Pub Date : 2021-05-19DOI: 10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I430208
Okoye Clifford Tochukwu, Etuh Monday Alexander, Jacob Mekidani Salu
Aim: This study is aimed at evaluating the toxic effect of A. indica hydroethanolic leaf extracts in D. melanogaster (fruit flies) by carrying out a survival study, locomotor, fecundity and biochemical assays. Place of study: This study was carried out in the Drosophila laboratory of Africa Centre of Excellence in Phytomedicine Research and Development (ACEPRD), University of Jos. Methods: Extraction of A. indica extract was carried using hydroethanolic solvent (70:30 v/v ethanol: water). Flies were treated with 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, 250 mg, 500 mg and 5000 mg A. indica hydroethanolic leaf extracts per 10 g fly food for 7 days, to determine the lethal concentration (LC50). The survival assay was carried out for 28 days by treating flies with 5 mg, 10 mg, and 25 mg/10 g fly food of the extract. Young flies were treated with several concentrations of Original Research Article Tochukwu et al.; JABB, 24(4): 12-23, 2021; Article no.JABB.68352 13 the extract for 7 days, to determine the effect of the extract on the fecundity and locomotion. Thereafter, flies exposed to the extracts for 7 days were immobilized, weighed, homogenized, and centrifuged. The supernatant was used to assay for acetylcholinesterase and catalase activities. The experiment was replicated 3 times and data was presented as mean ± SEM with statistical value at “P < 0.05” considered significant. Results: The percentage yield was calculated to be 12.7 % and the phytochemicals present in A. indica hydroethanolic leaf extract included alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids, phenols, and glycosides. The LC50 was determined to be 1499 mg/10 g diet and the result showed a dose-dependent significant decrease (P < 0.05) in the survival of the flies, when compared to the control group. Further results showed a non-significant decrease (P > 0.05) in the fecundity, as well as the locomotor, acetylcholinesterase, and catalase activities of the flies, compared to the control. Conclusion: This study concludes that A. indica hydroethanolic leaf extract, at certain concentrations, may not be safe for consumption as it showed some level of toxicity in D. melanogaster.
{"title":"Toxicity of Azadirachta indica Hydroethanolic Leaf Extract in Adult Drosophila melanogaster (Harwich Strain)","authors":"Okoye Clifford Tochukwu, Etuh Monday Alexander, Jacob Mekidani Salu","doi":"10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I430208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I430208","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: This study is aimed at evaluating the toxic effect of A. indica hydroethanolic leaf extracts in D. melanogaster (fruit flies) by carrying out a survival study, locomotor, fecundity and biochemical assays. Place of study: This study was carried out in the Drosophila laboratory of Africa Centre of Excellence in Phytomedicine Research and Development (ACEPRD), University of Jos. Methods: Extraction of A. indica extract was carried using hydroethanolic solvent (70:30 v/v ethanol: water). Flies were treated with 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, 250 mg, 500 mg and 5000 mg A. indica hydroethanolic leaf extracts per 10 g fly food for 7 days, to determine the lethal concentration (LC50). The survival assay was carried out for 28 days by treating flies with 5 mg, 10 mg, and 25 mg/10 g fly food of the extract. Young flies were treated with several concentrations of Original Research Article Tochukwu et al.; JABB, 24(4): 12-23, 2021; Article no.JABB.68352 13 the extract for 7 days, to determine the effect of the extract on the fecundity and locomotion. Thereafter, flies exposed to the extracts for 7 days were immobilized, weighed, homogenized, and centrifuged. The supernatant was used to assay for acetylcholinesterase and catalase activities. The experiment was replicated 3 times and data was presented as mean ± SEM with statistical value at “P < 0.05” considered significant. Results: The percentage yield was calculated to be 12.7 % and the phytochemicals present in A. indica hydroethanolic leaf extract included alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids, phenols, and glycosides. The LC50 was determined to be 1499 mg/10 g diet and the result showed a dose-dependent significant decrease (P < 0.05) in the survival of the flies, when compared to the control group. Further results showed a non-significant decrease (P > 0.05) in the fecundity, as well as the locomotor, acetylcholinesterase, and catalase activities of the flies, compared to the control. Conclusion: This study concludes that A. indica hydroethanolic leaf extract, at certain concentrations, may not be safe for consumption as it showed some level of toxicity in D. melanogaster.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"7 1","pages":"12-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90174267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aim: This study was aimed at evaluating the phytochemical constituents, hypoglycemic, and antioxidant activities of Senna occidentalis ethanolic leaf extract in diabetic Drosophila melanogaster with emphasis on survival, phytochemical, biochemical and fecundity assays as well as locomotor activities. Methodology: S. occidentalis leaves was collected and prepared for extraction using 70% ethanol as solvent. The extract was subjected to phytochemical screening and the lethal dose (LD50) was Original Research Article Tochukwu et al.; JABB, 24(3): 48-63, 2021; Article no.JABB.68207 49 carried out on D. melanogaster for 7 days. Survival study was conducted by treating fruit flies with different concentration of the extracts for 28 days. Hyperglycemia was induced by feeding the flies with food containing 30% of sucrose for 10 days, and thereafter treated with different concentration of the extract and metformin (positive control) for 7 days. Diabetic flies were used for the negative geotaxis and fecundity assays. The homogenates of flies from the different groups of the treatment and control were prepared and used to quantify the glucose content and the antioxidant activities which