Pub Date : 2020-12-30DOI: 10.9734/jabb/2020/v23i930178
A. Chesca, Karina Damião Brandão, C. Mangucci
Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the microbiological quality and the presence of pathogens in sandwiches from different snack bars. Study Design: Foods ready for consumption present a composition which facilitates their deterioration and care from production to consumption ensures its quality. The sandwich is a product of high consumption for its easy acquisition and despite its immediate consumption the sandwich can be considered a food offering risk to the consumers because it is composed of different ingredients that require excessive manipulation. Place and Duration of Study: Food Microbiology Laboratory University of Uberaba. Methodology: For this study, 30 samples of this product were collected from the popular snack bars, street-foods and reputable fast-foods chains in Uberaba trade. The samples were transported to the Laboratory of Food Microbiology of the University of Uberaba in isotherm boxes filled with ice where they were kept under refrigeration until the time of analysis. The microbiological analyses were done according to the methods proposed by Vanderzant and Splittstoesser (1999) and Silva et al. (2007). Results: From the total of the samples analyzed, 36.6% presented fecal coliforms and Salmonella Original Research Article Chesca et al.; JABB, 23(9): 31-36, 2020; Article no.JABB.63904 32 sp.; 46.6% presented coagulase-positive Staphylococcus and 30% Bacillus cereus. There was no presence of sulphite-reducing clostridium. Conclusion: The presence of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus indicates the lack of hygiene by food handlers because it is a living microorganism from the nasopharynx and the presence of Salmonella sp. and fecal coliforms indicate poor hygiene and sanitary handling. The improper handling and lack of care in relation to good practices favor the food poisoning.
{"title":"Microbiology of Sandwiches: “Street – Foods” and “Fast – Foods”","authors":"A. Chesca, Karina Damião Brandão, C. Mangucci","doi":"10.9734/jabb/2020/v23i930178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2020/v23i930178","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the microbiological quality and the presence of pathogens in sandwiches from different snack bars. Study Design: Foods ready for consumption present a composition which facilitates their deterioration and care from production to consumption ensures its quality. The sandwich is a product of high consumption for its easy acquisition and despite its immediate consumption the sandwich can be considered a food offering risk to the consumers because it is composed of different ingredients that require excessive manipulation. Place and Duration of Study: Food Microbiology Laboratory University of Uberaba. Methodology: For this study, 30 samples of this product were collected from the popular snack bars, street-foods and reputable fast-foods chains in Uberaba trade. The samples were transported to the Laboratory of Food Microbiology of the University of Uberaba in isotherm boxes filled with ice where they were kept under refrigeration until the time of analysis. The microbiological analyses were done according to the methods proposed by Vanderzant and Splittstoesser (1999) and Silva et al. (2007). Results: From the total of the samples analyzed, 36.6% presented fecal coliforms and Salmonella Original Research Article Chesca et al.; JABB, 23(9): 31-36, 2020; Article no.JABB.63904 32 sp.; 46.6% presented coagulase-positive Staphylococcus and 30% Bacillus cereus. There was no presence of sulphite-reducing clostridium. Conclusion: The presence of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus indicates the lack of hygiene by food handlers because it is a living microorganism from the nasopharynx and the presence of Salmonella sp. and fecal coliforms indicate poor hygiene and sanitary handling. The improper handling and lack of care in relation to good practices favor the food poisoning.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"294 1","pages":"31-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85463406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-30DOI: 10.9734/JABB/2020/V23I1030181
Li Xiao, Muharagi Samwel Jacob, Zhang Bo, X. An-ran
Aims: To describe the current status of A. delicata emphasizing on the key parameters; occurrence, classification, molecular studies, nutritional and medicinal benefits, cultivation status, and future development perspective. Place and Duration of Study: China–Zambia Agricultural demonstration center and Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, China between July 2019 and June 2020. Methodology: In this study, various literatures were reviewed for each parameter studied. Findings were deduced from current literatures and discussed. Results: The screening of bioactive contents of A. delicata revealed the presence of phenolic compounds; chlorogenic, flavonoids, and ethyl acetate, polysaccharides; Chitosan, fibers, βglucans, mannans, chitin, and melanin. These substances exhibit hepatoprotective effects, antioxidant activities and antimicrobial activities against some microbes like Candida albicans, Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecium, Streptococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhi Review Article Xiao et al.; JABB, 23(10): 8-32, 2020; Article no.JABB.64082 9 and Escherichia coli. A. delicata also contains several nutrients namely; protein, vitamin B2, vitamin C, and minerals; Potassium, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Zinc, Manganese, that play a vital role in human growth and development. Moreover, its cultivation using various technologies provides an opportunity for high yield production. A. delicata was recently studied at Jilin Agricultural University and domesticated in Heilongjiang province in the northeastern part of China. Due to the similarity of its fruiting body with the structure of the deer tripe, it was assigned a common name as “Deer tripe mushroom”. A. delicata mycelia are capable of growing on several culture media with different nutritional profiles, optimal temperatures and pH values. It is cultivated under tropic temperatures ranging from 25°C-30°C, optimal pH of 6.5, and humidity 80-90%. The commonly used media include; Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), Yeast Extract Agar (YEA) and Malt Extract Agar (MEA). Conclusion: Therefore the above mentioned significant properties (occurrence, nutritional, medicinal, and cultivation) provide a foundation for further research on the development and utilization of A. delicata.
