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Understanding the Evolution and Transmission Dynamics of Antibiotic Resistance Genes: A Comprehensive Review 了解抗生素耐药性基因的进化和传播动态:全面回顾。
IF 3.5 4区 生物学 Q2 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-07 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202400259
A. K. M. Zakir Hossain, A. M. Masudul Azad Chowdhury

Antibiotic resistance poses a formidable challenge to global public health, necessitating comprehensive understanding and strategic interventions. This review explores the evolution and transmission dynamics of antibiotic resistance genes, with a focus on Bangladesh. The indiscriminate use of antibiotics, compounded by substandard formulations and clinical misdiagnosis, fuels the emergence and spread of resistance in the country. Studies reveal high resistance rates among common pathogens, emphasizing the urgent need for targeted interventions and rational antibiotic use. Molecular assessments uncover a diverse array of antibiotic resistance genes in environmental reservoirs, highlighting the complex interplay between human activities and resistance dissemination. Horizontal gene transfer mechanisms, particularly plasmid-mediated conjugation, facilitate the exchange of resistance determinants among bacterial populations, driving the evolution of multidrug-resistant strains. The review discusses clinical implications, emphasizing the interconnectedness of environmental and clinical settings in resistance dynamics. Furthermore, bioinformatic and experimental evidence elucidates novel mechanisms of resistance gene transfer, underscoring the dynamic nature of resistance evolution. In conclusion, combating antibiotic resistance requires a multifaceted approach, integrating surveillance, stewardship, and innovative research to preserve the efficacy of antimicrobial agents and safeguard public health.

抗生素耐药性对全球公共卫生构成了严峻挑战,需要全面了解并采取战略性干预措施。本综述以孟加拉国为重点,探讨抗生素耐药性基因的演变和传播动态。抗生素的滥用,加上不合格的配方和临床误诊,加剧了该国抗药性的出现和传播。研究显示,常见病原体的抗药性发生率很高,因此迫切需要采取有针对性的干预措施并合理使用抗生素。分子评估揭示了环境储库中抗生素耐药性基因的多样性,凸显了人类活动与耐药性传播之间复杂的相互作用。水平基因转移机制,尤其是质粒介导的共轭作用,促进了细菌种群间耐药性决定因素的交换,推动了耐多药菌株的进化。综述讨论了临床影响,强调了耐药性动态中环境和临床环境的相互关联性。此外,生物信息学和实验证据阐明了耐药基因转移的新机制,强调了耐药性进化的动态性质。总之,抗击抗生素耐药性需要多管齐下,将监测、管理和创新研究结合起来,以保持抗菌药物的疗效,保障公众健康。
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引用次数: 0
Issue Information: Journal of Basic Microbiology. 8/2024 期刊信息:基础微生物学杂志》。8/2024
IF 3.5 4区 生物学 Q2 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-05 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202470072
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引用次数: 0
Cover: Journal of Basic Microbiology. 8/2024 封面:基础微生物学杂志》。8/2024
IF 3.5 4区 生物学 Q2 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-05 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202470071

Cover illustration:

The rare pink oyster mushroom (Pleurotus djamor) cultivated on the agricultural residue, wheat straw. These have a distinct deep pink color. This culinary mushroom is high in vitamin C and potassium.

(Photo: Payal Mago, Shaheed Rajguru College of Applied Sciences for Women, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India)

封面插图:罕见的粉红杏鲍菇(Pleurotus djamor)种植在农业残留物--麦秸上。这些蘑菇呈现出明显的深粉红色。这种烹饪用的蘑菇富含维生素 C 和钾:印度新德里,德里大学沙希德-拉杰古鲁女子应用科学学院,Payal Mago)
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引用次数: 0
Exploring Codon Usage Patterns and Influencing Factors in Ranavirus DNA Polymerase Genes 探索拉拉病毒 DNA 聚合酶基因中的密码子使用模式和影响因素。
IF 3.5 4区 生物学 Q2 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-04 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202400289
Yeşim Aktürk Dizman

