Totally 80 disk-shaped specimens of Filtek™ Bulk-Fill, 3M ESPE, and Filtek™ Z250 XT, 3M ESPE, were prepared by using split-Teflon mold (4mm×10mm). Specimen characterization XRD, Surface roughness, degree of conversion, Surface microhardness, and depth of cure of the specimens were evaluated after the specimens were stored in distilled water in darkness at 37°C for 24 h. Statistical analysis was done using t-test with a significance level at p<0.05. FiltekTM Z350 XT showed the highest mean value of Vickers microhardness either on top surface 94.94% or bottom surface 69.92% and recorded 76.51% while FiltekTM Bulk-Fill was 66.85% for depth of cure. Filtek bulk-fill recorded a lower mean value of 0.73 for Surface roughness than FiltekTM Z350 XT and the highest degree of conversion of 84.34%. Statistical analysis showed that there was a significant difference between the mean values for all tested results. Increasing the filler content proved to have ability to enhance some properties, specially the surface roughness. Incorporation of some structurally rigid monomers like Bis-DMA, UDMA, TEGDMA within the resin matrix have a great influence on the measured properties, including degree of conversion reached to 84.34%, depth of cure to a level of 76.51% and Vickers microhardness to 94.94%.
{"title":"Comparative Study on The Structure, Physical Properties and Hardness Indentation of a Bulk Fill & An Incremental Composite Resin Restorative Materials","authors":"Amira Elsherbeny, R. Shalaby, Sayed M. Ghorab","doi":"10.24297/jap.v17i.8695","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24297/jap.v17i.8695","url":null,"abstract":"Totally 80 disk-shaped specimens of Filtek™ Bulk-Fill, 3M ESPE, and Filtek™ Z250 XT, 3M ESPE, were prepared by using split-Teflon mold (4mm×10mm). Specimen characterization XRD, Surface roughness, degree of conversion, Surface microhardness, and depth of cure of the specimens were evaluated after the specimens were stored in distilled water in darkness at 37°C for 24 h. Statistical analysis was done using t-test with a significance level at p<0.05. FiltekTM Z350 XT showed the highest mean value of Vickers microhardness either on top surface 94.94% or bottom surface 69.92% and recorded 76.51% while FiltekTM Bulk-Fill was 66.85% for depth of cure. Filtek bulk-fill recorded a lower mean value of 0.73 for Surface roughness than FiltekTM Z350 XT and the highest degree of conversion of 84.34%. Statistical analysis showed that there was a significant difference between the mean values for all tested results. Increasing the filler content proved to have ability to enhance some properties, specially the surface roughness. Incorporation of some structurally rigid monomers like Bis-DMA, UDMA, TEGDMA within the resin matrix have a great influence on the measured properties, including degree of conversion reached to 84.34%, depth of cure to a level of 76.51% and Vickers microhardness to 94.94%.","PeriodicalId":15024,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Physics","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88284670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There are wave-particle properties of light. On photoreal visualization, we see only wave properties of light, photo from CAD scripts render, and where are particle properties? Similar as for example thermal analysis, but other, by simulating physics of light by standard rendering software of n- enlargement bounces could envoy particle properties, as from glass heart object get similar shape as Calabi Yau variety assumption.
{"title":"By Simulation Physics of Light by Rendering Software as Standard Render as of N-Enlargement Bounces from Glass Heart Object Get Similar Shape as Calabi Yau Variety Assumption","authors":"Peter Golian","doi":"10.24297/jap.v17i.8689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24297/jap.v17i.8689","url":null,"abstract":"There are wave-particle properties of light. On photoreal visualization, we see only wave properties of light, photo from CAD scripts render, and where are particle properties? Similar as for example thermal analysis, but other, by simulating physics of light by standard rendering software of n- enlargement bounces could envoy particle properties, as from glass heart object get similar shape as Calabi Yau variety assumption.","PeriodicalId":15024,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Physics","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77128284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article proposes that an unexpected approach to the mathematics of a Schro dinger wave packet and Quantum Electro-Dynamics (QED), could vastly simplify how we perceive the world around us. It could get rid of most if not all quantum weirdness. Schro dinger’s cat would be gone. Even things that we thought were unquestionably true about the quantum world would change. For example, the double slit experiment would no longer support wave particle duality. Experiments that appeared to say that entangled particles can communicate instantaneously over great distances, would no longer say that. Although the tiny mathematical change is counterintuitive, Occam’s razor dictates that we consider it because it simplifies how we view Nature in such a pervasive way. The change in question is to view a Schro dinger wave packet as part of a larger Elementary Wave traveling in the opposite direction. It is known in quantum mechanics that the same wave can travel in two countervailing directions simultaneously. Equivalent changes would be made to QED and Quantum Field Theory. It is known in QM that there are zero energy waves: for example, the Schro dinger wave carries amplitudes but not energy.
