance genes will cause public health threat irrespective of their pathogenicity, as this pool of resistance genes are disseminated via food chain. The antibiotic susceptibility of E. coli isolates to different antibiotics were investigated and resistance genes were genetically identified by multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The study aimed to determine the phenotypic antibiotic resistance pattern of the E. coli isolates and characterize the antibiotics resistance genes in the E. coli isolates from the Cow milk and milk products. Original Research Article Okechukwu et al.; JABB, 23(7): 40-50, 2020; Article no.JABB.54639 2 Results: The study showed that the E. coli isolates were Multidrug resistant (MDR) to several antibiotics with resistance pattern of four to ten combinations of antibiotics and the antibiotics resistance occurred mostly in three classes of antibiotics, namely: β-lactams, Amphenicol and Tetracycline. The antibiotics resistance genes expressed in the multidrug resistant E. coli isolates were tetA 22(78.6%), dfrA1 9(32.1%), blaCITM and blaSHV 3(10.7%), tetB and blaTEM 1(3.6%), qnr 0(0%) and aac (3)-iv 0(0%). Conclusion: The study showed that the cow milk and its products sold on the streets of Abuja are contaminated with resistant E. coli that can pose health risk to the consumers. Monitoring and screening for resistant food pathogens in food especially of animal origin is vital to mitigate the prevalence of antibiotics resistance.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"120 1","pages":"40-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91517924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-03DOI: 10.9734/JABB/2020/V23I730167
Temgoua Jules Bocamdé, K. P. Marie, Z. François, M. Gondal, R. Kausar
The impact of Lactobacillus plantarum 1KMT on the survival rate, growth performance, innate immunity and disease resistance of Oreochromis niloticus challenged with pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus 1T1 was investigated. This study was conducted in the Fisheries Department of Original Research Article Jules-Bocamdé et al.; JABB, 23(7): 27-39, 2020; Article no.JABB.60875 28 National Agriculture Research Centre (NARC), and Department of Biosciences of Comsats University Islamabad, Pakistan between August 2018 and August 2019. Sixty healthy fish (10.99 ± 1.1 g body weight) were acclimatised to laboratory conditions in 1000 L tank for 14 days. After, they were randomly divided equally into two groups G1 and G2 with one replication: G1 fed with the basal diet (BD) without probiotic (control), and group G2 was fed with 1x10 8 CFU.g -1 Lactobacillus plantarum 1KMT supplemented diet. The trial was conducted for a period of 60 days. The intestinal microflora, survival rate (SR), weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and food conversion ratio (FCR) were checked after every ten days. After 60 days, the innate immune parameter levels were evaluated. For challenge study against Vibrio parahaemolyticus 1T1, eighteen fish from G2 were randomly selected and divided in two subgroups: G2A, with 1KMT continuous treatment and G2B in which treatment was stopped. After 21 days, the mortalities were recorded. The results showed that the intestinal microflora was significantly improved in G2 compared to G1. The survival rate was 96.5% and 86.0% in G2 and G1, respectively. The WG was not significantly affected, while the SGR and innate immunity parameters were significantly improved (p < 0.05) in G2 compared to G1. The mortality rate was 77.7% and 66.6% in G1 and subgroup G2B, respectively, while no mortality was observed in G2A after the challenge test. The Lactobacillus plantarum 1KMT improves the growth performance, survival rate, innate immunity and disease resistance of Nile tilapia.