{"title":"Research Progress on Auricularia delicata","authors":"Li Xiao, Muharagi Samwel Jacob, Zhang Bo, X. An-ran","doi":"10.9734/JABB/2020/V23I1030181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/JABB/2020/V23I1030181","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: To describe the current status of A. delicata emphasizing on the key parameters; occurrence, classification, molecular studies, nutritional and medicinal benefits, cultivation status, and future development perspective. Place and Duration of Study: China–Zambia Agricultural demonstration center and Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, China between July 2019 and June 2020. Methodology: In this study, various literatures were reviewed for each parameter studied. Findings were deduced from current literatures and discussed. Results: The screening of bioactive contents of A. delicata revealed the presence of phenolic compounds; chlorogenic, flavonoids, and ethyl acetate, polysaccharides; Chitosan, fibers, βglucans, mannans, chitin, and melanin. These substances exhibit hepatoprotective effects, antioxidant activities and antimicrobial activities against some microbes like Candida albicans, Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecium, Streptococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhi Review Article Xiao et al.; JABB, 23(10): 8-32, 2020; Article no.JABB.64082 9 and Escherichia coli. A. delicata also contains several nutrients namely; protein, vitamin B2, vitamin C, and minerals; Potassium, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Zinc, Manganese, that play a vital role in human growth and development. Moreover, its cultivation using various technologies provides an opportunity for high yield production. A. delicata was recently studied at Jilin Agricultural University and domesticated in Heilongjiang province in the northeastern part of China. Due to the similarity of its fruiting body with the structure of the deer tripe, it was assigned a common name as “Deer tripe mushroom”. A. delicata mycelia are capable of growing on several culture media with different nutritional profiles, optimal temperatures and pH values. It is cultivated under tropic temperatures ranging from 25°C-30°C, optimal pH of 6.5, and humidity 80-90%. The commonly used media include; Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), Yeast Extract Agar (YEA) and Malt Extract Agar (MEA). Conclusion: Therefore the above mentioned significant properties (occurrence, nutritional, medicinal, and cultivation) provide a foundation for further research on the development and utilization of A. delicata.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"281 1","pages":"8-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77728285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-30DOI: 10.9734/JABB/2020/V23I1030184
E. T. I. Ndubuisi, Korie Stephen Chinedumije, P. Chukwudi
Diodia sarmentosa (Sw) commonly known as Zimbabwe flora or Tropical button weed is a straggling or procumbent perennial herb which grows in evergreen forest, riverine vegetation and bush land. It has been used traditionally for the treatment of ulcer, diabetes and other ailments. This study investigated the Free radical scavenging and antioxidant potential of ethanolic leaf extract of Diodia sarmentosa on high fat fed wistar rats. Thirty (30) male wistar rats (150 g-200 g) were divided into five (5) groups: Negative control rats, Positive control rats, Low dose extract rats treated with 250 mg/kg, High dose extract rats treated with 500mg/kg of the extract, and Standard antihyperlipidaemic drug rats treated with 5 mg/kg of Simvastatin. High fat diet was fed to the rats with Ghee and Coconut oil in the ratio of 3:1 for six (6) weeks, and administration of the treatments started from the 3rd week till the 6th week. The free radical scavenging and antioxidant potentials of Diodia sarmentosa was determined by assessing parameters like nitric oxide radical, hydroxyl radical, malondialdehyde (MDA), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and Glutathione S-transferase (GST) in the serum of the test rats. Diodia Original Research Article Ezejiofor et al.; JABB, 23(10): 54-63, 2020; Article no.JABB.64944 55 sarmentosa scavenged free radicals In vitro by inhibiting Nitric oxide and Hydroxyl radicals in a concentration-dependent manner, showing an inhibitory concentration at 50% (IC50) of 907.17 μg/ml ± 45.36 and 2173.44 μg/ml ± 100.11 respectively. Results obtained showed antioxidant enzymes like SOD, GPx and CAT in the serum of the test rats were significantly increased (p<0.05) by both doses of the extract when compared to the PC group and was similar to the standard drug used. GST activity was decreased in the serum by both doses of the extract, this decrease was not significant (p>0.05), while Malondialdehyde level was significantly decreased (p<0.05) by both doses of the extract in the serum of the tests rats. Diodia sarmentosa has antioxidants potentials because of its ability to scavenge free radicals, replenish antioxidant enzymes and reduce lipid peroxidation.