{"title":"A Tiny, Counterintuitive Change to the Mathematics of the Schrodinger Wave Packet and Quantum ElectroDynamics Could Vastly Simplify How We View Nature","authors":"Jeffrey H. Boyd","doi":"10.24297/jap.v17i.8696","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24297/jap.v17i.8696","url":null,"abstract":"This article proposes that an unexpected approach to the mathematics of a Schro dinger wave packet and Quantum Electro-Dynamics (QED), could vastly simplify how we perceive the world around us. It could get rid of most if not all quantum weirdness. Schro dinger’s cat would be gone. Even things that we thought were unquestionably true about the quantum world would change. For example, the double slit experiment would no longer support wave particle duality. Experiments that appeared to say that entangled particles can communicate instantaneously over great distances, would no longer say that. Although the tiny mathematical change is counterintuitive, Occam’s razor dictates that we consider it because it simplifies how we view Nature in such a pervasive way. The change in question is to view a Schro dinger wave packet as part of a larger Elementary Wave traveling in the opposite direction. It is known in quantum mechanics that the same wave can travel in two countervailing directions simultaneously. Equivalent changes would be made to QED and Quantum Field Theory. It is known in QM that there are zero energy waves: for example, the Schro dinger wave carries amplitudes but not energy.","PeriodicalId":15024,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Physics","volume":"11 1","pages":"169-203"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83423186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present work involves the development of chitosan-pomegranate peel extract and silver nanoparticles (Cs-PPE-AgNPs) using electrochemical process followed by UV irradiation reduction. Formation of silver nanoparticles characterize by UV–vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential thermal analysis (DTA), SEM, Swelling and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The obtain nanoparticles average size was 34.6 nm. UV Spectroscopy show new peak at 405nm indicate the formation of AgNPs particles. Cs-PPE and Cs-PPE-AgNPs also demon started a relativity high antibacterial against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.
{"title":"Preparation, Characterization and Antibacterial Activity of Pomegranate Peel Extract and Chitosan-Silver Nanoparticles Using Electrochemical Method.","authors":"A. Sarhan, M. Hamid, Sabrien A. Omar, R. Hanie","doi":"10.24297/jap.v17i.8667","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24297/jap.v17i.8667","url":null,"abstract":"The present work involves the development of chitosan-pomegranate peel extract and silver nanoparticles (Cs-PPE-AgNPs) using electrochemical process followed by UV irradiation reduction. Formation of silver nanoparticles characterize by UV–vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential thermal analysis (DTA), SEM, Swelling and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The obtain nanoparticles average size was 34.6 nm. UV Spectroscopy show new peak at 405nm indicate the formation of AgNPs particles. Cs-PPE and Cs-PPE-AgNPs also demon started a relativity high antibacterial against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.","PeriodicalId":15024,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Physics","volume":"68 1","pages":"222-244"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90207136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Every system is composed of constitutional elements that are stable. Unstable elements cannot build a system. The hydrogen atom, for example, is the system composed out of two stable elements: proton and electron. How proton could be a system made out of unstable elements as quarks and gluons is an unanswered question that particle physics need to face in order to strengthen its theoretical basis. System Theory offers an original interpretation of double-slit experiment and requires re-examination of cyclotron physics.
