It is crucial to implement appropriate measures to prevent the spread of plant pathogens that lead to the decay of fruits and vegetables. From this perspective, we evaluated the biocontrol potential of five Bacillus-plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strains against twenty-one pectinolytic phytopathogens causing soft rot in fruits and vegetables. These phytopathogens had been previously studied. Three in vitro methods were utilized to accomplish this objective: competition, extraction of bioactive substances, and direct confrontation. The inhibitory effect of the direct confrontation method resulted in a slower growth of 11 microbial plant pathogens. In addition, it was noted that 11 strains of plant pathogens generated inhibitory constituents, while 15 plant pathogens produced inducible inhibitory substances. Furthermore, volatile inhibitory compounds were detected in the six tested strains. Overall, strains of PGPR-Bacillus demonstrated strong antifungal and antibacterial properties against phytopathogens. These PGPR can be regarded as potential biocontrol agents for soft microbial rot in fruits and vegetables as well as producers of substances that effectively suppress plant diseases.
{"title":"Biological Control of Microbial Pectinolytic Plant Pathogens Causing Soft Rot of Fruits and Vegetables","authors":"Benaissa Asmaa, Bestami Merdia, Fellan Kheira, Ben Malek Rokaia, Djellout Nadine Chahrazade","doi":"10.1002/jobm.202400342","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jobm.202400342","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>It is crucial to implement appropriate measures to prevent the spread of plant pathogens that lead to the decay of fruits and vegetables. From this perspective, we evaluated the biocontrol potential of five <i>Bacillus</i>-plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strains against twenty-one pectinolytic phytopathogens causing soft rot in fruits and vegetables. These phytopathogens had been previously studied. Three in vitro methods were utilized to accomplish this objective: competition, extraction of bioactive substances, and direct confrontation. The inhibitory effect of the direct confrontation method resulted in a slower growth of 11 microbial plant pathogens. In addition, it was noted that 11 strains of plant pathogens generated inhibitory constituents, while 15 plant pathogens produced inducible inhibitory substances. Furthermore, volatile inhibitory compounds were detected in the six tested strains. Overall, strains of PGPR-<i>Bacillus</i> demonstrated strong antifungal and antibacterial properties against phytopathogens. These PGPR can be regarded as potential biocontrol agents for soft microbial rot in fruits and vegetables as well as producers of substances that effectively suppress plant diseases.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":15101,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Basic Microbiology","volume":"64 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142371946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cover: Journal of Basic Microbiology. 10/2024","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/jobm.202470091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jobm.202470091","url":null,"abstract":"<p><b>Cover illustration:</b></p><p>Transmission electron microscopy image of streptophage S3.</p><p>(Photo: Thomas Krauße, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich-Schiller University, Jena, Germany)\u0000\u0000 <figure>\u0000 <div><picture>\u0000 <source></source></picture><p></p>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </figure></p>","PeriodicalId":15101,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Basic Microbiology","volume":"64 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jobm.202470091","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142429175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During the cultivation of button mushrooms, the green mold epidemic, which causes a decrease in productivity, is a very important problem. The environmental harm of chemicals used in the control of such epidemics and the demand of consumers for organic products without chemicals have brought environmentally friendly biological control to the fore. Biological control can be achieved by the use of antagonistic microorganisms and their metabolites. In this study, the effectiveness of Bacillus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. for the biological control of the aggressive biotypes of the green mold disease agent Trichoderma aggressivum strains was examined in vitro. For this purpose, the antifungal effects of Bacillus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. against T. aggressivum strains were examined by in vitro dual culture test. Afterward, the antifungal activity of Bacillus spp. metabolites was assessed further using the agar well diffusion method. Then, it was determined whether the bacterial strains showing antifungal activity showed antagonistic activity against A. bisporus. Although none of the Pseudomonas spp. showed antifungal activity against T. aggressivum strains, most of the Bacillus spp. were found to have high activity. It has been concluded that Bacillus sp. Ö-4-82 may be potential biological control agent for button mushroom cultivation.