{"title":"Free Radical Scavenging and Antioxidant Potential of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Diodia sarmentosa on High Fat Fed Wistar Rats","authors":"E. T. I. Ndubuisi, Korie Stephen Chinedumije, P. Chukwudi","doi":"10.9734/JABB/2020/V23I1030184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/JABB/2020/V23I1030184","url":null,"abstract":"Diodia sarmentosa (Sw) commonly known as Zimbabwe flora or Tropical button weed is a straggling or procumbent perennial herb which grows in evergreen forest, riverine vegetation and bush land. It has been used traditionally for the treatment of ulcer, diabetes and other ailments. This study investigated the Free radical scavenging and antioxidant potential of ethanolic leaf extract of Diodia sarmentosa on high fat fed wistar rats. Thirty (30) male wistar rats (150 g-200 g) were divided into five (5) groups: Negative control rats, Positive control rats, Low dose extract rats treated with 250 mg/kg, High dose extract rats treated with 500mg/kg of the extract, and Standard antihyperlipidaemic drug rats treated with 5 mg/kg of Simvastatin. High fat diet was fed to the rats with Ghee and Coconut oil in the ratio of 3:1 for six (6) weeks, and administration of the treatments started from the 3rd week till the 6th week. The free radical scavenging and antioxidant potentials of Diodia sarmentosa was determined by assessing parameters like nitric oxide radical, hydroxyl radical, malondialdehyde (MDA), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and Glutathione S-transferase (GST) in the serum of the test rats. Diodia Original Research Article Ezejiofor et al.; JABB, 23(10): 54-63, 2020; Article no.JABB.64944 55 sarmentosa scavenged free radicals In vitro by inhibiting Nitric oxide and Hydroxyl radicals in a concentration-dependent manner, showing an inhibitory concentration at 50% (IC50) of 907.17 μg/ml ± 45.36 and 2173.44 μg/ml ± 100.11 respectively. Results obtained showed antioxidant enzymes like SOD, GPx and CAT in the serum of the test rats were significantly increased (p<0.05) by both doses of the extract when compared to the PC group and was similar to the standard drug used. GST activity was decreased in the serum by both doses of the extract, this decrease was not significant (p>0.05), while Malondialdehyde level was significantly decreased (p<0.05) by both doses of the extract in the serum of the tests rats. Diodia sarmentosa has antioxidants potentials because of its ability to scavenge free radicals, replenish antioxidant enzymes and reduce lipid peroxidation.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"70 1","pages":"54-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84098583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-26DOI: 10.9734/jabb/2020/v23i930177
Ouattara Lacinan, Koné Fankroma Martial Thierry, Djoudy Alix Evrard, N. K. Florent, Dabonné Soumaïla
Amylases play an important role in biotechnology and find applications in several industrial fields such as pharmaceutical, food, paper, cosmetics and detergents. Thus, it appears necessary to identify new sources of amylase, especially from microbial origin, due to the low energy consumption, cost-effective, high metabolic diversity, rapid cell growth, non-toxic and eco-friendly characteristics. In the present report, we carried out the production and partial purification of αamylase by Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains isolated from Tchapalo, a traditional alcoholic beverage of Côte d'Ivoire. Five fungal isolates were screened initially for α-amylase production by using method of wells on Yeast Extract Peptone Dextrose Agar medium, a complete medium for yeast growth. One step DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow was achieved for partial purification of αOriginal Research Article Lacinan et al.; JABB, 23(9): 17-30, 2020; Article no.JABB.63420 18 amylase obtained. Among yeasts, isolate S. cerevisiae YOP 1/2-2 was able to provoke starch hydrolysis halo of 15.067±0.12 mm on starch agar plate after 48 h of incubation at 30°C. The partial purification of resulting enzyme showed two protein peaks, designated α-amylase 1 (AMY1) and α-amylase 2 (AMY2) with amylolytic activity and specific activities of 1.57-1.58 U/mg protein. Both isoforms (AMY1 and AMY2) were thermostable with optimal activity at 50 and 55°C, respectively, and at pH ranged from 4.5 to 5.3 in 0.1 M sodium acetate buffer. EDTA and Cd strongly inhibited α-amylase activity by 72-75% and 64-65%, respectively, whereas cations Ca 2+ and Mn showed 85-99% and 71% increased amylolytic activity, respectively. All these properties show the potential uses of α-amylases from S. cerevisiae in the industrial transformation of starch.
