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Screening Proteins That Interact With AcHog1 and the Functional Analysis of AcSko1 in Aspergillus cristatus. 筛选与 AcHog1 相互作用的蛋白质并对十字花曲霉中的 AcSko1 进行功能分析
IF 3.5 4区 生物学 Q2 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-07 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202400475
Lei Shao, Zuoyi Liu, Yongxiang Liu, Yumei Tan

Aspergillus cristatus is a dominant fungus formed during the "flowering" process of Fuzhuan brick tea. Previous research has established that the sporulation of Aspergillus nidulans, a model organism of filamentous fungi, is regulated by light. However, the sporulation of A. cristatus is dependent on osmotic stress. In a previous study, we used pull-down and mass spectrometry to identify proteins that interacted with AcHog1 in A. cristatus when cultured under different conditions of osmotic stress. In the present study, we analyzed the proteins we identified previously to investigate their functional role. The AA1E3BER4 protein was located downstream of Hog1 in the HOG branch pathway and was identified that was regulated by AcHog1. Furthermore, yeast two-hybrid analysis showed that AA1E3BER4 interacted with AcHog1. In addition, we knocked out and complemented the Acsko1 gene encoding the AA1E3BER4 protein. We found that the number of sexual and asexual spores were downregulated by 3.81- and 4.57-fold, respectively, in the ΔAcsko1 strain. The sensitivity of the ΔAcsko1 strain to sorbitol and sucrose, as regulators of osmotic stress, increased, and the sensitivity to high sucrose was higher than that of sorbitol. Acsko1 also regulated the response of A. cristatus to oxidative stress, Congo red, and SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate). In addition, the deletion of Acsko1 significantly increased the pigment of the ΔAcsko1 strain. This is the first study to report the role of the sko1 gene in oxidative stress, stress-induced damage to the cell wall, and pigment in Aspergillus cristatus.

皱缩曲霉是福砖茶 "发花 "过程中形成的优势真菌。先前的研究已经证实,丝状真菌的模式生物黑曲霉的孢子分生受光照调节。然而,冠突散囊菌的孢子生成依赖于渗透胁迫。在之前的一项研究中,我们使用牵引法和质谱法鉴定了在不同渗透胁迫条件下培养十字花科真菌时与 AcHog1 相互作用的蛋白质。在本研究中,我们对之前鉴定出的蛋白质进行了分析,以研究它们的功能作用。AA1E3BER4蛋白位于HOG分支通路中Hog1的下游,并被发现受AcHog1调控。此外,酵母双杂交分析表明,AA1E3BER4 与 AcHog1 相互作用。此外,我们还敲除了编码 AA1E3BER4 蛋白的 Acsko1 基因并对其进行了互补。我们发现,在ΔAcsko1菌株中,有性孢子和无性孢子的数量分别下调了3.81倍和4.57倍。作为渗透胁迫的调节因子,ΔAcsko1菌株对山梨醇和蔗糖的敏感性增加,对高蔗糖的敏感性高于对山梨醇的敏感性。Acsko1 还能调控 A. cristatus 对氧化应激、刚果红和 SDS(十二烷基硫酸钠)的反应。此外,缺失 Acsko1 能显著增加 ΔAcsko1 菌株的色素。这是首次报道 sko1 基因在曲霉氧化应激、应激引起的细胞壁损伤和色素中的作用的研究。
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引用次数: 0
Biological Control of Microbial Pectinolytic Plant Pathogens Causing Soft Rot of Fruits and Vegetables. 对引起水果和蔬菜软腐病的微生物果胶溶解植物病原体的生物防治。
IF 3.5 4区 生物学 Q2 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-03 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202400342
Benaissa Asmaa, Bestami Merdia, Fellan Kheira, Ben Malek Rokaia, Djellout Nadine Chahrazade