{"title":"In Vitro Antagonistic Activity of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria Against Aggressive Biotypes of the Green Mold","authors":"Baran Mis, Kemal Karaca, Rengin Eltem","doi":"10.1002/jobm.202400422","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jobm.202400422","url":null,"abstract":"<p>During the cultivation of button mushrooms, the green mold epidemic, which causes a decrease in productivity, is a very important problem. The environmental harm of chemicals used in the control of such epidemics and the demand of consumers for organic products without chemicals have brought environmentally friendly biological control to the fore. Biological control can be achieved by the use of antagonistic microorganisms and their metabolites. In this study, the effectiveness of <i>Bacillus</i> spp. and <i>Pseudomonas</i> spp. for the biological control of the aggressive biotypes of the green mold disease agent <i>Trichoderma aggressivum</i> strains was examined in vitro. For this purpose, the antifungal effects of <i>Bacillus</i> spp. and <i>Pseudomonas</i> spp. against <i>T. aggressivum</i> strains were examined by in vitro dual culture test. Afterward, the antifungal activity of <i>Bacillus</i> spp. metabolites was assessed further using the agar well diffusion method. Then, it was determined whether the bacterial strains showing antifungal activity showed antagonistic activity against <i>A. bisporus</i>. Although none of the <i>Pseudomonas</i> spp. showed antifungal activity against <i>T. aggressivum</i> strains, most of the <i>Bacillus</i> spp. were found to have high activity. It has been concluded that <i>Bacillus</i> sp. Ö-4-82 may be potential biological control agent for button mushroom cultivation.</p>","PeriodicalId":15101,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Basic Microbiology","volume":"64 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jobm.202400422","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142371947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Monacolin K is a valuable secondary metabolite produced after a period of fermentation by Monascus purpureus; however, our current understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of its synthesis remains incomplete. This study conducted functional analysis on the key transcription factor, comp54181_c0, that is involved in the synthesis of monacolin K in Monascus. Mutant strains with either knockout or overexpression of comp54181_c0 were constructed using CRISPR/Cas9. A comparison between the knockout and overexpression strains revealed changes in fungal morphology and growth, with a significant increase in the production of Monascus pigments and monacolin K when comp54181_c0 was absent. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR analysis revealed that comp54181_c0 significantly influenced the transcription of key genes related to monacolin K biosynthesis in Monascus. In conclusion, our study elucidates the crucial role of comp54181_c0 in Monascus, enriches our understanding of fungal secondary metabolite development and regulation, and provides a foundation for the development and regulation of Monascus and monacolin K production.
莫纳可林 K 是紫云英莫纳可菌（Monascus purpureus）发酵一段时间后产生的一种有价值的次级代谢产物；然而，目前我们对其合成的调控机制的了解仍不全面。本研究对参与紫云英莫纳菌素 K 合成的关键转录因子 comp54181_c0 进行了功能分析。利用 CRISPR/Cas9 技术构建了敲除或过表达 comp54181_c0 的突变株。通过比较基因敲除和过表达菌株，发现真菌的形态和生长发生了变化，当comp54181_c0缺失时，莫纳菌素和莫纳可林 K的产量显著增加。实时荧光定量 PCR 分析显示，comp54181_c0 显著影响了与莫纳菌素 K 生物合成相关的关键基因的转录。总之，我们的研究阐明了 comp54181_c0 在莫纳氏菌中的关键作用，丰富了我们对真菌次生代谢产物的发育和调控的认识，为莫纳氏菌的发育和调控以及莫纳可林 K 的产生奠定了基础。
{"title":"Functional Verification of Transcription Factor comp54181_c0 in Monascus purpureus.","authors":"Chan Zhang, Haijiao Wang, Arzugul Ablimit, Yufei Zhao, Qing Sun, HuiJun Dong, Bobo Zhang, Chengjian Liu, Chengtao Wang","doi":"10.1002/jobm.202400469","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jobm.202400469","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Monacolin K is a valuable secondary metabolite produced after a period of fermentation by Monascus purpureus; however, our current understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of its synthesis remains incomplete. This study conducted functional analysis on the key transcription factor, comp54181_c0, that is involved in the synthesis of monacolin K in Monascus. Mutant strains with either knockout or overexpression of comp54181_c0 were constructed using CRISPR/Cas9. A comparison between the knockout and overexpression strains revealed changes in fungal morphology and growth, with a significant increase in the production of Monascus pigments and monacolin K when comp54181_c0 was absent. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR analysis revealed that comp54181_c0 significantly influenced the transcription of key genes related to monacolin K biosynthesis in Monascus. In conclusion, our study elucidates the crucial role of comp54181_c0 in Monascus, enriches our understanding of fungal secondary metabolite development and regulation, and provides a foundation for the development and regulation of Monascus and monacolin K production.</p>","PeriodicalId":15101,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Basic Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":"e2400469"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142347207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Salahudin Kheirel Anuar, Amalia Mohd Hashim, Shamala Sundram, Siti Rahmah Abdul Rahman, Chai Ling Ho, Mui-Yun Wong, Noor Baity Saidi, Helmi Wasoh, Mohd Termizi Yusof
The globally vital oil palm, a major oil producer, confronts productivity challenges due to Ganoderma boninense (Gb), causing output decline. Chemical control efforts have proven ineffective, prompting exploration of microbial-based biocontrol. While single fungal biocontrol research exists, the impact of employing multiple biocontrols concurrently to combat Ganoderma and enhance oil palm growth remains uncharted. This study examined four soil-derived fungal isolates for their ability to antagonize Gb PER71 in vitro. Molecular identification categorized them as Talaromyces spp. and Penicillium sp. Moreover, all isolates were revealed to have at least three plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits and were shown to have phosphoric hydrolase, ester hydrolase, peptide hydrolase, and glycosidase activities which are essential for plant growth. Furthermore, the synergistic evaluation of fungal isolates was tested against Gb PER71. One out of six combinations of fungal isolates showed a synergistic effect in vitro, and two showed a synergistic effect in planta. The application of single and combined fungal isolates tested in planta also suppressed Gb PER71 and enhanced oil palm growth compared to control groups. The findings indicate the promising potential of these isolates as biocontrol agents (BCAs) and bioformulations against Gb in oil palm cultivation.
{"title":"Characterization of the Synergistic Effect of Fungal Isolates in Suppressing Ganoderma boninense and Enhancing Oil Palm Growth.","authors":"Muhammad Salahudin Kheirel Anuar, Amalia Mohd Hashim, Shamala Sundram, Siti Rahmah Abdul Rahman, Chai Ling Ho, Mui-Yun Wong, Noor Baity Saidi, Helmi Wasoh, Mohd Termizi Yusof","doi":"10.1002/jobm.202400312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jobm.202400312","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The globally vital oil palm, a major oil producer, confronts productivity challenges due to Ganoderma boninense (Gb), causing output decline. Chemical control efforts have proven ineffective, prompting exploration of microbial-based biocontrol. While single fungal biocontrol research exists, the impact of employing multiple biocontrols concurrently to combat Ganoderma and enhance oil palm growth remains uncharted. This study examined four soil-derived fungal isolates for their ability to antagonize Gb PER71 in vitro. Molecular identification categorized them as Talaromyces spp. and Penicillium sp. Moreover, all isolates were revealed to have at least three plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits and were shown to have phosphoric hydrolase, ester hydrolase, peptide hydrolase, and glycosidase activities which are essential for plant growth. Furthermore, the synergistic evaluation of fungal isolates was tested against Gb PER71. One out of six combinations of fungal isolates showed a synergistic effect in vitro, and two showed a synergistic effect in planta. The application of single and combined fungal isolates tested in planta also suppressed Gb PER71 and enhanced oil palm growth compared to control groups. The findings indicate the promising potential of these isolates as biocontrol agents (BCAs) and bioformulations against Gb in oil palm cultivation.</p>","PeriodicalId":15101,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Basic Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":"e2400312"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142287951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dongjie Fan, Lushan Liu, Bella Yuen, Lu Sun, Yuliang Fu, Yan Liu, Rui Liao, Yanli Qu, Chuanpeng Liu, Qiming Zhou