{"title":"Production, Partial Purification and Characterization of Two α-Amylase Isoforms from Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain YOP 1/2-2 Isolated from Tchapalo (Côte d’Ivoire)","authors":"Ouattara Lacinan, Koné Fankroma Martial Thierry, Djoudy Alix Evrard, N. K. Florent, Dabonné Soumaïla","doi":"10.9734/jabb/2020/v23i930177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2020/v23i930177","url":null,"abstract":"Amylases play an important role in biotechnology and find applications in several industrial fields such as pharmaceutical, food, paper, cosmetics and detergents. Thus, it appears necessary to identify new sources of amylase, especially from microbial origin, due to the low energy consumption, cost-effective, high metabolic diversity, rapid cell growth, non-toxic and eco-friendly characteristics. In the present report, we carried out the production and partial purification of αamylase by Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains isolated from Tchapalo, a traditional alcoholic beverage of Côte d'Ivoire. Five fungal isolates were screened initially for α-amylase production by using method of wells on Yeast Extract Peptone Dextrose Agar medium, a complete medium for yeast growth. One step DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow was achieved for partial purification of αOriginal Research Article Lacinan et al.; JABB, 23(9): 17-30, 2020; Article no.JABB.63420 18 amylase obtained. Among yeasts, isolate S. cerevisiae YOP 1/2-2 was able to provoke starch hydrolysis halo of 15.067±0.12 mm on starch agar plate after 48 h of incubation at 30°C. The partial purification of resulting enzyme showed two protein peaks, designated α-amylase 1 (AMY1) and α-amylase 2 (AMY2) with amylolytic activity and specific activities of 1.57-1.58 U/mg protein. Both isoforms (AMY1 and AMY2) were thermostable with optimal activity at 50 and 55°C, respectively, and at pH ranged from 4.5 to 5.3 in 0.1 M sodium acetate buffer. EDTA and Cd strongly inhibited α-amylase activity by 72-75% and 64-65%, respectively, whereas cations Ca 2+ and Mn showed 85-99% and 71% increased amylolytic activity, respectively. All these properties show the potential uses of α-amylases from S. cerevisiae in the industrial transformation of starch.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"30 1","pages":"17-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88953150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-18DOI: 10.9734/jabb/2020/v23i930176
Imalele Edema Enogiomwan, Evbuomwan Owen Ikponmwosa, O. Chinyere, Akpan Blessing Christopher
Aims: Vegetables are usually exposed to parasitic ova, larvae or oocyst during cultivation, irrigation, storage, transportation or while processing for consumption. Consumption of raw, unwashed and improperly cooked vegetables is considered a risk factor for transmission of intestinal parasites. This study assessed the parasitic contamination of vegetables and also determined factors associated with parasitic contamination of vegetables in selected markets in Calabar, Cross River State. Place and Duration of Study: Sample: Markets within Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria between September and October, 2018. Original Research Article Imalele et al.; JABB, 23(9): 10-16, 2020; Article no.JABB.63082 11 Methodology: A pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire was used for collecting data on factors associated with parasitic contamination of vegetables. 300 vegetable samples were purchased and processed from three different markets in Calabar for examination of parasitic contamination using direct wet mount and zinc sulphate floatation techniques. Results: 15.7% (47/300) of the vegetables sampled were positive for at least one parasite. The species and stages of parasites detected were larvae of Strongyloides, ova of Trichuris trichiura and Hookworm, and cysts of Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia. Larvae of Strongyloides (11.3%) were the most frequently detected followed by ova of T. trichiura (1.7%) and Hookworm (1.7%) (P = 0.000). Among the five vegetable types sampled, waterleaf (40%) had the highest level of parasitic contamination followed by pumpkin (21.7%). Washing vegetables before display and the means of display were significantly associated with parasitic contamination (P = 0.000). Conclusion: Prevention of contamination is important in reducing food-borne parasitic infections and can be achieved through improved personal hygiene practices of farmers, vendors and consumers, proper washing of vegetables and improved sanitary conditions especially around markets where these vegetables are sold.