included the thiol content, glutathione-s-transferase and catalase activities. Results: The phytochemical screening revealed the presence 8 different phytochemicals. The LD50 was determined to be 277.8 mg/10 g fly food of S. occidentalis. Supplementation with S. occidentalis ethanolic extracts showed a non-significant increase (P> 0.05) in the survival of D melanogaster when compared to the baseline group. Diabetic flies treated with the extract showed a dose-dependent decrease in serum glucose which was significant (P< 0.05) at 100 mg when compared to the negative control group(untreated). Negative geotaxis, fecundity and catalase activities of treated flies showed no significant difference (P> 0.05) when compared to flies in the negative control group. S. occidentalis ethanolic leaf extract significantly elevated (P< 0.05) the total thiol content and glutathione-s-transferase activities at certain concentration in a non-linear manner. Conclusion: From the findings, S. occidentalis ethanolic leaf extract contained several phytochemicals and it is relatively safe; possessing hypoglycemic and antioxidant properties when administered to diabetic D. melanogaster.
{"title":"The Phytochemical Constituents, Hypoglycemic, and Antioxidant Activities of Senna occidentalis (L.) Ethanolic Leaf Extract in High Sucrose Diet Fed Drosophila melanogaster","authors":"Okoye Clifford Tochukwu, Ogbonna Abigail, Etuh Monday Alexander, Sani Peter Ugbedeojo","doi":"10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I330206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I330206","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: This study was aimed at evaluating the phytochemical constituents, hypoglycemic, and antioxidant activities of Senna occidentalis ethanolic leaf extract in diabetic Drosophila melanogaster with emphasis on survival, phytochemical, biochemical and fecundity assays as well as locomotor activities. Methodology: S. occidentalis leaves was collected and prepared for extraction using 70% ethanol as solvent. The extract was subjected to phytochemical screening and the lethal dose (LD50) was Original Research Article Tochukwu et al.; JABB, 24(3): 48-63, 2021; Article no.JABB.68207 49 carried out on D. melanogaster for 7 days. Survival study was conducted by treating fruit flies with different concentration of the extracts for 28 days. Hyperglycemia was induced by feeding the flies with food containing 30% of sucrose for 10 days, and thereafter treated with different concentration of the extract and metformin (positive control) for 7 days. Diabetic flies were used for the negative geotaxis and fecundity assays. The homogenates of flies from the different groups of the treatment and control were prepared and used to quantify the glucose content and the antioxidant activities which included the thiol content, glutathione-s-transferase and catalase activities. Results: The phytochemical screening revealed the presence 8 different phytochemicals. The LD50 was determined to be 277.8 mg/10 g fly food of S. occidentalis. Supplementation with S. occidentalis ethanolic extracts showed a non-significant increase (P> 0.05) in the survival of D melanogaster when compared to the baseline group. Diabetic flies treated with the extract showed a dose-dependent decrease in serum glucose which was significant (P< 0.05) at 100 mg when compared to the negative control group(untreated). Negative geotaxis, fecundity and catalase activities of treated flies showed no significant difference (P> 0.05) when compared to flies in the negative control group. S. occidentalis ethanolic leaf extract significantly elevated (P< 0.05) the total thiol content and glutathione-s-transferase activities at certain concentration in a non-linear manner. Conclusion: From the findings, S. occidentalis ethanolic leaf extract contained several phytochemicals and it is relatively safe; possessing hypoglycemic and antioxidant properties when administered to diabetic D. melanogaster.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"159 1","pages":"48-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76103603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-15DOI: 10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I330205
J. Emakoua, Mesmine Kuissu Teukam Mimosette, A. P. Amang, Mbida Désirée Essama, Otto Gustave Lebeau Ndji, C. Mezui, Enow-Orock George Enonchong, P. V. Tan
Aims: The antisecretory, antibacterial on Helicobacter, and antacid properties of Eremomastax speciosa ( E. speciosa ) and MY41g clay respectively, led us to evaluate the potential use of this clay in the anti-ulcer tri-therapy formulated with Eremomastax speciosa. and Materials and Methods: In vitro antacid were evaluated by studying: Fordtran's method, and the influence of temperature on the pH values. I n vivo activity was studied on chronic gastric ulcers induced by injection of 0.05 ml of acetic acid (30%) into the stomach wall. Rats were treated daily for 10 days after ulcer induction with a combination of E. speciosa and MY41g (ESMY) ; (ESMY 100+250 and 200+250 mg/kg). The model of "unhealed" gastric ulcers was also used: from day 5 to day 18 of experimentation, rats were given ESMY orally concomitantly with indomethacin (1 mg/kg/day) subcutaneously. Ulcer index, percentage of healing, mucus secretion, gastric acidity, histological, hematological, and oxidative stress parameters were evaluated. Results: ESMY showed good neutralizing capacity in vitro in Fordtran’s method. Treatment with ESMY accelerated the spontaneous healing of chronic gastric ulcers (93.82-96.14%). However, administration of indomethacin did not induce significant variations in the percentage of healing (90.73-94.60%). For both ulcer models performed, ulcer healing was accompanied by a significant ( P = 0.001) increase in mucus mass at 200/250 mg/kg. ESMY increased antioxidant activity, decreased gastric acidity, lipid peroxidation, and maintained hematological balance. Conclusion: In addition to its buffering properties, the healing mechanism of ESMY includes reduced gastric acidity, enhanced mucus production, re-epithelialization of gastric mucosa, improvement of hematological and antioxidant status. ESMY can be used in traditional medicine, as a therapeutic regimen against gastric ulcers.