Escherichia coli depletion of chaperone trigger factor and DnaK/J were not viable at 37°C, but viable below 30°C. Among the engineered E. coli depleted of trigger factor and DnaK/J, one strain Z625, exhibited survival at 37°C, while another strain Z629 only survived below 30°C. Comparative analysis of fatty acid profiles of Z625 and Z629 revealed absence of numerous saturated fatty acids in Z625 as compared to the wild-type E. coli BW25113. In addition, increased unsaturated fatty acids were present in Z625, whereas the fatty acids profile of Z629 closely resembled that of BW25113. Whole genome sequencing revealed a 9-bp insertion in rpoB of Z625. Combined structural analysis of simulated RpoB protein bearing the amino acid sequence L451G452N453 insertion and susceptibility analysis to rifampicin suggested that the insertion did not disturb the individual RpoB structure as beta subunit of RNA polymerase. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of Z625 and Z629 suggested that this insertion impacted transcription of the overall RNA polymerase in Z625, leading to potential repression of some genes whose overexpression was toxic to E. coli. Additionally, Z625 exhibited distinctive metabolic adaptations, likely contributing to its survival at 37°C. In summary, our study elucidated one LGN insertion in rpoB that impacts transcriptional regulation in E. coli, thereby explaining the survival of E. coli depletion of trigger factor and DnaK/J at 37°C, and these founding suggested that some simple mutations in critical genes like rpoB might play an important role in driving adaptive evolution.
{"title":"An Additional L451G452N453 in the RpoB Protein Suppressed the Synthetic Lethality in Escherichia coli at 37 Degrees Caused by Depletion of DnaK/J and Trigger Factor","authors":"Dongjie Fan, Lushan Liu, Bella Yuen, Lu Sun, Yuliang Fu, Yan Liu, Rui Liao, Yanli Qu, Chuanpeng Liu, Qiming Zhou","doi":"10.1002/jobm.202400253","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jobm.202400253","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p><i>Escherichia coli</i> depletion of chaperone trigger factor and DnaK/J were not viable at 37°C, but viable below 30°C. Among the engineered <i>E. coli</i> depleted of trigger factor and DnaK/J, one strain Z625, exhibited survival at 37°C, while another strain Z629 only survived below 30°C. Comparative analysis of fatty acid profiles of Z625 and Z629 revealed absence of numerous saturated fatty acids in Z625 as compared to the wild-type <i>E. coli</i> BW25113. In addition, increased unsaturated fatty acids were present in Z625, whereas the fatty acids profile of Z629 closely resembled that of BW25113. Whole genome sequencing revealed a 9-bp insertion in <i>rpoB</i> of Z625. Combined structural analysis of simulated RpoB protein bearing the amino acid sequence L451G452N453 insertion and susceptibility analysis to rifampicin suggested that the insertion did not disturb the individual RpoB structure as beta subunit of RNA polymerase. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of Z625 and Z629 suggested that this insertion impacted transcription of the overall RNA polymerase in Z625, leading to potential repression of some genes whose overexpression was toxic to <i>E. coli</i>. Additionally, Z625 exhibited distinctive metabolic adaptations, likely contributing to its survival at 37°C. In summary, our study elucidated one LGN insertion in <i>rpoB</i> that impacts transcriptional regulation in <i>E. coli</i>, thereby explaining the survival of <i>E. coli</i> depletion of trigger factor and DnaK/J at 37°C, and these founding suggested that some simple mutations in critical genes like <i>rpoB</i> might play an important role in driving adaptive evolution.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15101,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Basic Microbiology","volume":"64 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142247496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Artyom A. Stepanov, Nikita A. Shulaev, Alexey S. Vasilchenko