{"title":"Evaluation of Vegetable Contamination with Medically Important Helminths and Protozoans in Calabar, Nigeria","authors":"Imalele Edema Enogiomwan, Evbuomwan Owen Ikponmwosa, O. Chinyere, Akpan Blessing Christopher","doi":"10.9734/jabb/2020/v23i930176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2020/v23i930176","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: Vegetables are usually exposed to parasitic ova, larvae or oocyst during cultivation, irrigation, storage, transportation or while processing for consumption. Consumption of raw, unwashed and improperly cooked vegetables is considered a risk factor for transmission of intestinal parasites. This study assessed the parasitic contamination of vegetables and also determined factors associated with parasitic contamination of vegetables in selected markets in Calabar, Cross River State. Place and Duration of Study: Sample: Markets within Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria between September and October, 2018. Original Research Article Imalele et al.; JABB, 23(9): 10-16, 2020; Article no.JABB.63082 11 Methodology: A pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire was used for collecting data on factors associated with parasitic contamination of vegetables. 300 vegetable samples were purchased and processed from three different markets in Calabar for examination of parasitic contamination using direct wet mount and zinc sulphate floatation techniques. Results: 15.7% (47/300) of the vegetables sampled were positive for at least one parasite. The species and stages of parasites detected were larvae of Strongyloides, ova of Trichuris trichiura and Hookworm, and cysts of Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia. Larvae of Strongyloides (11.3%) were the most frequently detected followed by ova of T. trichiura (1.7%) and Hookworm (1.7%) (P = 0.000). Among the five vegetable types sampled, waterleaf (40%) had the highest level of parasitic contamination followed by pumpkin (21.7%). Washing vegetables before display and the means of display were significantly associated with parasitic contamination (P = 0.000). Conclusion: Prevention of contamination is important in reducing food-borne parasitic infections and can be achieved through improved personal hygiene practices of farmers, vendors and consumers, proper washing of vegetables and improved sanitary conditions especially around markets where these vegetables are sold.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"14 1","pages":"10-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77714222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-12DOI: 10.9734/jabb/2020/v23i830175
H. Musa, A. Abdullahi, Rabi’a Ibrahim El-Yakub, I. Yerima
Second generation ethanol is produced from non-food based including waste from food crops, wood chips and agricultural residue. Lignocellulosic and starchy materials in them are converted to fermentable sugars which are further processed to produce bioethanol. Rice bran is an agricultural residue with abundant carbohydrate for bioconversion into ethanol. This study was designed to evaluate the potential of two varieties of rice bran (Sipi and Wita) to produce bioethanol. Compositional analysis of Wita rice bran showed 40% cellulose, 23% hemicellulose and 16% lignin content. Sipi variety contains 35% cellulose, 27% hemicellulose and 13% lignin content. Sodium hydroxide pretreatment was carried out at different concentrations (0.5%, 1%, 2% and 3%) and residence time of (15, 30, 60, and 90min). It was observed from the present study, pretreatment of rice bran with 2% NaOH for 90min is considered as effective pretreatment condition for bioethanol production from rice bran. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of cellulosic biomass was carried out for 72h with Saccharomyces cerevisae and Mucor indicus. Fermentation of Wita variety with S.cerevisiae produced highest bioethanol yield of 1.36% while Mucor indicus produced 0.75% bioethanol yield. From the result of these findings, it can be concluded that rice bran could be considered as a promising substrate for the fermentation of second generation ethanol.
{"title":"Potential of Bran from Two Varieties of Rice (Oryza) Spp for Bioethanol Production","authors":"H. Musa, A. Abdullahi, Rabi’a Ibrahim El-Yakub, I. Yerima","doi":"10.9734/jabb/2020/v23i830175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2020/v23i830175","url":null,"abstract":"Second generation ethanol is produced from non-food based including waste from food crops, wood chips and agricultural residue. Lignocellulosic and starchy materials in them are converted to fermentable sugars which are further processed to produce bioethanol. Rice bran is an agricultural residue with abundant carbohydrate for bioconversion into ethanol. This study was designed to evaluate the potential of two varieties of rice bran (Sipi and Wita) to produce bioethanol. Compositional analysis of Wita rice bran showed 40% cellulose, 23% hemicellulose and 16% lignin content. Sipi variety contains 35% cellulose, 27% hemicellulose and 13% lignin content. Sodium hydroxide pretreatment was carried out at different concentrations (0.5%, 1%, 2% and 3%) and residence time of (15, 30, 60, and 90min). It was observed from the present study, pretreatment of rice bran with 2% NaOH for 90min is considered as effective pretreatment condition for bioethanol production from rice bran. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of cellulosic biomass was carried out for 72h with Saccharomyces cerevisae and Mucor indicus. Fermentation of Wita variety with S.cerevisiae produced highest bioethanol yield of 1.36% while Mucor indicus produced 0.75% bioethanol yield. From the result of these findings, it can be concluded that rice bran could be considered as a promising substrate for the fermentation of second generation ethanol.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"341 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86792430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-08DOI: 10.9734/jabb/2020/v23i830174