{"title":"In-vitro Antacid Properties of Cameroonian Clay (MY41g) and its Potential Use in Anti-ulcer Triple Therapy Regimen Formulated with Eremomastax speciosa Extract","authors":"J. Emakoua, Mesmine Kuissu Teukam Mimosette, A. P. Amang, Mbida Désirée Essama, Otto Gustave Lebeau Ndji, C. Mezui, Enow-Orock George Enonchong, P. V. Tan","doi":"10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I330205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I330205","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: The antisecretory, antibacterial on Helicobacter, and antacid properties of Eremomastax speciosa ( E. speciosa ) and MY41g clay respectively, led us to evaluate the potential use of this clay in the anti-ulcer tri-therapy formulated with Eremomastax speciosa. and Materials and Methods: In vitro antacid were evaluated by studying: Fordtran's method, and the influence of temperature on the pH values. I n vivo activity was studied on chronic gastric ulcers induced by injection of 0.05 ml of acetic acid (30%) into the stomach wall. Rats were treated daily for 10 days after ulcer induction with a combination of E. speciosa and MY41g (ESMY) ; (ESMY 100+250 and 200+250 mg/kg). The model of \"unhealed\" gastric ulcers was also used: from day 5 to day 18 of experimentation, rats were given ESMY orally concomitantly with indomethacin (1 mg/kg/day) subcutaneously. Ulcer index, percentage of healing, mucus secretion, gastric acidity, histological, hematological, and oxidative stress parameters were evaluated. Results: ESMY showed good neutralizing capacity in vitro in Fordtran’s method. Treatment with ESMY accelerated the spontaneous healing of chronic gastric ulcers (93.82-96.14%). However, administration of indomethacin did not induce significant variations in the percentage of healing (90.73-94.60%). For both ulcer models performed, ulcer healing was accompanied by a significant ( P = 0.001) increase in mucus mass at 200/250 mg/kg. ESMY increased antioxidant activity, decreased gastric acidity, lipid peroxidation, and maintained hematological balance. Conclusion: In addition to its buffering properties, the healing mechanism of ESMY includes reduced gastric acidity, enhanced mucus production, re-epithelialization of gastric mucosa, improvement of hematological and antioxidant status. ESMY can be used in traditional medicine, as a therapeutic regimen against gastric ulcers.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"359 1","pages":"28-47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76428321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-14DOI: 10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I330204
Kliff Eldry G. Ibañez, L. Padilla
experimentation data acquisition, data statistical the experiment and data data statistical ABSTRACT Aims: Malayan box turtles’ ( Cuora amboinensis ) ecological niche are essential in an ecosystem but are often overlooked. This study investigated the germination of selected seeds that in the study. Seed shadowing was also conducted to evaluate the turtle’s seed dispersal capacity (endozoochory). Results: Results showed that after gut passage, seed GR and %GR were enhanced on Lycopersicon esculentum, Carica papaya, Psidium guajava, and Muntingia calabura . However, Germination Rate and Percent Germination of Passiflora quadrangularis decreased after gut passage. Statistical analyses revealed that there is a significant difference in the GR and %G of M. calabura and %G of L. esculentum , and P. quadrangularis . Thread trailing method showed that C. amboinensis can disperse seeds at a distance of 24.8 to 52.8 meters. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the important role of C. amboinensis in the ecosystem through its contribution to plant seed germination and dispersal. It showed that Malayan box turtles are not only seed dispersal agents but are also important in the germination of seeds that they have ingested and defecated.