It is crucial to implement appropriate measures to prevent the spread of plant pathogens that lead to the decay of fruits and vegetables. From this perspective, we evaluated the biocontrol potential of five Bacillus-plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strains against twenty-one pectinolytic phytopathogens causing soft rot in fruits and vegetables. These phytopathogens had been previously studied. Three in vitro methods were utilized to accomplish this objective: competition, extraction of bioactive substances, and direct confrontation. The inhibitory effect of the direct confrontation method resulted in a slower growth of 11 microbial plant pathogens. In addition, it was noted that 11 strains of plant pathogens generated inhibitory constituents, while 15 plant pathogens produced inducible inhibitory substances. Furthermore, volatile inhibitory compounds were detected in the six tested strains. Overall, strains of PGPR-Bacillus demonstrated strong antifungal and antibacterial properties against phytopathogens. These PGPR can be regarded as potential biocontrol agents for soft microbial rot in fruits and vegetables as well as producers of substances that effectively suppress plant diseases.

采取适当措施防止导致水果和蔬菜腐烂的植物病原体传播至关重要。从这个角度出发,我们评估了五种芽孢杆菌-植物生长促进根瘤菌(PGPR)菌株对 21 种导致水果和蔬菜软腐病的果胶溶性植物病原体的生物防治潜力。以前曾对这些植物病原体进行过研究。为实现这一目标,采用了三种体外方法:竞争法、生物活性物质提取法和直接对抗法。直接对抗法的抑制效果使 11 种微生物植物病原体的生长速度减慢。此外,研究还注意到 11 株植物病原体产生了抑制成分,而 15 株植物病原体则产生了诱导性抑制物质。此外,在 6 株受测菌株中还检测到了挥发性抑制化合物。总体而言,PGPR-芽孢杆菌菌株对植物病原体具有很强的抗真菌和抗细菌特性。这些 PGPR 菌株可被视为水果和蔬菜软腐微生物的潜在生物控制剂,以及有效抑制植物病害的物质生产者。
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引用次数: 0
Cover: Journal of Basic Microbiology. 10/2024 封面:基础微生物学杂志》。10/2024
IF 3.5 4区 生物学 Q2 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-03 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202470091

Cover illustration:

Transmission electron microscopy image of streptophage S3.

(Photo: Thomas Krauße, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich-Schiller University, Jena, Germany)

封面插图:噬链病毒 S3 的透射电子显微镜图像:Thomas Krauße,德国耶拿弗里德里希-席勒大学微生物研究所)
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引用次数: 0
In Vitro Antagonistic Activity of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria Against Aggressive Biotypes of the Green Mold. 植物生长促进根瘤菌对绿霉菌侵袭性生物类型的体外拮抗活性。
IF 3.5 4区 生物学 Q2 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-03 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202400422
Baran Mis, Kemal Karaca, Rengin Eltem

During the cultivation of button mushrooms, the green mold epidemic, which causes a decrease in productivity, is a very important problem. The environmental harm of chemicals used in the control of such epidemics and the demand of consumers for organic products without chemicals have brought environmentally friendly biological control to the fore. Biological control can be achieved by the use of antagonistic microorganisms and their metabolites. In this study, the effectiveness of Bacillus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. for the biological control of the aggressive biotypes of the green mold disease agent Trichoderma aggressivum strains was examined in vitro. For this purpose, the antifungal effects of Bacillus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. against T. aggressivum strains were examined by in vitro dual culture test. Afterward, the antifungal activity of Bacillus spp. metabolites was assessed further using the agar well diffusion method. Then, it was determined whether the bacterial strains showing antifungal activity showed antagonistic activity against A. bisporus. Although none of the Pseudomonas spp. showed antifungal activity against T. aggressivum strains, most of the Bacillus spp. were found to have high activity. It has been concluded that Bacillus sp. Ö-4-82 may be potential biological control agent for button mushroom cultivation.