{"title":"Improvement of the Growth Performance, Innate Immunity and Disease Resistance of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) against Vibrio parahaemolyticus 1T1 following Dietary Application of the Probiotic Strain Lactobacillus plantarum 1KMT","authors":"Temgoua Jules Bocamdé, K. P. Marie, Z. François, M. Gondal, R. Kausar","doi":"10.9734/JABB/2020/V23I730167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/JABB/2020/V23I730167","url":null,"abstract":"The impact of Lactobacillus plantarum 1KMT on the survival rate, growth performance, innate immunity and disease resistance of Oreochromis niloticus challenged with pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus 1T1 was investigated. This study was conducted in the Fisheries Department of Original Research Article Jules-Bocamdé et al.; JABB, 23(7): 27-39, 2020; Article no.JABB.60875 28 National Agriculture Research Centre (NARC), and Department of Biosciences of Comsats University Islamabad, Pakistan between August 2018 and August 2019. Sixty healthy fish (10.99 ± 1.1 g body weight) were acclimatised to laboratory conditions in 1000 L tank for 14 days. After, they were randomly divided equally into two groups G1 and G2 with one replication: G1 fed with the basal diet (BD) without probiotic (control), and group G2 was fed with 1x10 8 CFU.g -1 Lactobacillus plantarum 1KMT supplemented diet. The trial was conducted for a period of 60 days. The intestinal microflora, survival rate (SR), weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and food conversion ratio (FCR) were checked after every ten days. After 60 days, the innate immune parameter levels were evaluated. For challenge study against Vibrio parahaemolyticus 1T1, eighteen fish from G2 were randomly selected and divided in two subgroups: G2A, with 1KMT continuous treatment and G2B in which treatment was stopped. After 21 days, the mortalities were recorded. The results showed that the intestinal microflora was significantly improved in G2 compared to G1. The survival rate was 96.5% and 86.0% in G2 and G1, respectively. The WG was not significantly affected, while the SGR and innate immunity parameters were significantly improved (p < 0.05) in G2 compared to G1. The mortality rate was 77.7% and 66.6% in G1 and subgroup G2B, respectively, while no mortality was observed in G2A after the challenge test. The Lactobacillus plantarum 1KMT improves the growth performance, survival rate, innate immunity and disease resistance of Nile tilapia.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"28 1","pages":"27-39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84602326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-30DOI: 10.9734/JABB/2020/V23I730166
O. Olatunji, C. I. Ihediuche, O. Bolaji, A. Akala, S. E. Edet, A. Oladipo
The persistent resistance of micro-organisms necessitates the need to intensify studies on the use of possible strategies for proper control of pathogens using extracts from natural products. The stem bark of Lannea acida was extracted by two methods of extraction: Cold and Soxhlet (continuous) extraction. The extract of the stem bark was screened to confirm the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and cardiac glycosides in all the samples of ethanol and hexane/acetone/methanol mixture extracts. The phytochemicals examined varied among the stem bark extracts of other solvents (hexane, chloroform, acetone, and methanol). The result of the antimicrobial test shows that the stem bark extracts exhibited efficacy against some microbes (Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes) that were employed for the study by exhibiting clear inhibition/clearance zones against these microbes which ranges from 06 mm -21 mm. The plant stem bark could therefore be seen as a potential natural source for useful antimicrobial drugs. Original Research Article Olatunji et al.; JABB, 23(7): 21-26, 2020; Article no.JABB.60769 22
微生物的持续耐药性使我们有必要加强对使用天然产物提取物适当控制病原体的可能策略的研究。采用冷提取法和索氏连续提取法提取枸杞梗皮。对茎皮提取物进行筛选，确定乙醇和己烷/丙酮/甲醇混合提取物样品中均含有生物碱、黄酮类、皂苷、单宁和心苷。不同溶剂(己烷、氯仿、丙酮和甲醇)的茎皮提取物所检测的植物化学物质不同。抗菌试验结果表明，茎皮提取物对一些微生物(蜡样芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和化脓性链球菌)有明显的抑制/清除作用，研究中使用的这些微生物的范围为06 mm -21 mm。因此，植物茎皮可以被视为有用的抗菌药物的潜在天然来源。Olatunji等人;Jabb, 23(7): 21-26, 2020;文章no.JABB。60769年22日