{"title":"Endozoochory and Germination of Selected Ingested Seeds by Malayan Box Turtles (Cuoraamboinensis) from Laguna Province, Philippines","authors":"Kliff Eldry G. Ibañez, L. Padilla","doi":"10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I330204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I330204","url":null,"abstract":"experimentation data acquisition, data statistical the experiment and data data statistical ABSTRACT Aims: Malayan box turtles’ ( Cuora amboinensis ) ecological niche are essential in an ecosystem but are often overlooked. This study investigated the germination of selected seeds that in the study. Seed shadowing was also conducted to evaluate the turtle’s seed dispersal capacity (endozoochory). Results: Results showed that after gut passage, seed GR and %GR were enhanced on Lycopersicon esculentum, Carica papaya, Psidium guajava, and Muntingia calabura . However, Germination Rate and Percent Germination of Passiflora quadrangularis decreased after gut passage. Statistical analyses revealed that there is a significant difference in the GR and %G of M. calabura and %G of L. esculentum , and P. quadrangularis . Thread trailing method showed that C. amboinensis can disperse seeds at a distance of 24.8 to 52.8 meters. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the important role of C. amboinensis in the ecosystem through its contribution to plant seed germination and dispersal. It showed that Malayan box turtles are not only seed dispersal agents but are also important in the germination of seeds that they have ingested and defecated.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"11 4 1","pages":"19-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90738952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-10DOI: 10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I330203
Boudjeka Guemkam Vanessa, Djeukeu Asongni William, Loé-Etame Gisèle, Dongho Dongmo Fabrice Fabien, C. Bolea, N. Stănciuc, Tchiaze Ifoue Alice, G. Iordăchescu, G. Inocent
Aims: This study aims to assess the effect of steam blanching on the phytochemical composition and the antioxidant properties of Cucurbita moschata pulp, obtained with the use of three biological fertilizers. Study Design: The study was done on five samples of pumpkin pulp grown in different conditions. All the samples were evaluated before and after steam blanching treatment followed by hot air drying. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with three replications. study seven March 2018. Methodology: Pumpkin were grown in May-September 2018 using the following fertilizers: ash at 10kg/25m 2 ; bovine compost at 62.5 kg/25m 2 ; ash + bovine compost (1:1). Besides negative control without fertilizers and positive control represented by NPK (20-10-10) at 2 kg/25m 2 have been done. After harvesting, carotenoids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids contents, and antioxidant activities were determined using standard methods before and after a steam blanching treatment followed by hot air drying process. Results: Pumpkin pulp fertilized with ash, after a steam blanching treatment had the highest contents of total carotenoids, β-carotene, lycopene respectively of 696.03 ± 7.57; 584.86 ± 15.50 and 115.00 ± 1.25 mg/100g of edible portion and the lowest percentages of loss of these bioactive compounds. Pumpkin pulp fertilized with bovine compost and ash showed the lowest rates of loss of total phenolic compounds, respectively 0.62% and 4.25%, while those fertilized with the positive control (NPK) showed the highest rate of loss of total phenolic compounds (60%). Steam blanching treatment had a significant impact on phytonutrient contents and total phenolic compounds extracted from dried pumpkin pulp exert greater antioxidant activity. Conclusion: Pumpkin pulp fertilized with ash provides the highest carotenoids content after steam blanching treatment and this treatment increases the antioxidant activity and probably the shelf life of dried pumpkin pulp.