在金针菇的种植过程中,导致产量下降的绿色霉菌流行病是一个非常重要的问题。用于控制此类疫病的化学品对环境的危害以及消费者对不含化学品的有机产品的需求,使环境友好型生物防治成为人们关注的焦点。生物防治可以通过使用拮抗微生物及其代谢产物来实现。本研究在体外检测了芽孢杆菌属和假单胞菌属对绿霉病菌侵袭性生物型的生物防治效果。为此,通过体外双重培养试验检测了芽孢杆菌属和假单胞菌属对侵袭性毛霉菌株的抗真菌作用。随后,使用琼脂井扩散法进一步评估了枯草杆菌代谢物的抗真菌活性。然后,确定具有抗真菌活性的细菌菌株是否对双孢蘑菇具有拮抗活性。虽然没有假单胞菌属对侵袭性蘑菇菌株表现出抗真菌活性,但发现大多数芽孢杆菌属都具有很高的活性。结论是芽孢杆菌 Ö-4-82 可能是金针菇栽培中潜在的生物防治剂。
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引用次数: 0
Issue Information: Journal of Basic Microbiology. 10/2024 期刊信息:基础微生物学杂志》。10/2024
IF 3.5 4区 生物学 Q2 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-03 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202470092
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引用次数: 0
Functional Verification of Transcription Factor comp54181_c0 in Monascus purpureus. 紫斑猴转录因子 comp54181_c0 的功能验证
IF 3.5 4区 生物学 Q2 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-29 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202400469
Chan Zhang, Haijiao Wang, Arzugul Ablimit, Yufei Zhao, Qing Sun, HuiJun Dong, Bobo Zhang, Chengjian Liu, Chengtao Wang

Monacolin K is a valuable secondary metabolite produced after a period of fermentation by Monascus purpureus; however, our current understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of its synthesis remains incomplete. This study conducted functional analysis on the key transcription factor, comp54181_c0, that is involved in the synthesis of monacolin K in Monascus. Mutant strains with either knockout or overexpression of comp54181_c0 were constructed using CRISPR/Cas9. A comparison between the knockout and overexpression strains revealed changes in fungal morphology and growth, with a significant increase in the production of Monascus pigments and monacolin K when comp54181_c0 was absent. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR analysis revealed that comp54181_c0 significantly influenced the transcription of key genes related to monacolin K biosynthesis in Monascus. In conclusion, our study elucidates the crucial role of comp54181_c0 in Monascus, enriches our understanding of fungal secondary metabolite development and regulation, and provides a foundation for the development and regulation of Monascus and monacolin K production.

莫纳可林 K 是紫云英莫纳可菌(Monascus purpureus)发酵一段时间后产生的一种有价值的次级代谢产物;然而,目前我们对其合成的调控机制的了解仍不全面。本研究对参与紫云英莫纳菌素 K 合成的关键转录因子 comp54181_c0 进行了功能分析。利用 CRISPR/Cas9 技术构建了敲除或过表达 comp54181_c0 的突变株。通过比较基因敲除和过表达菌株,发现真菌的形态和生长发生了变化,当comp54181_c0缺失时,莫纳菌素和莫纳可林 K的产量显著增加。实时荧光定量 PCR 分析显示,comp54181_c0 显著影响了与莫纳菌素 K 生物合成相关的关键基因的转录。总之,我们的研究阐明了 comp54181_c0 在莫纳氏菌中的关键作用,丰富了我们对真菌次生代谢产物的发育和调控的认识,为莫纳氏菌的发育和调控以及莫纳可林 K 的产生奠定了基础。
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引用次数: 0
Characterization of the Synergistic Effect of Fungal Isolates in Suppressing Ganoderma boninense and Enhancing Oil Palm Growth. 真菌分离物在抑制灵芝和促进油棕生长方面的协同效应特征。
IF 3.5 4区 生物学 Q2 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-20 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202400312
Muhammad Salahudin Kheirel Anuar, Amalia Mohd Hashim, Shamala Sundram, Siti Rahmah Abdul Rahman, Chai Ling Ho, Mui-Yun Wong, Noor Baity Saidi, Helmi Wasoh, Mohd Termizi Yusof

The globally vital oil palm, a major oil producer, confronts productivity challenges due to Ganoderma boninense (Gb), causing output decline. Chemical control efforts have proven ineffective, prompting exploration of microbial-based biocontrol. While single fungal biocontrol research exists, the impact of employing multiple biocontrols concurrently to combat Ganoderma and enhance oil palm growth remains uncharted. This study examined four soil-derived fungal isolates for their ability to antagonize Gb PER71 in vitro. Molecular identification categorized them as Talaromyces spp. and Penicillium sp. Moreover, all isolates were revealed to have at least three plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits and were shown to have phosphoric hydrolase, ester hydrolase, peptide hydrolase, and glycosidase activities which are essential for plant growth. Furthermore, the synergistic evaluation of fungal isolates was tested against Gb PER71. One out of six combinations of fungal isolates showed a synergistic effect in vitro, and two showed a synergistic effect in planta. The application of single and combined fungal isolates tested in planta also suppressed Gb PER71 and enhanced oil palm growth compared to control groups. The findings indicate the promising potential of these isolates as biocontrol agents (BCAs) and bioformulations against Gb in oil palm cultivation.