O. G. Ndochinwa, O. Amadi, T. Nwagu, G. Okpala, C. Nnamchi, A. Moneke
This study evaluated the potential of fungal isolates for laccase production. Fungi cultures were screened for laccase production on plate assay using 2’ 2’ – azinobis-(-3-ethyl benzthiazoline -6suphonate) (ABTS), and by submerged fermentation. Result obtained from the plate assay showed the formation of green halo after 2-4 days of incubation due to oxidation of 2’ 2’ – azinobis-(-3-ethyl benzthiazoline -6suphonate) (ABTS) which is as a result of lignolytic enzymes production Utilization of selected agro-wastes residues (sawdust, plantain and banana peels) for laccase production was evaluated. Fungal isolates were identified based on their cultural characteristics according to standard mycology methods. Light microscopy was performed on cultures and the fungal isolates were identified by their different morphological and colonial characteristics after which they were confirmed using fungal atlas. Total protein content was also determined using the Bradford method Five out of twelve isolates were positive for oxidation of 2’ 2’ – azinobis-(-3-ethyl benzthiazoline -6suphonate) (ABTS) which signifies laccase enzyme activity and identified as Geotrichum spp, Cephalosporium spp, Trichoderma spp, Trametes spp and Fusarium sppThe highest enzyme activity was observed using Trichoderma spp at 57.1U/l, Trametes spp 51.99 U/l, Data Article Ndochinwa et al.; JABB, 23(8): 44-57, 2020; Article no.JABB.57170 45 Fusarium spp had 29.2 U/l. Geotrichum spp and Cephalosporium spp were least at 28.04 U/l and 9.72 U/l respectively. Trichoderma spp was used for further studies. Effect of carbon sources, inoculum size, pH, total protein and shaker speed on laccase production was evaluated. Sawdust gave the highest yield of laccase enzyme 151.17U /l, followed by plantain peel with 62.49U/l of enzyme, banana peel recorded the least of laccase enzyme 54.94 U /l. Protein content obtained from sawdust medium was 45.8mg/ml, plantain peel medium had 29.2 mg/ml while banana peel was the lowest with 16.8mg/ml all at the sixth day of the fermentation process. Optimum pH for sawdust, banana peel and plantain peel was 5.95, 5.94, and 5.83 respectively. Using shaker incubator (150 rpm) with sawdust as carbon source, laccase yield of (310.45U/l) was obtained at pH 6, temperature 25°C and inoculum size of 10 5 spores per ml. Thus, sawdust can be categorically stated to be safe, cheap and could be suggested for prospective application of higher production of laccase enzyme in various industries.
{"title":"Screening of Laccase Producing Fungi Using Agro-Wastes under Different Cultural Conditions","authors":"O. G. Ndochinwa, O. Amadi, T. Nwagu, G. Okpala, C. Nnamchi, A. Moneke","doi":"10.9734/jabb/2020/v23i830174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2020/v23i830174","url":null,"abstract":"This study evaluated the potential of fungal isolates for laccase production. Fungi cultures were screened for laccase production on plate assay using 2’ 2’ – azinobis-(-3-ethyl benzthiazoline -6suphonate) (ABTS), and by submerged fermentation. Result obtained from the plate assay showed the formation of green halo after 2-4 days of incubation due to oxidation of 2’ 2’ – azinobis-(-3-ethyl benzthiazoline -6suphonate) (ABTS) which is as a result of lignolytic enzymes production Utilization of selected agro-wastes residues (sawdust, plantain and banana peels) for laccase production was evaluated. Fungal isolates were identified based on their cultural characteristics according to standard mycology methods. Light microscopy was performed on cultures and the fungal isolates were identified by their different morphological and colonial characteristics after which they were confirmed using fungal atlas. Total protein content was also determined using the Bradford method Five out of twelve isolates were positive for oxidation of 2’ 2’ – azinobis-(-3-ethyl benzthiazoline -6suphonate) (ABTS) which signifies laccase enzyme activity and identified as Geotrichum spp, Cephalosporium spp, Trichoderma spp, Trametes spp and Fusarium sppThe highest enzyme activity was observed using Trichoderma spp at 57.1U/l, Trametes spp 51.99 U/l, Data Article Ndochinwa et al.; JABB, 23(8): 44-57, 2020; Article no.JABB.57170 45 Fusarium spp had 29.2 U/l. Geotrichum spp and Cephalosporium spp were least at 28.04 U/l and 9.72 U/l respectively. Trichoderma spp was used for further studies. Effect of carbon sources, inoculum size, pH, total protein and shaker speed on laccase production was evaluated. Sawdust gave the highest yield of laccase enzyme 151.17U /l, followed by plantain peel with 62.49U/l of enzyme, banana peel recorded the least of laccase enzyme 54.94 U /l. Protein content obtained from sawdust medium was 45.8mg/ml, plantain peel medium had 29.2 mg/ml while banana peel was the lowest with 16.8mg/ml all at the sixth day of the fermentation process. Optimum pH for sawdust, banana peel and plantain peel was 5.95, 5.94, and 5.83 respectively. Using shaker incubator (150 rpm) with sawdust as carbon source, laccase yield of (310.45U/l) was obtained at pH 6, temperature 25°C and inoculum size of 10 5 spores per ml. Thus, sawdust can be categorically stated to be safe, cheap and could be suggested for prospective application of higher production of laccase enzyme in various industries.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"56 1","pages":"44-57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74014328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-03DOI: 10.9734/jabb/2020/v23i830173