Aspergillus and Fusarium are two economically important genera of fungi. They cause significant yield losses and contamination of crops with mycotoxins. In this study we aimed to evaluate the impact of 2,4‐diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4‐DAPG) on Aspergillus and Fusarium fungi. It is hypothesized that two fungal genera, which have different ecological strategies, react differently to stress caused by a secondary metabolite produced by rhizosphere Pseudomonas species. We found that 2,4‐DAPG was able to reduce biofilm formation of Aspergillus and Fusarium, as reflected in biomass and its chemical composition. Furthermore, subinhibitory concentrations of 2,4‐DAPG increased the levels of ergosterol and polysaccharides (α‐ and β‐glucans, chitin) in the cell membrane and cell wall of Aspergillus, while decreasing them in Fusarium. 2,4‐DAPG altered the production of secondary metabolites, especially mycotoxins and extracellular proteases. The production of ochratoxin A was decreased in A. ochraceus, and T‐2 toxin and zearalenone, on the contrary, were increased in F. culmorum and F. sporotrichioides, respectively. Thus, using 2,4‐DAPG we demonstrated that the ecological role of fungi determines their reaction to antibiotic substances produced by the plant microbiome. Our data contributes to understanding the molecular mechanisms behind symbiotic relationships in natural communities, which are mediated by the biosynthesis of antibiotics.
{"title":"The Ecological Strategy Determines the Response of Fungi to Stress: A Study of the 2,4‐diacetylphloroglucinol Activity Against Aspergillus and Fusarium Species","authors":"Artyom A. Stepanov, Nikita A. Shulaev, Alexey S. Vasilchenko","doi":"10.1002/jobm.202400334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jobm.202400334","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:italic>Aspergillus</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Fusarium</jats:italic> are two economically important genera of fungi. They cause significant yield losses and contamination of crops with mycotoxins. In this study we aimed to evaluate the impact of 2,4‐diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4‐DAPG) on <jats:italic>Aspergillus</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Fusarium</jats:italic> fungi. It is hypothesized that two fungal genera, which have different ecological strategies, react differently to stress caused by a secondary metabolite produced by rhizosphere <jats:italic>Pseudomonas</jats:italic> species. We found that 2,4‐DAPG was able to reduce biofilm formation of <jats:italic>Aspergillus</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Fusarium</jats:italic>, as reflected in biomass and its chemical composition. Furthermore, subinhibitory concentrations of 2,4‐DAPG increased the levels of ergosterol and polysaccharides (α‐ and β‐glucans, chitin) in the cell membrane and cell wall of <jats:italic>Aspergillus</jats:italic>, while decreasing them in <jats:italic>Fusarium</jats:italic>. 2,4‐DAPG altered the production of secondary metabolites, especially mycotoxins and extracellular proteases. The production of ochratoxin A was decreased in <jats:italic>A. ochraceus</jats:italic>, and T‐2 toxin and zearalenone, on the contrary, were increased in <jats:italic>F. culmorum</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>F. sporotrichioides,</jats:italic> respectively. Thus, using 2,4‐DAPG we demonstrated that the ecological role of fungi determines their reaction to antibiotic substances produced by the plant microbiome. Our data contributes to understanding the molecular mechanisms behind symbiotic relationships in natural communities, which are mediated by the biosynthesis of antibiotics.","PeriodicalId":15101,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Basic Microbiology","volume":"75 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142247375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xin Yu, Zhiyang Liu, Huidi Zhang, Caixia Wang, Sen Lian, Xiangli Dong, Baohua Li, Pingliang Li