{"title":"System Theory, Proton Stability, Double-Slit Experiment, and Cyclotron Physics","authors":"A. Šorli","doi":"10.24297/jap.v17i.8668","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24297/jap.v17i.8668","url":null,"abstract":"Every system is composed of constitutional elements that are stable. Unstable elements cannot build a system. The hydrogen atom, for example, is the system composed out of two stable elements: proton and electron. How proton could be a system made out of unstable elements as quarks and gluons is an unanswered question that particle physics need to face in order to strengthen its theoretical basis. System Theory offers an original interpretation of double-slit experiment and requires re-examination of cyclotron physics. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":15024,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Physics","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87044387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper represents the latest revision of a portion of the research work, still in progress, carried out by the author during the last four years. The overall aim of the study fundamentally consists in showing how, while postulating the absoluteness of time, the validity of the relativistic equations may be formally preserved. Starting from the writing of the first Friedmann – Lemaître Equation (and therefore from General Relativity), a Simple-Harmonically Oscillating Universe (flat, upper-bounded, conventionally singular at
{"title":"Relativity: An Alternative Interpretation In the Light of The Existence of An Extra Spatial Dimension – A Systematic Review","authors":"Carmine Cataldo","doi":"10.24297/jap.v17i.8660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24297/jap.v17i.8660","url":null,"abstract":"This paper represents the latest revision of a portion of the research work, still in progress, carried out by the author during the last four years. The overall aim of the study fundamentally consists in showing how, while postulating the absoluteness of time, the validity of the relativistic equations may be formally preserved. Starting from the writing of the first Friedmann – Lemaître Equation (and therefore from General Relativity), a Simple-Harmonically Oscillating Universe (flat, upper-bounded, conventionally singular at","PeriodicalId":15024,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Physics","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86992785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cosmology should be built on falsifiability, bijectivity, and experimental data. Speculations are not allowed. NASA has measured universal space has Euclidean shape, which means universal space is infinite in the volume. Einstein’s vision on time as the sequential order of events running in space has bijective correspondence with the physical reality and means that the universe does not run in some physical time; it runs only in space, which is time-invariant. In this timeless universe, there is no singularity of the beginning, there is no singularity inside of black holes. The energy of the universe is non-created, its transformation is eternal without the beginning and without the end.
{"title":"Einstein’s Vision of Time and Infinite Universe without Singularities: The End of Big Bang Cosmology","authors":"A. Šorli","doi":"10.24297/jap.v17i.8649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24297/jap.v17i.8649","url":null,"abstract":"Cosmology should be built on falsifiability, bijectivity, and experimental data. Speculations are not allowed. NASA has measured universal space has Euclidean shape, which means universal space is infinite in the volume. Einstein’s vision on time as the sequential order of events running in space has bijective correspondence with the physical reality and means that the universe does not run in some physical time; it runs only in space, which is time-invariant. In this timeless universe, there is no singularity of the beginning, there is no singularity inside of black holes. The energy of the universe is non-created, its transformation is eternal without the beginning and without the end.","PeriodicalId":15024,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Physics","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73465949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An analysis is presented to investigate the Hall and Ion-slip effects on non-Newtonian couple stress fluid flow between vertical channel in the presence of thermophoresis phenomena. The considered fluid obeys to the viscoelastic second-grade model. The problem is modulated mathematically to describe continuity, momentum, temperature, and concentration equations. The influences of physical parameters of dimensionless equations of velocity components () and (), temperature () and concentration () have been shown in some of figuthe res, as well as skin friction (), Nusselt number() and Sherwood number() have been computed. It is found that the velocity decreases with increasing in Hall parameter and Ion slip parameters.