{"title":"Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activities of Lannea acida (a. rich) Stem Bark Extract","authors":"O. Olatunji, C. I. Ihediuche, O. Bolaji, A. Akala, S. E. Edet, A. Oladipo","doi":"10.9734/JABB/2020/V23I730166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/JABB/2020/V23I730166","url":null,"abstract":"The persistent resistance of micro-organisms necessitates the need to intensify studies on the use of possible strategies for proper control of pathogens using extracts from natural products. The stem bark of Lannea acida was extracted by two methods of extraction: Cold and Soxhlet (continuous) extraction. The extract of the stem bark was screened to confirm the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and cardiac glycosides in all the samples of ethanol and hexane/acetone/methanol mixture extracts. The phytochemicals examined varied among the stem bark extracts of other solvents (hexane, chloroform, acetone, and methanol). The result of the antimicrobial test shows that the stem bark extracts exhibited efficacy against some microbes (Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes) that were employed for the study by exhibiting clear inhibition/clearance zones against these microbes which ranges from 06 mm -21 mm. The plant stem bark could therefore be seen as a potential natural source for useful antimicrobial drugs. Original Research Article Olatunji et al.; JABB, 23(7): 21-26, 2020; Article no.JABB.60769 22","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"59 1","pages":"21-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89650270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-30DOI: 10.9734/JABB/2020/V23I730165
W. Ivwurie, D. Odiganma
Oil/lipid was extracted from a primary sewage sludge by soxhlet extraction using n-hexane as the solvent. The extracted oil was then converted to biodiesel using transesterification process. The physicochemical properties of the oil/lipids and biodiesel were then determined and compared with literature for lipids and biodiesel parameters, whether they are consistent. A percentage yield of 18.27 % was obtained for lipids extraction from primary sewage sludge, while for biodiesel production from the extracted lipids, a 66.7% was obtained. Physicochemical parameters of both lipids and biodiesel obtained, gave values consistent with ASTM standardize, thereby suggesting that primary sludge of human excreta is a veritable/good source for the production of biodiesel, as an alternative source of fuel/energy.
{"title":"Biodiesel Production from Human Faeces via Soxhlet Extraction with Hexane and Transesterification Reaction","authors":"W. Ivwurie, D. Odiganma","doi":"10.9734/JABB/2020/V23I730165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/JABB/2020/V23I730165","url":null,"abstract":"Oil/lipid was extracted from a primary sewage sludge by soxhlet extraction using n-hexane as the solvent. The extracted oil was then converted to biodiesel using transesterification process. The physicochemical properties of the oil/lipids and biodiesel were then determined and compared with literature for lipids and biodiesel parameters, whether they are consistent. A percentage yield of 18.27 % was obtained for lipids extraction from primary sewage sludge, while for biodiesel production from the extracted lipids, a 66.7% was obtained. Physicochemical parameters of both lipids and biodiesel obtained, gave values consistent with ASTM standardize, thereby suggesting that primary sludge of human excreta is a veritable/good source for the production of biodiesel, as an alternative source of fuel/energy.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"124 1","pages":"15-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87814283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-24DOI: 10.9734/JABB/2020/V23I730164
K. Nkitikpor, R. E. Jemerigbe
Aims: The health risk assessment of some toxic metals in groundwater in four selected towns of Delta State, Nigeria was confirmed by this study. Methodology: Ninety six groundwater samples were obtained from sixty four hand-dug wells and thirty two boreholes between December 2016 and May 2017. Samples were analyzed for heavy metals using standard procedures. Data collected was subjected to descriptive and inferential statistics using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows version 22.0. Health Risk Assessment for Non cancer hazard and carcinogenic effects were determined. Results: The HQ of Cr, Mn and Ni were below 1.0 indicating no threat to the water consumers while the HQ values for Pb, Cd and Cu were above 1.0 indicating risk to human health. The HI value was found to be greater than 1.0, indicating noncarcinogenic adverse effects. The estimated Lifetime of Carcinogenic Risks (LTCR) for Pb, Cr, Cd and Ni exceeded the predicted lifetime risk for carcinogens of 10 −6 from ingestion pathway. The groundwater had higher risks of Cr and Cd as Original Research Article Nkitikpor and Jemerigbe; JABB, 23(7): 1-14, 2020; Article no.JABB.60867 2 LTCR value in most sites were >10−4. The high LTCR should be given high priority as public health is concerned. Conclusions: This study indicated possible non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic human health hazard from groundwater consumption in study area through oral consumption.