J. Tangka, Azemo F. Esther, K. B. M. Djousse
Ethical issues arise when arable agricultural land and heavy agronomic inputs are used to cultivate crops for energy production such as biodiesel. Alternative feedstocks for biodiesel production might solve the food energy competition scenario. White raffia larvae (Rhynchophorus phoenicis) appears as a credible option because of its high lipid content, a relatively short life cycle and its abundance in the tropical environment. This study investigated the use of R. phoenicis larvae for biodiesel production. R. phoenicis larvae was grown on raphia stipe for 21 days and used for crude grease extraction. The extracted crude grease was converted into biodiesel by acid-catalyzed esterification and alkaline-catalyzed trans-esterification. The physicochemical properties of crude grease and biodiesel were investigated using the European biodiesel standard (EN14214), and the American Society of Testing materials specifications. The defatted extraction residue was analyzed using the AOAC protocol. Results revealed that the cetane number, heating value, acid value and density of crude grease were found to be higher than those of rapeseed while kinematic viscosity and iodine values were smaller. The conversion yield of free fatty acids of crude grease into biodiesel reached Original Research Article Tangka et al.; JABB, 23(8): 36-43, 2020; Article no.JABB.62552 37 85%. The fuel properties of biodiesel obtained are quite comparable with those of EN 14214 and ASTM standard. The defatted extraction residue exhibited high protein content (66,76%) and mineral which make it suitable for animal and human feed supplement. Therefore, it was concluded that, the R. phoenicis larvae can be used as valuable feedstock for biodiesel production and animal
{"title":"Evaluation of Raffia Palm Weevil Larvae (Rhynchophorus phoenicis) as a Potential Biodiesel Resource","authors":"J. Tangka, Azemo F. Esther, K. B. M. Djousse","doi":"10.9734/jabb/2020/v23i830173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2020/v23i830173","url":null,"abstract":"Ethical issues arise when arable agricultural land and heavy agronomic inputs are used to cultivate crops for energy production such as biodiesel. Alternative feedstocks for biodiesel production might solve the food energy competition scenario. White raffia larvae (Rhynchophorus phoenicis) appears as a credible option because of its high lipid content, a relatively short life cycle and its abundance in the tropical environment. This study investigated the use of R. phoenicis larvae for biodiesel production. R. phoenicis larvae was grown on raphia stipe for 21 days and used for crude grease extraction. The extracted crude grease was converted into biodiesel by acid-catalyzed esterification and alkaline-catalyzed trans-esterification. The physicochemical properties of crude grease and biodiesel were investigated using the European biodiesel standard (EN14214), and the American Society of Testing materials specifications. The defatted extraction residue was analyzed using the AOAC protocol. Results revealed that the cetane number, heating value, acid value and density of crude grease were found to be higher than those of rapeseed while kinematic viscosity and iodine values were smaller. The conversion yield of free fatty acids of crude grease into biodiesel reached Original Research Article Tangka et al.; JABB, 23(8): 36-43, 2020; Article no.JABB.62552 37 85%. The fuel properties of biodiesel obtained are quite comparable with those of EN 14214 and ASTM standard. The defatted extraction residue exhibited high protein content (66,76%) and mineral which make it suitable for animal and human feed supplement. Therefore, it was concluded that, the R. phoenicis larvae can be used as valuable feedstock for biodiesel production and animal","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"16 1","pages":"36-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83584050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-26DOI: 10.9734/jabb/2020/v23i830171
Nduka Chidimma Adamma, Okereke Josephat Nwabueze, C. Peter
This study evaluated the efficacy of activated carbon from rice husk, corn cob and coconut husk wastes in the reduction of microbial properties of grey water samples harvested from students’ hostels. Microscopic characterization, enumerations and identification of microbial isolates were carried out to determine the microbial community before and after the treatment with activated carbon. Staphylococcus sp, Micrococcus sp, Bacillus sp, Salmonella sp, Saccharomyces sp and Penicillium sp were observed to be present in the grey water. Before treatment, Total Heterotrophic Count (THC) was 1.2 x 10cfu/ml, Total Coliform Count (TCC), 6.4 x 10cfu/ml and Total Fungi Count (TFC) 2.2 x 10 10 cfu/ml. THC after the treatment ranged from 1.69 x 10 9 7.6 x 10 10 cfu/ml; TCC, 2.2 x 10 7.3 x 10cfu/ml and TFC 1.0 x 10 1.2 x 10cfu/ml. Reduction in the microbial load after treatment revealed that activated carbons from rice husk, corn cob and coconut husk can be used singly or in combined states for the treatment of wastewater.