{"title":"Effect of Steam Blanching on Carotenoids, Phenolic Compounds Content and Antioxidant Activity of Dried Pumpkin’s Pulp (Cucurbita moschata) Farmed with Three Biological Fertilizers","authors":"Boudjeka Guemkam Vanessa, Djeukeu Asongni William, Loé-Etame Gisèle, Dongho Dongmo Fabrice Fabien, C. Bolea, N. Stănciuc, Tchiaze Ifoue Alice, G. Iordăchescu, G. Inocent","doi":"10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I330203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I330203","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: This study aims to assess the effect of steam blanching on the phytochemical composition and the antioxidant properties of Cucurbita moschata pulp, obtained with the use of three biological fertilizers. Study Design: The study was done on five samples of pumpkin pulp grown in different conditions. All the samples were evaluated before and after steam blanching treatment followed by hot air drying. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with three replications. study seven March 2018. Methodology: Pumpkin were grown in May-September 2018 using the following fertilizers: ash at 10kg/25m 2 ; bovine compost at 62.5 kg/25m 2 ; ash + bovine compost (1:1). Besides negative control without fertilizers and positive control represented by NPK (20-10-10) at 2 kg/25m 2 have been done. After harvesting, carotenoids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids contents, and antioxidant activities were determined using standard methods before and after a steam blanching treatment followed by hot air drying process. Results: Pumpkin pulp fertilized with ash, after a steam blanching treatment had the highest contents of total carotenoids, β-carotene, lycopene respectively of 696.03 ± 7.57; 584.86 ± 15.50 and 115.00 ± 1.25 mg/100g of edible portion and the lowest percentages of loss of these bioactive compounds. Pumpkin pulp fertilized with bovine compost and ash showed the lowest rates of loss of total phenolic compounds, respectively 0.62% and 4.25%, while those fertilized with the positive control (NPK) showed the highest rate of loss of total phenolic compounds (60%). Steam blanching treatment had a significant impact on phytonutrient contents and total phenolic compounds extracted from dried pumpkin pulp exert greater antioxidant activity. Conclusion: Pumpkin pulp fertilized with ash provides the highest carotenoids content after steam blanching treatment and this treatment increases the antioxidant activity and probably the shelf life of dried pumpkin pulp.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"1 1","pages":"7-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79005846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-10DOI: 10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I330202
U. Nicholas, Nwachukwu, Augusta Añuli, Ogbulie Tochukwu Ekwutosi, Anyalogbu Ernest Anayochukwu
Enormous quantities of plant biomass are generated annually, as agricultural wastes. Lignocellulose is the main structural constituent of plants and represents the primary source of renewable organic matter on earth. This study was carried out to evaluate the lignocellulose composition, proximate and selected physicochemical characteristics of some selected plant-based substrates for biogas production. The substrates were: Corn cobs, Rice straw and Water hyacinth (Eichhorniacrassipes). They were collected, cut, dried for 72 hours at 32C, milled and subjected to hemicellulose, lignin and cellulose compositional analyses, using the standard Sox let extraction method. Standard methods were employed for proximate and physicochemical analyses. Results of the compositional evaluation showed that corn cob has the highest percentages of cellulose (42.0%), while extractives content was least (2.18%) in Rice straw. For the proximate analysis, the percentage carbohydrates (24.22) and ash (24.40) were highest in rice straw, while fat content had the least values of 0.65% recorded in corn cobs. The results of the physicochemical analysis showed that Rice straw had the highest values of TS (94.55%) and phosphorus (928.57mg/kg), Corn cob had the highest TVS Original Research Article Ugwu et al.; JABB, 24(3): 1-6, 2021; Article no.JABB.67948 2 (85.53%) and organic carbon (50.46%) while Water hyacinth recorded the highest Nitrogen content (2.33%). They are good substrates for energy generation, and lignocellulosic biomass holds a huge potential to meet the current energy demand of the modern world. The knowledge of the lignocellulosic composition of the biomass would help in choosing appropriate pretreatment measures to achieve better hydrolysis which would translate to higher biogas yield.
{"title":"Compositional Assessment of Selected Plant-based Substrates for Biogas Production","authors":"U. Nicholas, Nwachukwu, Augusta Añuli, Ogbulie Tochukwu Ekwutosi, Anyalogbu Ernest Anayochukwu","doi":"10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I330202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I330202","url":null,"abstract":"Enormous quantities of plant biomass are generated annually, as agricultural wastes. Lignocellulose is the main structural constituent of plants and represents the primary source of renewable organic matter on earth. This study was carried out to evaluate the lignocellulose composition, proximate and selected physicochemical characteristics of some selected plant-based substrates for biogas production. The substrates were: Corn cobs, Rice straw and Water hyacinth (Eichhorniacrassipes). They were collected, cut, dried for 72 hours at 32C, milled and subjected to hemicellulose, lignin and cellulose compositional analyses, using the standard Sox let extraction method. Standard methods were employed for proximate and physicochemical analyses. Results of the compositional evaluation showed that corn cob has the highest percentages of cellulose (42.0%), while extractives content was least (2.18%) in Rice straw. For the proximate analysis, the percentage carbohydrates (24.22) and ash (24.40) were highest in rice straw, while fat content had the least values of 0.65% recorded in corn cobs. The results of the physicochemical analysis showed that Rice straw had the highest values of TS (94.55%) and phosphorus (928.57mg/kg), Corn cob had the highest TVS Original Research Article Ugwu et al.; JABB, 24(3): 1-6, 2021; Article no.JABB.67948 2 (85.53%) and organic carbon (50.46%) while Water hyacinth recorded the highest Nitrogen content (2.33%). They are good substrates for energy generation, and lignocellulosic biomass holds a huge potential to meet the current energy demand of the modern world. The knowledge of the lignocellulosic composition of the biomass would help in choosing appropriate pretreatment measures to achieve better hydrolysis which would translate to higher biogas yield.