Ranaviruses, members of the genus Ranavirus within the family Iridoviridae, have become a significant concern for amphibian populations globally, along with other cold-blooded vertebrates, due to their emergence as a significant threat. We employed bioinformatics tools to examine the codon usage patterns in 61 DNA pol genes from Ranavirus, Lymphocystivirus, Megalocytivirus, and two unclassified ranaviruses, as no prior studies had been conducted on this topic. The results showed a slight or low level of codon usage bias (CUB) in the DNA pol genes of Ranavirus. Relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) analysis indicated that the predominant codons favored in Ranavirus DNA pol genes terminate with C or G. Correlation analysis examining nucleotide content, third codon position, effective number of codons (ENC), correspondence analysis (COA), Aroma values, and GRAVY values indicated that the CUB across DNA pol genes could be influenced by both mutation pressure and natural selection. The neutrality plot indicated that natural selection is the primary factor driving codon usage. Furthermore, the analysis of the codon adaptation index (CAI) illustrated the robust adaptability of Ranavirus DNA pol genes to their hosts. Analysis of the relative codon deoptimization index (RCDI) suggested that Ranavirus DNA pol genes underwent greater selection pressure from their hosts. These findings will aid in comprehending the factors influencing the evolution and adaptation of Ranavirus to its hosts.

狂犬病毒是虹彩病毒科狂犬病毒属的成员,由于其对全球两栖动物和其他冷血脊椎动物构成了严重威胁,因此已成为两栖动物种群关注的焦点。我们利用生物信息学工具研究了来自拉纳病毒、淋巴囊病毒、巨细胞病毒和两种未分类的拉纳病毒的61个DNA pol基因的密码子使用模式,因为以前没有进行过这方面的研究。研究结果表明,在拉纳病毒的 DNA pol 基因中存在轻微或较低程度的密码子使用偏差(CUB)。核苷酸含量、第三密码子位置、有效密码子数(ENC)、对应分析(COA)、Aroma值和GRAVY值的相关分析表明,DNA pol基因的CUB可能受到突变压力和自然选择的影响。中性图表明,自然选择是驱动密码子使用的主要因素。此外,对密码子适应指数(CAI)的分析表明,拉尼亚病毒 DNA pol 基因对宿主具有很强的适应性。对相对密码子去优化指数(RCDI)的分析表明,拉尼亚病毒 DNA pol 基因承受了来自宿主的更大选择压力。这些发现将有助于理解影响拉尼亚病毒进化和适应宿主的因素。
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引用次数: 0
Pioneering Nit Gene Exploitation to Develop Molecular Diagnostic Assay for Rapid Detection of Cotton Root Rot Incitant, Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid, in Field Soil 率先利用尼特基因开发用于快速检测田间土壤中棉花根腐病致病菌--Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid 的分子诊断测定法。
IF 3.5 4区 生物学 Q2 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202400325
Anil Kumar Saini, Mukesh Kumar, Karmal Singh, Mukul Kumar Bhambhu, Rohit Nain,  Garima,  Aakash, Shiwani Mandhania, Shubham Saini

Cotton root rot caused by Macrophomina phaseolina pose a significant threat to cotton production, leading to substantial yield and quality losses. Early and accurate diagnosis of this pathogen in soil is crucial for effective disease management. This study presents a pioneering investigation into the utilization of the nit gene encoding nitrilase for the development of a molecular diagnostic assay aimed at the rapid detection of M. phaseolina in field soils. The methodology involved the design and validation of primers targeting the Nit gene sequence, followed by the optimization of PCR conditions for efficient amplification. Leveraging state-of-the-art molecular techniques, the assay offers a novel protocol to accurately identify the presence of M. phaseolina in soil with high sensitivity and specificity. The specificity of the designed primers was confirmed through PCR amplification using DNA from M. phaseolina and other related fungi. Sensitivity tests demonstrated that the PCR assay reliably detected M. phaseolina DNA at concentrations as low as 1 ng. Furthermore, the performance of the diagnostic assay was rigorously evaluated using field soil samples with a known status of M. phaseolina infection, demonstrating its reliability and efficacy in real-world scenarios. This study introduces a novel molecular marker for the detection of M. phaseolina and offers a rapid and efficient means for screening M. phaseolina in large soil samples with minimal time and manpower.