{"title":"Human Health Risk Assessment of Some Toxic Metals in Groundwater Resources in Four Selected Towns of Delta State, Nigeria","authors":"K. Nkitikpor, R. E. Jemerigbe","doi":"10.9734/JABB/2020/V23I730164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/JABB/2020/V23I730164","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: The health risk assessment of some toxic metals in groundwater in four selected towns of Delta State, Nigeria was confirmed by this study. Methodology: Ninety six groundwater samples were obtained from sixty four hand-dug wells and thirty two boreholes between December 2016 and May 2017. Samples were analyzed for heavy metals using standard procedures. Data collected was subjected to descriptive and inferential statistics using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows version 22.0. Health Risk Assessment for Non cancer hazard and carcinogenic effects were determined. Results: The HQ of Cr, Mn and Ni were below 1.0 indicating no threat to the water consumers while the HQ values for Pb, Cd and Cu were above 1.0 indicating risk to human health. The HI value was found to be greater than 1.0, indicating noncarcinogenic adverse effects. The estimated Lifetime of Carcinogenic Risks (LTCR) for Pb, Cr, Cd and Ni exceeded the predicted lifetime risk for carcinogens of 10 −6 from ingestion pathway. The groundwater had higher risks of Cr and Cd as Original Research Article Nkitikpor and Jemerigbe; JABB, 23(7): 1-14, 2020; Article no.JABB.60867 2 LTCR value in most sites were >10−4. The high LTCR should be given high priority as public health is concerned. Conclusions: This study indicated possible non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic human health hazard from groundwater consumption in study area through oral consumption.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"68 1","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84010196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-21DOI: 10.9734/JABB/2020/V23I630163
W. Ivwurie, B. Okoro
The Lipid/oil was extracted from reduced dried primary sewage sludge particle using soxhlet extraction method with Hexane and Ethyl Acetate in the ratio 2:1 as the extracting solvent. The extracted oil gave 15.03% percentage yield with density of 0.845 g/ml, pH value of 8.97, specific gravity of 0.845, viscosity of 41.20 mm2/sec, kinematic viscosity of 42.18 mm2/sec. The lipid/oil was brownish black in colour with a pungent smell. The chemical analyses revealed saponification value of 168.00 mgKOH/g, acid value of 5.60 mgKOH/g and free fatty acid value of 2.80%. The physicochemical analyses of the biodiesel produced gave a c percentage yield of 40% biodiesel, density of 0.845 Kg/ml, pH value of 8.50, specific gravity of 0.845, kinematic viscosity of 4.80 mm2/s, acid value of 0.37 mg KOH/g, and flash point of 150°C, cloud point of 5°C and pour point of -2°C. The results of the physicochemical parameters from the research shows that the feedstock (primary sewage sludge) would be a good source for the production of biodiesel. Original Research Article Ivwurie and Okoro; JABB, 23(6): 43-47, 2020; Article no.JABB.60976 44
{"title":"The Production of Biodiesel from Sewage Sludge Via Soxlet Extraction Using Hexane and Ethyl Acetate in Ratio 2:1 As the Organic Solvent and Transesterification Reaction","authors":"W. Ivwurie, B. Okoro","doi":"10.9734/JABB/2020/V23I630163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/JABB/2020/V23I630163","url":null,"abstract":"The Lipid/oil was extracted from reduced dried primary sewage sludge particle using soxhlet extraction method with Hexane and Ethyl Acetate in the ratio 2:1 as the extracting solvent. The extracted oil gave 15.03% percentage yield with density of 0.845 g/ml, pH value of 8.97, specific gravity of 0.845, viscosity of 41.20 mm2/sec, kinematic viscosity of 42.18 mm2/sec. The lipid/oil was brownish black in colour with a pungent smell. The chemical analyses revealed saponification value of 168.00 mgKOH/g, acid value of 5.60 mgKOH/g and free fatty acid value of 2.80%. The physicochemical analyses of the biodiesel produced gave a c percentage yield of 40% biodiesel, density of 0.845 Kg/ml, pH value of 8.50, specific gravity of 0.845, kinematic viscosity of 4.80 mm2/s, acid value of 0.37 mg KOH/g, and flash point of 150°C, cloud point of 5°C and pour point of -2°C. The results of the physicochemical parameters from the research shows that the feedstock (primary sewage sludge) would be a good source for the production of biodiesel. Original Research Article Ivwurie and Okoro; JABB, 23(6): 43-47, 2020; Article no.JABB.60976 44","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"1 1","pages":"43-47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85622427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-15DOI: 10.9734/JABB/2020/V23I630162