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"30 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84645356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-04DOI: 10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I230201
Yadom Y. F. R. Kouakou, K. Kra, Toualy Marie Noël Yeyeh, H. Diallo
The great diversity of agroecological factors that cover the yam production area in Côte d’Ivoire can be a source of morphological variability within Scutellonema bradys species, responsible for yam dry rot. This study aims at identifying the morphological group(s) of S. bradys which infect(s) yam Dioscorea cayenensis-rotundata. Two hundred ten yam tubers for sale in food markets in the Autonomous District of Abidjan were sampled from traders. After extraction and identification, a morphological characterization was carried out on S. bradys populations using morphological descriptors. Yam tubers sampled from food markets came from three agroecological zones namely dry tropical savannah, semi-deciduous dense forest and transitional forest areas. Morphometric variables and ratios used individually did not help identify morphological groups. Principal component analysis, however, performed with the most discriminating variables and ratios revealed three morphological groups named "large", "medium" and "small" in males and females and confirmed by the agglomerative hierarchical clustering. Each group consisted of a rate greater than 48% of individuals from a given agroecological zone. Three morphological groups of S. bradys are associated with yam dry rot in Côte d’Ivoire. Pathogenic and molecular characterization of the morphological groups would be necessary with a view to researching control methods. Original Research Article Kouakou et al.; JABB, 24(2): 43-59, 2021; Article no.JABB.67637 44
{"title":"Morphological Characteristics of Scutellonema bradys Populations Responsible for Yam Dry Rot in Côte d’Ivoire","authors":"Yadom Y. F. R. Kouakou, K. Kra, Toualy Marie Noël Yeyeh, H. Diallo","doi":"10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I230201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I230201","url":null,"abstract":"The great diversity of agroecological factors that cover the yam production area in Côte d’Ivoire can be a source of morphological variability within Scutellonema bradys species, responsible for yam dry rot. This study aims at identifying the morphological group(s) of S. bradys which infect(s) yam Dioscorea cayenensis-rotundata. Two hundred ten yam tubers for sale in food markets in the Autonomous District of Abidjan were sampled from traders. After extraction and identification, a morphological characterization was carried out on S. bradys populations using morphological descriptors. Yam tubers sampled from food markets came from three agroecological zones namely dry tropical savannah, semi-deciduous dense forest and transitional forest areas. Morphometric variables and ratios used individually did not help identify morphological groups. Principal component analysis, however, performed with the most discriminating variables and ratios revealed three morphological groups named \"large\", \"medium\" and \"small\" in males and females and confirmed by the agglomerative hierarchical clustering. Each group consisted of a rate greater than 48% of individuals from a given agroecological zone. Three morphological groups of S. bradys are associated with yam dry rot in Côte d’Ivoire. Pathogenic and molecular characterization of the morphological groups would be necessary with a view to researching control methods. Original Research Article Kouakou et al.; JABB, 24(2): 43-59, 2021; Article no.JABB.67637 44","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"46 1","pages":"43-59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86934218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Kheirallah, H. K. Hussein, Horeya Said Abd El Gawad, B. Youssef
Cypermethrin is a widely used insecticide belongs to type II pyrethroids. It is highly used in developing countries to control many species of insects as it plays an important role in pest control. Vitamin C is an important intracellular antioxidant against insecticides. The aim of the present study is to analyze the toxic effects of cypermethrin (CYP) and the positive effect of vitamin C (VC) with graded doses (0 CYP, 200 VC, 12 CYP and 12 CYP+200 VC mg/kg body weight of male rats/day) for 30 days on liver and kidney functions. Moreover, antioxidant enzymes, oxidative stress markers, glycogen and glucose levels and also serum lipid profile were studied. Also, this study aimed to evaluate the possible protective role of vitamin C against cypermethrin toxicity