棉花根腐病是由棉花根腐霉菌(Macrophomina phaseolina)引起的,对棉花生产构成严重威胁,导致产量和质量大幅下降。及早准确地诊断土壤中的这种病原体对有效控制病害至关重要。本研究开创性地利用编码硝化酶的 nit 基因开发了一种分子诊断测定法,旨在快速检测田间土壤中的棉花褐斑病菌。该方法包括设计和验证针对硝基基因序列的引物,然后优化 PCR 条件以实现高效扩增。利用最先进的分子技术,该检测方法提供了一种新的方案,可准确识别土壤中是否存在高灵敏度和高特异性的相思豆菌。通过使用相柄霉和其他相关真菌的 DNA 进行 PCR 扩增,证实了所设计引物的特异性。灵敏度测试表明,PCR 法能可靠地检测出浓度低至 1 纳克的相思豆菌 DNA。此外,该诊断方法的性能还通过已知相思豆菌感染状况的田间土壤样本进行了严格评估,证明了其在实际应用中的可靠性和有效性。这项研究引入了一种用于检测相思豆菌的新型分子标记,并提供了一种快速、高效的方法,能以最少的时间和人力筛查大量土壤样本中的相思豆菌。
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引用次数: 0
Construction of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis System Using Chalcone as a Substrate in Lactococcus lactis NZ9000 在乳酸乳球菌 NZ9000 中构建以 Chalcone 为底物的花青素生物合成系统。
IF 3.5 4区 生物学 Q2 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-28 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202400274
Yujing Tian, Na Liu, Xiaowen Zhao, Xuefeng Mei, Lei Zhang, Jinhai Huang, Deping Hua

Anthocyanins are high-value natural compounds, but to date, their production still mainly relies on extraction from plants. A five-step metabolic pathway was constructed in probiotic Lactococcus lactis NZ9000 for rapid, stable, and glycosylated anthocyanin biosynthesis using chalcone as a substrate. The genes were cloned from anthocyanin-rich blueberry: chalcone isomerase (CHI), flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), anthocyanin synthase (ANS), and UDPG-flavonoid 3-O-glycosyltransferase (3GT). Using HR, the polysaccharide pellicle (PSP) segment of the cell wall polysaccharide synthesis (cwps) gene cluster from L. lactis NZ9000 was cloned into vector p15A-Cm-repDE. Then, CHI and F3H were placed sequentially under the control of NZProm 3 of this gene cluster in the vector, which was transformed into L. lactis NZ9000 to obtain Strain A. Furthermore, Strain B was constructed by placing F3H-DFR-ANS and 3GT under NZProm 2 and 3, respectively. Using LC-MS/MS analysis, several types of anthocyanins, including callistephin chloride, oenin chloride, malvidin O-hexoside, malvidin 3,5-diglucoside, and pelargonidin 3-O-malonyl-malonylhexoside, increased in the supernatant of the co-culture of Strains A and B compared to that of L. lactis NZ9000. This is the first time that a five-step metabolic pathway has been developed for anthocyanin biosynthesis in probiotic L. lactis NZ9000. This work lays the groundwork for novel anthocyanin production by a process involving the placement of several biosynthesis genes under the control of a gene cluster.