{"title":"Microbial Assessment of Grey Water Samples Treated with Activated Carbon Forms of Selected Agro-wastes","authors":"Nduka Chidimma Adamma, Okereke Josephat Nwabueze, C. Peter","doi":"10.9734/jabb/2020/v23i830171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2020/v23i830171","url":null,"abstract":"This study evaluated the efficacy of activated carbon from rice husk, corn cob and coconut husk wastes in the reduction of microbial properties of grey water samples harvested from students’ hostels. Microscopic characterization, enumerations and identification of microbial isolates were carried out to determine the microbial community before and after the treatment with activated carbon. Staphylococcus sp, Micrococcus sp, Bacillus sp, Salmonella sp, Saccharomyces sp and Penicillium sp were observed to be present in the grey water. Before treatment, Total Heterotrophic Count (THC) was 1.2 x 10cfu/ml, Total Coliform Count (TCC), 6.4 x 10cfu/ml and Total Fungi Count (TFC) 2.2 x 10 10 cfu/ml. THC after the treatment ranged from 1.69 x 10 9 7.6 x 10 10 cfu/ml; TCC, 2.2 x 10 7.3 x 10cfu/ml and TFC 1.0 x 10 1.2 x 10cfu/ml. Reduction in the microbial load after treatment revealed that activated carbons from rice husk, corn cob and coconut husk can be used singly or in combined states for the treatment of wastewater.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"217 1","pages":"25-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79697205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-23DOI: 10.9734/jabb/2020/v23i830170
E. Ugwoha, V. E. Amah, Gabriel Obiosabofu Oweh
Oil extraction operations as well as equipment failure and infrastructure vandalism have caused serious environmental pollution with crude oil spills world-wide. The remediation of the polluted sites is an environmental problem beckoning for solution. In this study, the possibility of pig droppings and pig bone char mixture (biostimulant) to stimulate and optimize crude oil biodegradation in soil was investigated. Exactly 500g of loamy soil was spiked with 3% (w/w) of crude oil. The spiked soil was amended with varying percentage mixtures of the biostimulant and labelled A – E. The spiked soil without biostimulant served as the Control. Each experiment was setup in six (6) replicates, carried out for six weeks, and destructively sampled and analysed on a weekly basis. The removal efficiencies of the biostimulated and unbiostimulated soils were observed to range from 66.70 to 86.70% and 3.69%, respectively. The biodegradation first-order rate constants ranged from 0.1978 to 0.3391wk-1 and 0.0050wk-1 for the biostimulated and unbiostimulated soils, respectively. Optimum removal of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) was observed for biostimulated soil C comprising 50% bone char and 50% pig droppings. Results from biostimulated soils A, B, D and E indicated that pig droppings is a more effective biostimulant than pig bone char. A first-order kinetic model adequately predicted the removal of TPH with the optimum biostimulant. It is concluded that using agro-organic waste materials such as pig droppings and pig bone char in a ratio of 1:1 can offer a simple, effective, inexpensive and environmentally friendly solution to the problem of soil contamination with crude oil.
{"title":"Bioremediation of Crude Oil Contaminated Soil Using Pig Droppings and Bone Char","authors":"E. Ugwoha, V. E. Amah, Gabriel Obiosabofu Oweh","doi":"10.9734/jabb/2020/v23i830170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2020/v23i830170","url":null,"abstract":"Oil extraction operations as well as equipment failure and infrastructure vandalism have caused serious environmental pollution with crude oil spills world-wide. The remediation of the polluted sites is an environmental problem beckoning for solution. In this study, the possibility of pig droppings and pig bone char mixture (biostimulant) to stimulate and optimize crude oil biodegradation in soil was investigated. Exactly 500g of loamy soil was spiked with 3% (w/w) of crude oil. The spiked soil was amended with varying percentage mixtures of the biostimulant and labelled A – E. The spiked soil without biostimulant served as the Control. Each experiment was setup in six (6) replicates, carried out for six weeks, and destructively sampled and analysed on a weekly basis. The removal efficiencies of the biostimulated and unbiostimulated soils were observed to range from 66.70 to 86.70% and 3.69%, respectively. The biodegradation first-order rate constants ranged from 0.1978 to 0.3391wk-1 and 0.0050wk-1 for the biostimulated and unbiostimulated soils, respectively. Optimum removal of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) was observed for biostimulated soil C comprising 50% bone char and 50% pig droppings. Results from biostimulated soils A, B, D and E indicated that pig droppings is a more effective biostimulant than pig bone char. A first-order kinetic model adequately predicted the removal of TPH with the optimum biostimulant. It is concluded that using agro-organic waste materials such as pig droppings and pig bone char in a ratio of 1:1 can offer a simple, effective, inexpensive and environmentally friendly solution to the problem of soil contamination with crude oil.","PeriodicalId":15023,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89150113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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