{"title":"Ameliorative effect of vitamin C on cypermethrin-induced hepatotoxicity and renal malfunction of adult male rats.","authors":"N. Kheirallah, H. K. Hussein, Horeya Said Abd El Gawad, B. Youssef","doi":"10.24297/JAB.V14I.9007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24297/JAB.V14I.9007","url":null,"abstract":"Cypermethrin is a widely used insecticide belongs to type II pyrethroids. It is highly used in developing countries to control many species of insects as it plays an important role in pest control. Vitamin C is an important intracellular antioxidant against insecticides. The aim of the present study is to analyze the toxic effects of cypermethrin (CYP) and the positive effect of vitamin C (VC) with graded doses (0 CYP, 200 VC, 12 CYP and 12 CYP+200 VC mg/kg body weight of male rats/day) for 30 days on liver and kidney functions. Moreover, antioxidant enzymes, oxidative stress markers, glycogen and glucose levels and also serum lipid profile were studied. Also, this study aimed to evaluate the possible protective role of vitamin C against cypermethrin toxicity","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75691288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-28DOI: 10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I230200
Kenechukwu U. Aroh, J. Udensi
Researchers have studied the effects of addition of metal elements in combination with nitrogen fixing organisms as inoculants on the plants (growth) predominantly in legumes, however there is a major gap because responses and effects of these proposed micronutrients on the nitrogen fixation activity of these microbes both free living and symbiotic remains sketchy at best. Therefore, the effect of supplementation of lead and Mercury (bioaugmentation) on the nitrogen fixation potential of two (2) diazotrophs was evaluated in this study. Aims: To evaluate the interactive effects of different levels of Lead and Mercury on Nitrogen fixation of both Rhizobium and Xanthobacter spp in-vitro. Place and Duration of Study: Sample organisms where collected from Groundnut rhizospheric soil of a farm in Cross River state, Nigeria. The microorganism isolation and nitrogen fixation analysis was further carried out at MacCliff General services Laboratory, Owerri, Nigeria for a duration of 3 months. Study Design: The interactive plots serve to show the effect of one variable (lead) on the value of mercury (the other) and is derived by selecting high and low values for lead (Pb) and entering them into the equation along with the range of values for Mercury (Hg). The values of independent Original Research Article Aroh and Udensi; JABB, 24(2): 34-42, 2021; Article no.JABB.67623 35 variables (lead and mercury levels) used in the plots were selected by observing the highest concentration (+1) and lowest concentration (-1) values which are able to support nitrogen fixation independently in Rhizobium and Xanthobacter. Methodology: The soil samples were collected from groundnut rhizosphere at a 20 cm depth using sterile soil corer (sterilized with 95% ethanol) and matured Groundnut plants were uprooted with care. From these samples, both Rhizobium and Xanthobacter spp were isolated. The isolated organisms were re-vitalized in Jensen’s nitrogen free broth and standardized to 0.5 McFarland standards. To determine nitrogen fixation, the broth cultures were examined for nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) and amino nitrogen (Amino-N) levels after ten days of the experiment under continuous airflow using the Jensen’s nitrogen free broth containing the metal salts, Mercury (II) chloride HgCl2 and Lead (II) acetate trihydrate Pb (CH3COO)2.3H2O). Nitrate nitrogen and amino Nitrogen was obtained using cataldo and ninhydrins methods respectively. The data obtained was made in triplicates and reported as mean values. Interactive effect plots and statistical analysis were done using Minitab 17 software at 5% level of significance (p<0.05). Results: The main effect plots illustrate that to maximize nitrogen fixation in Xanthobacter sp through the utilization of the selected metals as micronutrient, we should use lead at 6.25 mg/L and mercury at 25mg/L yielding 0.508 mg/L for nitrogen fixation response. The plot also suggests that if lead metals are used at a higher concentration than stated ni
{"title":"Study on Interactive Effects of Different Levels of Lead and Mercury on Nitrogen Fixation of Some Diazotrophs","authors":"Kenechukwu U. Aroh, J. Udensi","doi":"10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I230200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I230200","url":null,"abstract":"Researchers have studied the effects of addition of metal elements in combination with nitrogen fixing organisms as inoculants on the plants (growth) predominantly in legumes, however there is a major gap because responses and effects of these proposed micronutrients on the nitrogen fixation activity of these microbes both free living and symbiotic remains sketchy at best. Therefore, the effect of supplementation of lead and Mercury (bioaugmentation) on the nitrogen fixation potential of two (2) diazotrophs was evaluated in this study. Aims: To evaluate the interactive effects of different levels of Lead and Mercury on Nitrogen fixation of both Rhizobium and Xanthobacter spp in-vitro. Place and Duration of Study: Sample organisms where collected from Groundnut rhizospheric soil of a farm in Cross River state, Nigeria. The microorganism isolation and nitrogen fixation analysis was further carried out at MacCliff General services Laboratory, Owerri, Nigeria for a duration of 3 months. Study Design: The interactive plots serve to show the effect of one variable (lead) on the value of mercury (the other) and is derived by selecting high and low values for lead (Pb) and entering them into the equation along with the range of values for Mercury (Hg). The values of independent Original Research Article Aroh and Udensi; JABB, 24(2): 34-42, 2021; Article no.JABB.67623 35 variables (lead and mercury levels) used in the plots were selected by observing the highest concentration (+1) and lowest concentration (-1) values which are able to support nitrogen fixation independently in Rhizobium and Xanthobacter. Methodology: The soil samples were collected from groundnut rhizosphere at a 20 cm depth using sterile soil corer (sterilized with 95% ethanol) and matured Groundnut plants were uprooted with care. From these samples, both Rhizobium and Xanthobacter spp were isolated. The isolated organisms were re-vitalized in Jensen’s