花青素是一种高价值的天然化合物,但迄今为止,其生产仍主要依赖于从植物中提取。我们在益生菌乳酸乳球菌 NZ9000 中构建了一条五步代谢途径,利用查尔酮作为底物,快速、稳定地进行糖基化花青素生物合成。从富含花青素的蓝莓中克隆了以下基因:查尔酮异构酶(CHI)、黄烷酮 3-羟化酶(F3H)、二氢黄酮醇 4-还原酶(DFR)、花青素合成酶(ANS)和 UDPG-类黄酮 3-O-糖基转移酶(3GT)。利用 HR 技术,将来自 L. lactis NZ9000 的细胞壁多糖合成(cwps)基因簇的多糖胶粒(PSP)片段克隆到载体 p15A-Cm-repDE 中。将 F3H-DFR-ANS 和 3GT 分别置于 NZProm 2 和 3 的控制下,构建出菌株 B。通过 LC-MS/MS 分析,与 L. lactis NZ9000 相比,菌株 A 和菌株 B 共培养的上清液中的几种花青素含量有所增加,包括氯化花青素、氯化花青素、麦饭石黄素 O-己糖苷、麦饭石黄素 3,5-二葡萄糖苷、3-O-丙二酰基-丙二酰基己糖苷。这是首次开发出益生菌 L. lactis NZ9000 花青素生物合成的五步代谢途径。这项工作为通过将多个生物合成基因置于一个基因簇控制下的过程生产新型花青素奠定了基础。
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引用次数: 0
Seasonality and Activity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in the Rhizosphere of Endemic Tree Species 特有树种根瘤中丛枝菌根真菌的季节性和活性
IF 3.5 4区 生物学 Q2 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-21 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202400354
Érica Olandini Lambais, Tancredo Augusto Feitosa de Souza, Paloma Késsia, Gislaine dos Santos Nascimento, Rodrigo Macedo, Alexandre Pereira de Bakker, George Rodrigues Lambais, Bruno Oliveira Dias, Vânia da Silva Fraga

This study analyzed arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) activity and soil chemical properties in Aspidosperma pyrifolium, Bauhinia ungulata, Caesalpinia pyramidalis, and Caesalpinia ferrea. AMF spores, root colonization, total glomalin-related soil protein (T-GRSP), easily extracted GRSP (EE-GRSP), and soil chemical properties were measured four times (July 2019, 2020 and December 2019, 2020). Significant differences were observed in AMF spores, root colonization, T-GRSP, and EE-GRSP among the plant species and across seasons. For soil chemical properties, we observed differences among plant species. During the dry season, B. ungulata and C. pyramidalis had the highest AMF spores and root colonization (57.3 ± 0.27 spores 50 g soil−1 and 48.8 ± 1.05, respectively), whereas during the rainy season, C. pyramidalis and C. ferrea showed the highest AMF spores and root colonization (36.6 ± 0.13 spores 50 g soil−1 and 62.2 ± 1.17, respectively). A. pyrifolium showed the highest T-GRSP in both seasons. On the basis of the soil chemical properties, we found that (i) A. pyrifolium, B. ungulata, and C. ferrea showed the highest soil organic carbon (1.32 ± 0.03 g kg−1), phosphorus (7.01 ± 0.26 mg kg−1), and soil pH (5.85 ± 0.23) and (ii) C. pyramidalis showed the highest Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, H+ + Al3+, K+, and soil total nitrogen (1.36 ± 0.04, 0.73 ± 0.01, 3.72 ± 0.85, 4.56 ± 0.12 cmolc kg−1, 15.43 ± 1.53 mg kg−1, and 0.16 ± 0.01 g kg−1, respectively). Our results highlight the advantage of AMF spores as perennating structures over other AM fungal propagules in seasonal vegetation like Caatinga.