{"title":"Couple Stresses and Thermophoresis Influences on Free Convective Heat and Mass Transfer of Viscoelastic Fluid with Hall and Ion-Slip Effects.","authors":"G. A. Shalaby","doi":"10.24297/jap.v17i.8657","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24297/jap.v17i.8657","url":null,"abstract":" An analysis is presented to investigate the Hall and Ion-slip effects on non-Newtonian couple stress fluid flow between vertical channel in the presence of thermophoresis phenomena. The considered fluid obeys to the viscoelastic second-grade model. The problem is modulated mathematically to describe continuity, momentum, temperature, and concentration equations. The influences of physical parameters of dimensionless equations of velocity components () and (), temperature () and concentration () have been shown in some of figuthe res, as well as skin friction (), Nusselt number() and Sherwood number() have been computed. It is found that the velocity decreases with increasing in Hall parameter and Ion slip parameters.","PeriodicalId":15024,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Physics","volume":"108 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75958743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper demonstrates the existence of analytical solutions of the Lorentz equation for charged particles in “uniform pilot time-varying magnetic fields". These analytical solutions represent a temporal generalization of the Larmor's orbits and are expressed through a Schwarz-Christoffel spiral mapping or in spiral coordinates. The concepts of "spiral-spin” moment and "polar-spiral" angular momentum are then presented, the existence of a subclass of solutions for which these two angular moments are conserved is demonstrated. It is also shown that under the action of the "pilot fields," there exist particular trajectories for which the charged particles have a "spiral-spin" momentum constant proportional to +1/2 (solution named "spiral-spin-up ") and -1/2 (solution named "spiral-spin-down "), respectively. The results are in full agreement with the ideas of L.DeBroglie and A. Einstein on the possible existence of pilot fields able to describe the physical reality deterministically. Finally, the solution of the Lorentz equation is discussed with the WKB (Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin) method for a superposition of two uniform magnetic fields with the same direction, the first constant and the second time-varying.
{"title":"A Introduction to the Classical Spiral Electrodynamics: The” Spiral-Spin”","authors":"I. Fabbri","doi":"10.24297/jap.v17i.8494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24297/jap.v17i.8494","url":null,"abstract":"This paper demonstrates the existence of analytical solutions of the Lorentz equation for charged particles in “uniform pilot time-varying magnetic fields\". These analytical solutions represent a temporal generalization of the Larmor's orbits and are expressed through a Schwarz-Christoffel spiral mapping or in spiral coordinates. \u0000The concepts of \"spiral-spin” moment and \"polar-spiral\" angular momentum are then presented, the existence of a subclass of solutions for which these two angular moments are conserved is demonstrated. \u0000It is also shown that under the action of the \"pilot fields,\" there exist particular trajectories for which the charged particles have a \"spiral-spin\" momentum constant proportional to +1/2 (solution named \"spiral-spin-up \") and -1/2 (solution named \"spiral-spin-down \"), respectively. \u0000The results are in full agreement with the ideas of L.DeBroglie and A. Einstein on the possible existence of pilot fields able to describe the physical reality deterministically. \u0000Finally, the solution of the Lorentz equation is discussed with the WKB (Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin) method for a superposition of two uniform magnetic fields with the same direction, the first constant and the second time-varying.","PeriodicalId":15024,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Physics","volume":"21 1","pages":"101-116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72645545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper first explores the relationship between cognition and motion. Our typical cognitive mode, based on sensory forms, is integrated and, therefore, non-motion in nature. This highlights stability and relativity for practical cognitive needs, but at the same time prevents us from developing cognition of the complete form of motion. The result is a fundamental cognitive barrier for us to understand motion. By discovering the underlying cognitive principles, however, we can revise the cognitive process and redevelop the cognitive mode to meet the purpose of direct cognition of motion. Based on this newly developed cognitive mode, we will learn motion features directly and understand motion laws and principles, to explain natural phenomena and establish wide-range connections between them. These include the underlying principles of motion, gravity, the creation of matter and material forms, universal motion, and spacetime.
{"title":"The Motion Beyond Sense","authors":"Aaron Peng Fu","doi":"10.24297/jap.v17i.8647","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24297/jap.v17i.8647","url":null,"abstract":"This paper first explores the relationship between cognition and motion. Our typical cognitive mode, based on sensory forms, is integrated and, therefore, non-motion in nature. This highlights stability and relativity for practical cognitive needs, but at the same time prevents us from developing cognition of the complete form of motion. The result is a fundamental cognitive barrier for us to understand motion. By discovering the underlying cognitive principles, however, we can revise the cognitive process and redevelop the cognitive mode to meet the purpose of direct cognition of motion. Based on this newly developed cognitive mode, we will learn motion features directly and understand motion laws and principles, to explain natural phenomena and establish wide-range connections between them. These include the underlying principles of motion, gravity, the creation of matter and material forms, universal motion, and spacetime.","PeriodicalId":15024,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Physics","volume":"6 1","pages":"92-100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75483204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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