Glomerella cingulata is a pathogenic fungus that can cause apple Glomerella leaf spot (GLS), a new and destructive apple disease in China. Phytotoxins are important factors closely related to the disease process, but there is still no report on the phytotoxins of G. cingulata. The aim of this study was to rapidly identify the phytotoxins of this pathogen using a strategy of HRMS‐based preliminary qualification, followed by targeted structure confirmation and also investigation of phytotoxicity characteristics. First, the crude toxin sample was directly analyzed by the UPLC‐HRMS and GC‐MS, and the data were processed to screen for possible phytotoxic compounds using MS library and the phytotoxicity‐related literature. The reference standards of credible phytotoxic compounds were then subjected to targeted structure validation (signal comparison between standards and compounds in crude toxin via HPLC‐DAD, UPLC‐MS/MS, and GC‐MS), and also the phytotoxicity assay. The results confirmed six phytotoxins produced by G. cingulata, namely 5‐hydroxymethyl‐2‐furancarboxylic acid (HMFCA), 2,5‐bis(hydroxymethyl)furan (BHMF), 2‐furoic acid (FA), 2,3‐butanediol, trans‐aconitic acid (TAA), and cis‐aconitic acid (CAA). Of these, HMFCA and TAA exhibited greater phytotoxicity. Main characteristics: All of them were non‐host‐selective toxins, and toxins were synergistically phytotoxic to the host when mixed. BHMF, HMFCA, FA, TAA, and CAA could be commonly produced by all tested strains, and their phytotoxicity can be significantly inhibited or even eliminated at high temperatures or high pH. The elucidation of the phytotoxins of G. cingulata in this work could provide information on the pathogenesis and control of apple GLS.
{"title":"Rapid Identification of Phytotoxins Produced by Glomerella cingulata Using High‐Resolution Mass Spectrometry‐Based Qualification, Targeted Structural Confirmation and Their Characteristics Investigation","authors":"Xin Yu, Zhiyang Liu, Huidi Zhang, Caixia Wang, Sen Lian, Xiangli Dong, Baohua Li, Pingliang Li","doi":"10.1002/jobm.202400195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jobm.202400195","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:italic>Glomerella cingulata</jats:italic> is a pathogenic fungus that can cause apple Glomerella leaf spot (GLS), a new and destructive apple disease in China. Phytotoxins are important factors closely related to the disease process, but there is still no report on the phytotoxins of <jats:italic>G. cingulata</jats:italic>. The aim of this study was to rapidly identify the phytotoxins of this pathogen using a strategy of HRMS‐based preliminary qualification, followed by targeted structure confirmation and also investigation of phytotoxicity characteristics. First, the crude toxin sample was directly analyzed by the UPLC‐HRMS and GC‐MS, and the data were processed to screen for possible phytotoxic compounds using MS library and the phytotoxicity‐related literature. The reference standards of credible phytotoxic compounds were then subjected to targeted structure validation (signal comparison between standards and compounds in crude toxin via HPLC‐DAD, UPLC‐MS/MS, and GC‐MS), and also the phytotoxicity assay. The results confirmed six phytotoxins produced by <jats:italic>G. cingulata</jats:italic>, namely 5‐hydroxymethyl‐2‐furancarboxylic acid (HMFCA), 2,5‐bis(hydroxymethyl)furan (BHMF), 2‐furoic acid (FA), 2,3‐butanediol, trans‐aconitic acid (TAA), and cis‐aconitic acid (CAA). Of these, HMFCA and TAA exhibited greater phytotoxicity. Main characteristics: All of them were non‐host‐selective toxins, and toxins were synergistically phytotoxic to the host when mixed. BHMF, HMFCA, FA, TAA, and CAA could be commonly produced by all tested strains, and their phytotoxicity can be significantly inhibited or even eliminated at high temperatures or high pH. The elucidation of the phytotoxins of <jats:italic>G. cingulata</jats:italic> in this work could provide information on the pathogenesis and control of apple GLS.","PeriodicalId":15101,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Basic Microbiology","volume":"14 1","pages":"e2400195"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142222186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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