本研究分析了Aspidosperma pyrifolium、Bauhinia ungulata、Caesalpinia pyramidalis和Caesalpinia ferrea的丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)活性和土壤化学性质。对AMF孢子、根定殖量、总胶蛋白相关土壤蛋白质(T-GRSP)、易提取胶蛋白相关土壤蛋白质(EE-GRSP)和土壤化学性质进行了四次测量(2019年7月、2020年和2019年12月、2020年)。在不同植物种类和不同季节,我们观察到 AMF 孢子、根定殖、T-GRSP 和 EE-GRSP 存在显著差异。在土壤化学性质方面,我们观察到不同植物物种之间存在差异。在旱季,B. ungulata 和 C. pyramidalis 的 AMF 孢子和根定植率最高(分别为 57.3 ± 0.27 孢子 50 克土壤-1 和 48.8 ± 1.05),而在雨季,C. pyramidalis 和 C. ferrea 的 AMF 孢子和根定植率最高(分别为 36.6 ± 0.13 孢子 50 克土壤-1 和 62.2 ± 1.17)。A.pyrifolium在两个季节都表现出最高的T-GRSP。在土壤化学性质方面,我们发现:(i) A. pyrifolium、B. ungulata 和 C. ferrea 的土壤有机碳(1.32 ± 0.03 g kg-1)、磷(7.01 ± 0.26 mg kg-1)和土壤 pH 值(5.85 ± 0.23)最高;(ii) C. pyramidalis 的钙和磷含量最高。Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+、H+ + Al3+、K+ 和土壤全氮(分别为 1.36 ± 0.04、0.73 ± 0.01、3.72 ± 0.85、4.56 ± 0.12 cmolc kg-1、15.43 ± 1.53 mg kg-1 和 0.16 ± 0.01 g kg-1)最高。我们的研究结果突出表明,在卡廷加等季节性植被中,AMF 孢子作为常年结构比其他 AM 真菌繁殖体更具优势。
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引用次数: 0
Developed Rhizobium Strains Enhance Soil Fertility and Yield of Legume Crops in Haryana, India 开发的根瘤菌株提高了印度哈里亚纳邦豆科作物的土壤肥力和产量。
IF 3.5 4区 生物学 Q2 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-17 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202400327
Ikbal Shah, Khan M. Sarim, Virendra K. Sikka, Surjit S. Dudeja, Dharmender K. Gahlot

Three strains of Gram-negative bacterium, Rhizobium, were developed by gamma (γ)-irradiation random mutagenesis. The developed strains were evaluated for their augmented features for symbiotic association, nitrogen fixation, and crop yield of three leguminous plants—chickpea, field-pea, and lentil—in agricultural fields of the northern Indian state of Haryana. Crops treated with developed mutants exhibited significant improvement in plant features and the yield of crops when compared to the control-uninoculated crops and crops grown with indigenous or commercial crop-specific strains of Rhizobium. This improvement was attributed to generated mutants, MbPrRz1 (on chickpea), MbPrRz2 (on lentil), and MbPrRz3 (on field-pea). Additionally, the cocultured symbiotic response of MbPrRz1 and MbPrRz2 mutants was found to be more pronounced on all three crops. The statistical analysis using Pearson's correlation coefficients revealed that nodulation and plant biomass were the most related parameters of crop yield. Among the effectiveness of developed mutants, MbPrRz1 yielded the best results for all three tested crops. Moreover, the developed mutants enhanced macro- and micronutrients of the experimental fields when compared with fields harboring the indigenous rhizobial community. These developed mutants were further genetically characterized, predominantly expressing nitrogen fixation marker, nifH, and appeared to belong to Mesorhizobium ciceri (MbPrRz1) and Rhizobium leguminosarum (both MbPrRz2 and MbPrRz3). In summary, this study highlights the potential of developed Rhizobium mutants as effective biofertilizers for sustainable agriculture, showcasing their ability to enhance symbiotic relationships, crop yield, and soil fertility.