全球重要的油棕榈是一种主要的油料生产植物,但由于灵芝(Gb)的影响,其产量面临下降的挑战。化学防治已被证明无效,这促使人们探索基于微生物的生物防治。虽然存在单一真菌生物防治研究,但同时采用多种生物防治措施来防治灵芝并促进油棕生长的影响仍是未知数。本研究考察了四种来自土壤的真菌分离物在体外拮抗 Gb PER71 的能力。分子鉴定将它们归类为塔拉酵母菌属(Talaromyces spp.)和青霉属(Penicillium sp.)。此外,所有分离物都被发现具有至少三种促进植物生长(PGP)的特性,并被证明具有磷酸水解酶、酯水解酶、肽水解酶和糖苷酶活性,这些活性对植物生长至关重要。此外,还测试了真菌分离物对 Gb PER71 的协同评价。六种真菌分离物组合中有一种在体外显示出协同效应,两种在植物体内显示出协同效应。与对照组相比,在植物体内应用单一和组合真菌分离物也能抑制 Gb PER71,并促进油棕榈的生长。研究结果表明,这些分离物作为生物防治剂(BCA)和生物制剂在油棕种植中防治革兰氏阴性菌的潜力巨大。
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引用次数: 0
An Additional L451G452N453 in the RpoB Protein Suppressed the Synthetic Lethality in Escherichia coli at 37 Degrees Caused by Depletion of DnaK/J and Trigger Factor RpoB 蛋白中的额外 L451G452N453 可抑制大肠杆菌在 37 度下因 DnaK/J 和触发因子耗竭而导致的合成致死率
IF 3.5 4区 生物学 Q2 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202400253
Dongjie Fan, Lushan Liu, Bella Yuen, Lu Sun, Yuliang Fu, Yan Liu, Rui Liao, Yanli Qu, Chuanpeng Liu, Qiming Zhou

Escherichia coli depletion of chaperone trigger factor and DnaK/J were not viable at 37°C, but viable below 30°C. Among the engineered E. coli depleted of trigger factor and DnaK/J, one strain Z625, exhibited survival at 37°C, while another strain Z629 only survived below 30°C. Comparative analysis of fatty acid profiles of Z625 and Z629 revealed absence of numerous saturated fatty acids in Z625 as compared to the wild-type E. coli BW25113. In addition, increased unsaturated fatty acids were present in Z625, whereas the fatty acids profile of Z629 closely resembled that of BW25113. Whole genome sequencing revealed a 9-bp insertion in rpoB of Z625. Combined structural analysis of simulated RpoB protein bearing the amino acid sequence L451G452N453 insertion and susceptibility analysis to rifampicin suggested that the insertion did not disturb the individual RpoB structure as beta subunit of RNA polymerase. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of Z625 and Z629 suggested that this insertion impacted transcription of the overall RNA polymerase in Z625, leading to potential repression of some genes whose overexpression was toxic to E. coli. Additionally, Z625 exhibited distinctive metabolic adaptations, likely contributing to its survival at 37°C. In summary, our study elucidated one LGN insertion in rpoB that impacts transcriptional regulation in E. coli, thereby explaining the survival of E. coli depletion of trigger factor and DnaK/J at 37°C, and these founding suggested that some simple mutations in critical genes like rpoB might play an important role in driving adaptive evolution.