F. R. A. Gethami, H. E. Sayed
Assessment influences various concentrations of ZnO-Nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) on Chenopodium quinoa Willd. Micro-propagation by cotyledonary nodes explants was achieved. We used different concentrations of ZnO-NPs (0.2, 2, 10, 20 mg/l) and used the medium free from ZnO-NPs as control. The results indicated that the presence ZnO-NPs in medium was good effect on germination rate of quinoa seeds at 2 mg/l concentration, and we noticed a density in roots hair and number or length roots of seedling. In addition, the highest responding of explant to ZnO-NPs 93.33, 80.8% were in MS that supplemented 0.0, 2.0 mg/l respectively. Maximum numbers of roots 4.0 were also observed in MS containing 0.0, 2.0 mg/l. Although, there was positive clearly effect on number leaves of shoots, but there was a sudden decline (from 8.43 to 1.0) occurred by increasing ZnO-NPs concentrations from 2.0 to 20.0 mg/L. However, the ZnO-NPs do not effect on length of shoots, where the lengthiest shoot occurred in MS without ZnO-NPs. Regarding rooting shoots, there was significant effect of ZnO-NPs on both percentage of root and root number, where percentage of root reached to 100% in 10.0 mg/l concentration and roots number was 4.80 roots in the same concentration. Original Research Article Al Gethami and El Sayed; JABB, 23(6): 33-42, 2020; Article no.JABB.60748 34
{"title":"Assessment Various Concentrations of ZnO-Nanoparticles on Micropropagation for Chenopodium quinoa Willd. Plant","authors":"F. R. A. Gethami, H. E. Sayed","doi":"10.9734/JABB/2020/V23I630162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/JABB/2020/V23I630162","url":null,"abstract":"Assessment influences various concentrations of ZnO-Nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) on Chenopodium quinoa Willd. Micro-propagation by cotyledonary nodes explants was achieved. We used different concentrations of ZnO-NPs (0.2, 2, 10, 20 mg/l) and used the medium free from ZnO-NPs as control. The results indicated that the presence ZnO-NPs in medium was good effect on germination rate of quinoa seeds at 2 mg/l concentration, and we noticed a density in roots hair and number or length roots of seedling. In addition, the highest responding of explant to ZnO-NPs 93.33, 80.8% were in MS that supplemented 0.0, 2.0 mg/l respectively. Maximum numbers of roots 4.0 were also observed in MS containing 0.0, 2.0 mg/l. Although, there was positive clearly effect on number leaves of shoots, but there was a sudden decline (from 8.43 to 1.0) occurred by increasing ZnO-NPs concentrations from 2.0 to 20.0 mg/L. However, the ZnO-NPs do not effect on length of shoots, where the lengthiest shoot occurred in MS without ZnO-NPs. Regarding rooting shoots, there was significant effect of ZnO-NPs on both percentage of root and root number, where percentage of root reached to 100% in 10.0 mg/l concentration and roots number was 4.80 roots in the same concentration. Original Research Article Al Gethami and El Sayed; JABB, 23(6): 33-42, 2020; Article no.JABB.60748 34","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"67 1","pages":"33-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89055559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-11DOI: 10.9734/jabb/2020/v23i630161
T. Abike, Dr Oludare temitope Osuntokun, Aladejana Oluwatoyin Modupe, Ajadi Fatima Adenike, Akinyemi R. Atinuke