通过伽马(γ)辐照随机诱变,培育出了三株革兰氏阴性菌根瘤菌。在印度北部哈里亚纳邦的农田中,对所培育的菌株进行了评估,以确定其对三种豆科植物--豌豆、大田豌豆和小扁豆--的共生联合、固氮和作物产量的增强功能。与未接种根瘤菌的对照作物和使用本地或商业作物特异性根瘤菌株种植的作物相比,使用开发的突变体处理的作物在植物特征和作物产量方面都有显著改善。这种改善归功于所产生的突变体:MbPrRz1(鹰嘴豆)、MbPrRz2(扁豆)和 MbPrRz3(大田豌豆)。此外,还发现 MbPrRz1 和 MbPrRz2 突变体在三种作物上的共生反应更加明显。利用皮尔逊相关系数进行的统计分析显示,结瘤和植株生物量是与作物产量最相关的参数。在已开发突变体的有效性中,MbPrRz1 对所有三种受试作物的效果最好。此外,与本地根瘤菌群落相比,所开发的突变体提高了试验田的宏量和微量营养元素。对这些突变体进行了进一步的基因鉴定,发现它们主要表达固氮标记 nifH,似乎属于蝉膜中生孢子球菌(MbPrRz1)和豆根瘤菌(MbPrRz2 和 MbPrRz3)。总之,本研究强调了开发的根瘤菌突变体作为可持续农业的有效生物肥料的潜力,展示了它们增强共生关系、作物产量和土壤肥力的能力。
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引用次数: 0
Qualitative and Untargeted Volatilome Fingerprinting of Aspergillus sp. and Bulbithecium sp. by HS-SPME-GCMS and Functional Interactions 通过 HS-SPME-GCMS 和功能相互作用对曲霉和球酵母进行定性和非靶向挥发性指纹图谱分析。
IF 3.5 4区 生物学 Q2 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-16 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202400210
Prathyash Ushus Mancheary John, Siva Kumar Kandula, Satyanarayana Swamy Cheekatla, Venkata Satya Mahesh Kumar Metta, Koteswari Peddi

Research on fungal volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has increased worldwide in the last 10 years, but marine fungal volatilomes remain underexplored. Similarly, the hormone-signaling pathways, agronomic significance, and biocontrol potential of VOCs in plant-associated fungi make the area of research extremely promising. In the current investigation, VOCs of the isolates—Aspergillus sp. GSBT S13 and GSBT S14 from marine sediments, and Bulbithecium sp. GSBT E3 from Eucalyptus foliage were extracted using Head Space solid phase microextraction, followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, identification, statistical analyses, and prediction of functions by KEGG COMPOUND and STITCH 5.0 databases. The significance of this research is fingerprinting VOCs of the isolates from distinct origins, identification of compounds using three libraries (NIST02, NIST14, and W9N11), and using bioinformatic tools to perform functional analysis. The most important findings include the identification of previously unreported compounds in fungi—1-methoxy naphthalene, diethyl phthalate, pentadecane, pristane, and nonanal; the prediction of the involvement of small molecules in the degradation of aromatic compound pathways and activation, inhibition, binding, and catalysis of metabolites with predicted protein partners. This study has ample opportunity to validate the findings and understand the mechanism or mode of action, the interspecies interactions, and the role of the metabolites in geochemical cycles.