去除了伴侣触发因子和 DnaK/J 的大肠杆菌在 37°C 时无法存活,但在 30°C 以下时可以存活。在缺失触发因子和 DnaK/J 的工程大肠杆菌中,一种菌株 Z625 在 37 摄氏度下存活,而另一种菌株 Z629 仅在 30 摄氏度以下存活。对 Z625 和 Z629 的脂肪酸谱进行比较分析后发现,与野生型大肠杆菌 BW25113 相比,Z625 中缺乏大量饱和脂肪酸。此外,Z625 中存在更多的不饱和脂肪酸,而 Z629 的脂肪酸谱与 BW25113 非常相似。全基因组测序发现 Z625 的 rpoB 中有一个 9-bp 的插入物。对带有插入氨基酸序列 L451G452N453 的模拟 RpoB 蛋白的结构分析和对利福平的敏感性分析表明,插入的 RpoB 蛋白并没有扰乱其作为 RNA 聚合酶 beta 亚基的结构。对 Z625 和 Z629 进行的转录组学比较分析表明,这种插入影响了 Z625 中整个 RNA 聚合酶的转录,导致一些基因可能受到抑制,而这些基因的过度表达对大肠杆菌是有毒的。此外,Z625 表现出独特的新陈代谢适应性,这可能是其在 37°C 下存活的原因。总之,我们的研究阐明了 rpoB 中影响大肠杆菌转录调控的一个 LGN 插入,从而解释了缺失触发因子和 DnaK/J 的大肠杆菌在 37°C 下的存活。
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引用次数: 0
The Ecological Strategy Determines the Response of Fungi to Stress: A Study of the 2,4‐diacetylphloroglucinol Activity Against Aspergillus and Fusarium Species 生态策略决定真菌对压力的反应:关于 2,4-二乙酰基氯葡萄糖醇对曲霉和镰刀菌活性的研究
IF 3.1 4区 生物学 Q2 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202400334
Artyom A. Stepanov, Nikita A. Shulaev, Alexey S. Vasilchenko
Aspergillus and Fusarium are two economically important genera of fungi. They cause significant yield losses and contamination of crops with mycotoxins. In this study we aimed to evaluate the impact of 2,4‐diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4‐DAPG) on Aspergillus and Fusarium fungi. It is hypothesized that two fungal genera, which have different ecological strategies, react differently to stress caused by a secondary metabolite produced by rhizosphere Pseudomonas species. We found that 2,4‐DAPG was able to reduce biofilm formation of Aspergillus and Fusarium, as reflected in biomass and its chemical composition. Furthermore, subinhibitory concentrations of 2,4‐DAPG increased the levels of ergosterol and polysaccharides (α‐ and β‐glucans, chitin) in the cell membrane and cell wall of Aspergillus, while decreasing them in Fusarium. 2,4‐DAPG altered the production of secondary metabolites, especially mycotoxins and extracellular proteases. The production of ochratoxin A was decreased in A. ochraceus, and T‐2 toxin and zearalenone, on the contrary, were increased in F. culmorum and F. sporotrichioides, respectively. Thus, using 2,4‐DAPG we demonstrated that the ecological role of fungi determines their reaction to antibiotic substances produced by the plant microbiome. Our data contributes to understanding the molecular mechanisms behind symbiotic relationships in natural communities, which are mediated by the biosynthesis of antibiotics.
曲霉和镰刀菌是两个具有重要经济价值的真菌属。它们会造成严重的产量损失和霉菌毒素对农作物的污染。在这项研究中,我们旨在评估 2,4-二乙酰氯葡萄糖醇(2,4-DAPG)对曲霉和镰刀菌的影响。据推测,这两种真菌属具有不同的生态策略,它们对根瘤假单胞菌产生的次级代谢物所造成的压力会有不同的反应。我们发现,2,4-DAPG 能够减少曲霉菌和镰刀菌生物膜的形成,这反映在生物量及其化学成分上。此外,亚抑制浓度的 2,4-DAPG 增加了曲霉细胞膜和细胞壁中麦角固醇和多糖(α- 和 β-葡聚糖、几丁质)的含量,而镰刀菌的含量则有所下降。2,4-DAPG 改变了次生代谢物的产生,特别是霉菌毒素和细胞外蛋白酶。赭曲霉毒素 A 的产量在赭曲霉中有所减少,而 T-2 毒素和玉米赤霉烯酮的产量则分别在高秆镰刀菌和孢子镰刀菌中有所增加。因此,我们利用 2,4-DAPG 证明,真菌的生态作用决定了它们对植物微生物组产生的抗生素物质的反应。我们的数据有助于理解自然群落中由抗生素生物合成介导的共生关系背后的分子机制。