This study aimed at determining the phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial efficacy of Enantia chlorantha on multidrug resistance microorganisms.And also to study the interaction of plant secondary metabolite (phytochemicals) from Enantia chlorantha with three proteins. Antimicrobial activity of the extracts of E. chlorantha (leaf and stem bark) against selected microorganisms was done using agar well diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were also determined using standard methods. The qualitative Original Research Article Abike et al.; JABB, 23(6): 17-32, 2020; Article no.JABB.60911 18 and quantitative phytochemical screening of E. chlorantha were also determined. The molecular docking was determined using in-silico techniques and was elucidated. Protein generation, Ligand generation and Ligand Docking using GLIDE were determined. Standard precision (SP) flexible ligand docking was carried out in Glide of Schrödinger-Maestro 11.1 and the extra-precision (XP) mode. The crude extracts tested showed antimicrobial activities against all the test bacterial and fungal isolates for the stem bark extract while the leaf extract showed antimicrobial activities against some of the isolates with little differences. The zones of inhibition ranges between 9mm-24mm at 100mg/ml for the ethanol extract and 10mm-13mm at 12.5mg/ml. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) at which the isolates were sensitive to the various extracts differed and the MIC values ranged from 12.5mg/ml to 100mg/ml while the MBC for the organisms ranged from 25mg/ml to 100mg/ml.The qualitative phytochemical screening of Enantia chlorantha leaf and stem bark revealed the presence of medicinally active constituent such as cardiac glycoside, steroids, anthraquinone,tannin, saponin, phenol, and reducing sugar. The quantitative phytochemical screening of E. chlorantha stem bark and leaf using different solvents, showed the presence of different phytoconstituents in different quantities. Molecular docking results revealed some components of the plant to be more active compared to levofloxacin by inhibiting topoisomerase IV. Jartrorrhizine-1 and canadine-1 present in Enantia chlorantha have docking scores of -2.267 and 1.625 respectively which are greater than that of levofloxacin (-1.557) against Salmonella typhi. For Staphylococcus aureus, Argentine.sdf (-7.373) and Jartrorrhizine.sdf (-4.225) have high docking scores compared to Levofloxacin.sdf (-3.436) as well as Candida albican.The promising evidence for the antimicrobial effects of E. chlorantha against bacterial and fungal isolates in this study especially the stem bark extract showed that Enantia chlorantha is more effective at treating diseases caused by Salmonella typhi and other organisms and therefore can be used as an alternative source of therapeutic agents.
{"title":"Antimicrobial Efficacy, Secondary Metabolite Constituents, Ligand Docking of Enantia chlorantha on Selected Multidrug Resistance Bacteria and Fungi","authors":"T. Abike, Dr Oludare temitope Osuntokun, Aladejana Oluwatoyin Modupe, Ajadi Fatima Adenike, Akinyemi R. Atinuke","doi":"10.9734/jabb/2020/v23i630161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2020/v23i630161","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed at determining the phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial efficacy of Enantia chlorantha on multidrug resistance microorganisms.And also to study the interaction of plant secondary metabolite (phytochemicals) from Enantia chlorantha with three proteins. Antimicrobial activity of the extracts of E. chlorantha (leaf and stem bark) against selected microorganisms was done using agar well diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were also determined using standard methods. The qualitative Original Research Article Abike et al.; JABB, 23(6): 17-32, 2020; Article no.JABB.60911 18 and quantitative phytochemical screening of E. chlorantha were also determined. The molecular docking was determined using in-silico techniques and was elucidated. Protein generation, Ligand generation and Ligand Docking using GLIDE were determined. Standard precision (SP) flexible ligand docking was carried out in Glide of Schrödinger-Maestro 11.1 and the extra-precision (XP) mode. The crude extracts tested showed antimicrobial activities against all the test bacterial and fungal isolates for the stem bark extract while the leaf extract showed antimicrobial activities against some of the isolates with little differences. The zones of inhibition ranges between 9mm-24mm at 100mg/ml for the ethanol extract and 10mm-13mm at 12.5mg/ml. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) at which the isolates were sensitive to the various extracts differed and the MIC values ranged from 12.5mg/ml to 100mg/ml while the MBC for the organisms ranged from 25mg/ml to 100mg/ml.The qualitative phytochemical screening of Enantia chlorantha leaf and stem bark revealed the presence of medicinally active constituent such as cardiac glycoside, steroids, anthraquinone,tannin, saponin, phenol, and reducing sugar. The quantitative phytochemical screening of E. chlorantha stem bark and leaf using different solvents, showed the presence of different phytoconstituents in different quantities. Molecular docking results revealed some components of the plant to be more active compared to levofloxacin by inhibiting topoisomerase IV. Jartrorrhizine-1 and canadine-1 present in Enantia chlorantha have docking scores of -2.267 and 1.625 respectively which are greater than that of levofloxacin (-1.557) against Salmonella typhi. For Staphylococcus aureus, Argentine.sdf (-7.373) and Jartrorrhizine.sdf (-4.225) have high docking scores compared to Levofloxacin.sdf (-3.436) as well as Candida albican.The promising evidence for the antimicrobial effects of E. chlorantha against bacterial and fungal isolates in this study especially the stem bark extract showed that Enantia chlorantha is more effective at treating diseases caused by Salmonella typhi and other organisms and therefore can be used as an alternative source of therapeutic agents.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"8 1","pages":"17-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75000452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.9734/jabb/2020/v23i630160
D. Olorunfemi, R. Uzakah, Romeo Ofomata, Charles Okoruwa
Drinking water samples were collected from boreholes in six locations in Ughelli and environs in Delta State of Nigeria and were treated by filtration through a substrate colonized with mycelium of Pleurotus tuber-regium. Water samples were analysed for pH, heavy metal concentration and microbiological content before and after filtration. Results obtained showed that the pH of unfiltered water samples were acidic (5.0 – 5.8) and below the WHO and SON permissible limits for drinking water. The same trend was followed by the concentrations of heavy metals such as lead, iron, zinc and chromium. Water samples from all six locations also had high total bacterial and coliform counts. Filtration through the mycelium colonized substrate showed adjustment of pH to a range within the WHO permissible limits. Reduction in heavy metal concentration ranged from 45.0 – 100%. Total bacterial count of mycofiltered water samples was impressively reduced by Original Research Article Olorunfemi et al.; JABB, 23(6): 8-16, 2020; Article no.JABB.59548 9 77.3 – 100% and coliform count was not detected. The results obtained in this study makes mycofiltration a potential cost-effective and efficient technique for the treatment of potable water for domestic use.
{"title":"Evaluation of Toxicity and Bioremediation of Contaminated Drinking Water Sources in Delta State, Nigeria","authors":"D. Olorunfemi, R. Uzakah, Romeo Ofomata, Charles Okoruwa","doi":"10.9734/jabb/2020/v23i630160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2020/v23i630160","url":null,"abstract":"Drinking water samples were collected from boreholes in six locations in Ughelli and environs in Delta State of Nigeria and were treated by filtration through a substrate colonized with mycelium of Pleurotus tuber-regium. Water samples were analysed for pH, heavy metal concentration and microbiological content before and after filtration. Results obtained showed that the pH of unfiltered water samples were acidic (5.0 – 5.8) and below the WHO and SON permissible limits for drinking water. The same trend was followed by the concentrations of heavy metals such as lead, iron, zinc and chromium. Water samples from all six locations also had high total bacterial and coliform counts. Filtration through the mycelium colonized substrate showed adjustment of pH to a range within the WHO permissible limits. Reduction in heavy metal concentration ranged from 45.0 – 100%. Total bacterial count of mycofiltered water samples was impressively reduced by Original Research Article Olorunfemi et al.; JABB, 23(6): 8-16, 2020; Article no.JABB.59548 9 77.3 – 100% and coliform count was not detected. The results obtained in this study makes mycofiltration a potential cost-effective and efficient technique for the treatment of potable water for domestic use.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"57 1","pages":"8-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82325612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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