nitrogen free broth and standardized to 0.5 McFarland standards. To determine nitrogen fixation, the broth cultures were examined for nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) and amino nitrogen (Amino-N) levels after ten days of the experiment under continuous airflow using the Jensen’s nitrogen free broth containing the metal salts, Mercury (II) chloride HgCl2 and Lead (II) acetate trihydrate Pb (CH3COO)2.3H2O). Nitrate nitrogen and amino Nitrogen was obtained using cataldo and ninhydrins methods respectively. The data obtained was made in triplicates and reported as mean values. Interactive effect plots and statistical analysis were done using Minitab 17 software at 5% level of significance (p<0.05). Results: The main effect plots illustrate that to maximize nitrogen fixation in Xanthobacter sp through the utilization of the selected metals as micronutrient, we should use lead at 6.25 mg/L and mercury at 25mg/L yielding 0.508 mg/L for nitrogen fixation response. The plot also suggests that if lead metals are used at a higher concentration than stated ni","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"41 1","pages":"34-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91342534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-23DOI: 10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I230199
Ulrich Landry Kamdem Bemmo, Chancel Hector Momo Kenfack, J. Bindzi, R. Barry, François Zambou Ngoufack
The conservation of probiotic products requires low temperatures and suitable equipment that are less available in developing countries. The challenge today is to find a local food matrix that can also carry probiotics (microorganisms with benefits for consumers) in the gastro-intestinal tract. The study mainly focus in the current research was to study the use of honey as a food matrix to carry probiotics in treating the cardiovascular disease, hypercholestreolemia. Thus, this study aimed to assess the viability of Lactobacillus plantarum 29V and its in vivo hypocholesterolemic properties when contained in honey. The strain L. plantarum 29V was added in pasteurized honey and was studied its viability in honey and its impact on the physicochemical parameters of honey. For in vivo studies, 0.5 mL of the pasteurized honey containing approximately 10 8 CFU/mL of L. plantarum 29V were administered to rats fed on a cholesterol-enriched diet (control diet+ pure Original Research Article Bemmo et al.; JABB, 24(2): 24-33, 2021; Article no.JABB.67117 25 cholesterol solution (0.04 g/mL) per day per rat) using a feeding syringe; the treatment lasted 4 weeks. Serum lipids were analyzed during the experiment. The results have shown that the probiotic strain L. plantarum 29V can survive in honey for 28 days without affecting the honey’s qualities. Even present in honey, this strain continues to lower serum total cholesterol, (VLDL +LDL)cholesterol and triglycerides levels of hypercholesterolemic rats. In addition, HDL-cholesterol levels significantly increased, and the atherosclerosis index was significantly lowered. The present study revealed that honey could be used as a food matrix to carry the probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum 29V strain very well into the gastro-intestinal tract. Hence, a probiotic formulation made of pasteurized honey and L. plantarum 29V would be used to treat or prevent hypercholesterolemia if these effects are confirmed in Human beings.
{"title":"Viability and in vivo Hypocholesterolemic Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum 29V in Local Honey","authors":"Ulrich Landry Kamdem Bemmo, Chancel Hector Momo Kenfack, J. Bindzi, R. Barry, François Zambou Ngoufack","doi":"10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I230199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/JABB/2021/V24I230199","url":null,"abstract":"The conservation of probiotic products requires low temperatures and suitable equipment that are less available in developing countries. The challenge today is to find a local food matrix that can also carry probiotics (microorganisms with benefits for consumers) in the gastro-intestinal tract. The study mainly focus in the current research was to study the use of honey as a food matrix to carry probiotics in treating the cardiovascular disease, hypercholestreolemia. Thus, this study aimed to assess the viability of Lactobacillus plantarum 29V and its in vivo hypocholesterolemic properties when contained in honey. The strain L. plantarum 29V was added in pasteurized honey and was studied its viability in honey and its impact on the physicochemical parameters of honey. For in vivo studies, 0.5 mL of the pasteurized honey containing approximately 10 8 CFU/mL of L. plantarum 29V were administered to rats fed on a cholesterol-enriched diet (control diet+ pure Original Research Article Bemmo et al.; JABB, 24(2): 24-33, 2021; Article no.JABB.67117 25 cholesterol solution (0.04 g/mL) per day per rat) using a feeding syringe; the treatment lasted 4 weeks. Serum lipids were analyzed during the experiment. The results have shown that the probiotic strain L. plantarum 29V can survive in honey for 28 days without affecting the honey’s qualities. Even present in honey, this strain continues to lower serum total cholesterol, (VLDL +LDL)cholesterol and triglycerides levels of hypercholesterolemic rats. In addition, HDL-cholesterol levels significantly increased, and the atherosclerosis index was significantly lowered. The present study revealed that honey could be used as a food matrix to carry the probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum 29V strain very well into the gastro-intestinal tract. Hence, a probiotic formulation made of pasteurized honey and L. plantarum 29V would be used to treat or prevent hypercholesterolemia if these effects are confirmed in Human beings.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"54 2 1","pages":"24-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77204765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：