在过去 10 年中,全世界对真菌挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)的研究不断增加,但对海洋真菌挥发性有机化合物的研究仍然不足。同样,植物相关真菌中挥发性有机化合物的激素信号通路、农艺学意义和生物防治潜力也使该领域的研究极具前景。本研究利用 Head Space 固相微萃取技术提取了海洋沉积物中分离出的曲霉菌 GSBT S13 和 GSBT S14 以及桉树叶片中分离出的球孢霉 GSBT E3 的挥发性有机化合物,然后利用 KEGG COMPOUND 和 STITCH 5.0 数据库进行气相色谱-质谱分析、鉴定、统计分析和功能预测。这项研究的意义在于对来自不同产地的分离物的挥发性有机化合物进行指纹识别,利用三个化合物库(NIST02、NIST14 和 W9N11)对化合物进行鉴定,并利用生物信息学工具进行功能分析。最重要的发现包括:在真菌中鉴定出了以前未报道过的化合物-1-甲氧基萘、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯、十五烷、棱烷和壬醛;预测了小分子参与芳香化合物降解的途径,以及代谢物与预测蛋白质伙伴的活化、抑制、结合和催化。这项研究为验证研究结果、了解代谢物的作用机制或模式、物种间的相互作用以及在地球化学循环中的作用提供了充分的机会。
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引用次数: 0
Deciphering the Mechanisms and Biotechnological Implications of Nanoparticle Synthesis Through Microbial Consortia 解密微生物联合体合成纳米粒子的机理和生物技术意义。
IF 3.5 4区 生物学 Q2 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-14 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202400035
Vandana Singh, Chetan Pandit, Soumya Pandit, Arpita Roy, Sarvesh Rustagi, Nasser S. Awwad, Hala A. Ibrahium, Jigisha Anand, Sumira Malik, Krishna Kumar Yadav, Murtaza Tambuwala

Nanomaterial synthesis is a growing study area because of its extensive range of uses. Nanoparticles' high surface-to-volume ratio and rapid interaction with various particles make them appealing for diverse applications. Traditional physical and chemical methods for creating metal nanoparticles are becoming outdated because they involve complex manufacturing processes, high energy consumption, and the formation of harmful by-products that pose major dangers to human health and the environment. Therefore, there is an increasing need to find alternative, cost-effective, dependable, biocompatible, and environmentally acceptable ways of producing nanoparticles. The process of synthesizing nanoparticles using microbes has become highly intriguing because of their ability to create nanoparticles of varying sizes, shapes, and compositions, each with unique physicochemical properties. Microbes are commonly used in nanoparticle production because they are easy to work with, can use low-cost materials, such as agricultural waste, are cheap to scale up, and can adsorb and reduce metal ions into nanoparticles through metabolic activities. Biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles provides a clean, nontoxic, ecologically friendly, and sustainable method using renewable ingredients for reducing metals and stabilizing nanoparticles. Nanomaterials produced by bacteria can serve as an effective pollution control method due to their many functional groups that can effectively target contaminants for efficient bioremediation, aiding in environmental cleanup. At the end of the paper, we will discuss the obstacles that hinder the use of biosynthesized nanoparticles and microbial-based nanoparticles. The paper aims to explore the sustainability of microorganisms in the burgeoning field of green nanotechnology.

由于用途广泛,纳米材料合成是一个不断增长的研究领域。纳米颗粒的高表面积比和与各种颗粒的快速相互作用使其在各种应用中具有吸引力。传统的物理和化学方法制造金属纳米粒子已经过时,因为这些方法涉及复杂的制造过程,能耗高,而且会形成有害的副产品,对人类健康和环境造成重大危害。因此,人们越来越需要找到其他具有成本效益、可靠、生物相容性和环境可接受的纳米粒子生产方法。利用微生物合成纳米粒子的过程已变得非常有趣,因为微生物能够制造出不同大小、形状和成分的纳米粒子,每种粒子都具有独特的物理化学特性。微生物通常用于纳米粒子的生产,因为它们易于操作,可以使用低成本材料,如农业废料,规模化生产成本低廉,并且可以通过新陈代谢活动吸附和还原金属离子为纳米粒子。纳米粒子的生物合成提供了一种清洁、无毒、生态友好和可持续的方法,利用可再生成分还原金属并稳定纳米粒子。细菌产生的纳米材料可以作为一种有效的污染控制方法,因为它们具有多种功能基团,可以有效地针对污染物进行高效的生物修复,从而帮助净化环境。在本文的最后,我们将讨论阻碍使用生物合成纳米粒子和微生物纳米粒子的障碍。本文旨在探讨微生物在蓬勃发展的绿色纳米技术领域的可持续性。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Basic Microbiology
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