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引用次数: 0
Rapid Identification of Phytotoxins Produced by Glomerella cingulata Using High‐Resolution Mass Spectrometry‐Based Qualification, Targeted Structural Confirmation and Their Characteristics Investigation 利用基于高分辨率质谱的定性、定向结构确证及其特性调查快速鉴定茵陈格氏菌产生的植物毒素
IF 3.1 4区 生物学 Q2 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202400195
Xin Yu, Zhiyang Liu, Huidi Zhang, Caixia Wang, Sen Lian, Xiangli Dong, Baohua Li, Pingliang Li
Glomerella cingulata is a pathogenic fungus that can cause apple Glomerella leaf spot (GLS), a new and destructive apple disease in China. Phytotoxins are important factors closely related to the disease process, but there is still no report on the phytotoxins of G. cingulata. The aim of this study was to rapidly identify the phytotoxins of this pathogen using a strategy of HRMS‐based preliminary qualification, followed by targeted structure confirmation and also investigation of phytotoxicity characteristics. First, the crude toxin sample was directly analyzed by the UPLC‐HRMS and GC‐MS, and the data were processed to screen for possible phytotoxic compounds using MS library and the phytotoxicity‐related literature. The reference standards of credible phytotoxic compounds were then subjected to targeted structure validation (signal comparison between standards and compounds in crude toxin via HPLC‐DAD, UPLC‐MS/MS, and GC‐MS), and also the phytotoxicity assay. The results confirmed six phytotoxins produced by G. cingulata, namely 5‐hydroxymethyl‐2‐furancarboxylic acid (HMFCA), 2,5‐bis(hydroxymethyl)furan (BHMF), 2‐furoic acid (FA), 2,3‐butanediol, trans‐aconitic acid (TAA), and cis‐aconitic acid (CAA). Of these, HMFCA and TAA exhibited greater phytotoxicity. Main characteristics: All of them were non‐host‐selective toxins, and toxins were synergistically phytotoxic to the host when mixed. BHMF, HMFCA, FA, TAA, and CAA could be commonly produced by all tested strains, and their phytotoxicity can be significantly inhibited or even eliminated at high temperatures or high pH. The elucidation of the phytotoxins of G. cingulata in this work could provide information on the pathogenesis and control of apple GLS.
苹果疫霉菌(Glomerella cingulata)是一种致病真菌,可引起苹果疫霉菌叶斑病(GLS),这是我国苹果病害中一种新的毁灭性病害。植物毒素是与病害发生过程密切相关的重要因素,但目前还没有关于颖枯丝核菌植物毒素的报道。本研究的目的是采用基于 HRMS 的初步定性、定向结构确认和植物毒性特征研究的策略,快速鉴定该病原菌的植物毒素。首先,用 UPLC-HRMS 和 GC-MS 直接分析粗毒素样品,然后利用质谱库和植物毒性相关文献处理数据,筛选可能的植物毒性化合物。然后,对可信的植物毒性化合物参考标准进行了有针对性的结构验证(通过 HPLC-DAD、UPLC-MS/MS 和 GC-MS 对标准品和粗毒素中的化合物进行信号比较),并进行了植物毒性检测。结果确认了 G. cingulata 产生的六种植物毒素,即 5-羟甲基-2-呋喃羧酸(HMFCA)、2,5-双(羟甲基)呋喃(BHMF)、2-糠酸(FA)、2,3-丁二醇、反式乌头酸(TAA)和顺式乌头酸(CAA)。其中,HMFCA 和 TAA 的植物毒性更大。主要特征:它们都是非寄主选择性毒素,混合使用时对寄主具有协同植物毒性。所有受试菌株都能产生 BHMF、HMFCA、FA、TAA 和 CAA,在高温或高 pH 条件下,它们的植物毒性会被显著抑制甚至消除。这项工作对 G. cingulata 植物毒素的阐明可为苹果 GLS 的致病机理和防治提供信息。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Basic Microbiology
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