Pub Date : 2008-05-15DOI: 10.4314/INDILINGA.V6I1.26418
W. Maila
Sustainable development is perceived as a complex concept because of the south-north, north-north and south-south divide. The various perspectives on this subject are embedded in people's own beliefs or interests regarding what sustainable development (SD) means to them. No wonder SD is viewed by politicians as community projects; by business as goods and profits; by environmentalists as a means of enabling efficient use of natural resources; and by the masses as a means of meeting their basic needs and as a strategy for poverty alleviation. Although indigenous knowledge - whether called scientific or non-scientific knowledge - enables people to address their diverse ills (challenges) in society, sometimes it is marginalized in education because it is seen as non-scientific and non-engaging in formal education. Using the capability approach to human development, this paper investigates the link between indigenous knowledge and sustainable development and proposes a better framework for understanding these concepts in development processes.
{"title":"Indigenous Knowledge And Sustainable Development: Investigating The Link","authors":"W. Maila","doi":"10.4314/INDILINGA.V6I1.26418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/INDILINGA.V6I1.26418","url":null,"abstract":"Sustainable development is perceived as a complex concept because of the south-north, north-north and south-south divide. The various perspectives on this subject are embedded in people's own beliefs or interests regarding what sustainable development (SD) means to them. No wonder SD is viewed by politicians as community projects; by business as goods and profits; by environmentalists as a means of enabling efficient use of natural resources; and by the masses as a means of meeting their basic needs and as a strategy for poverty alleviation. Although indigenous knowledge - whether called scientific or non-scientific knowledge - enables people to address their diverse ills (challenges) in society, sometimes it is marginalized in education because it is seen as non-scientific and non-engaging in formal education. Using the capability approach to human development, this paper investigates the link between indigenous knowledge and sustainable development and proposes a better framework for understanding these concepts in development processes.","PeriodicalId":151323,"journal":{"name":"Indilinga: African Journal of Indigenous Knowledge Systems","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134396684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-05-15DOI: 10.4314/INDILINGA.V6I2.26423
C. Roux
The article is based on a study which was aimed at enriching the physical education curriculum with indigenous Zulu games for the promotion of cross-cultural interaction between the learners in the multicultural classroom. Therefore, it was necessary to assess these indigenous Zulu games' potential in obtaining overt educational outcomes related to the cognitive, affective, psychomotor and social development of the learners. Quantitative and qualitative data were triangulated to constitute context and gather data from isiZuluspeaking participants (N=274). A sample of 217 grade seven learners and 57 adults participated in the research. The dissemination and presentation of indigenous Zulu games as means for reaching educational outcomes hold significant potential and value for curriculum enrichment and social inclusion in the South African school context. Keywords : Indigenous Zulu games, physical education, cross-cultural interaction. Indilinga Vol. 6 (2) 2007 pp. 143-151
{"title":"A Physical Education Curriculum Enriched With Indigenous Zulu Games For Improved Social Development Through Cross-Cultural Interaction","authors":"C. Roux","doi":"10.4314/INDILINGA.V6I2.26423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/INDILINGA.V6I2.26423","url":null,"abstract":"The article is based on a study which was aimed at enriching the physical education curriculum with indigenous Zulu games for the promotion of cross-cultural interaction between the learners in the multicultural classroom. Therefore, it was necessary to assess these indigenous Zulu games' potential in obtaining overt educational outcomes related to the cognitive, affective, psychomotor and social development of the learners. Quantitative and qualitative data were triangulated to constitute context and gather data from isiZuluspeaking participants (N=274). A sample of 217 grade seven learners and 57 adults participated in the research. The dissemination and presentation of indigenous Zulu\u0000games as means for reaching educational outcomes hold significant potential and value\u0000for curriculum enrichment and social inclusion in the South African school context. Keywords : Indigenous Zulu games, physical education, cross-cultural interaction. Indilinga Vol. 6 (2) 2007 pp. 143-151","PeriodicalId":151323,"journal":{"name":"Indilinga: African Journal of Indigenous Knowledge Systems","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128213040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-05-15DOI: 10.4314/INDILINGA.V6I2.26419
A. James, S. Bansilal
The Durban beachfront is enriched by the presence of the isiZulu Women beadmakers. Their colourful array of beaded items (products) are skillfully made by them and then sold to locals and tourists. What is interesting is the social dynamics of sharing and learning the skill and knowledge of beading that is evident among these women. We asked three women to be volunteers in this research as we were interested in exploring their processes of learning beading. We used a naturalistic, interpretive qualitataive case study approach to give meaning to the experiences that each women had. The data collection methods included semi-structured interviews and visual data (photographs of the products). The qualitative data collected for the research was analysed using an ongoing process of inductive analysis. The findings reveal that their experience of making beaded items moved from an essential historico-socio-cultural one to an essential socio-culturoeconomic one. What was very significant was the intense social learning that took place among the women, in a casual, free and high spirited manner. Sharing and learning was so necessary and acceptable Keywords : Beading, social learning, historico-socio-cultural, socio-culturoeconomic Indilinga Vol. 6 (2) 2007 pp. 87-101
德班的海滨因isiZulu妇女头饰制造者的出现而变得丰富多彩。他们技艺娴熟地制作出五颜六色的串珠物品(产品)，然后卖给当地人和游客。有趣的是，在这些妇女中，分享和学习串珠技能和知识的社会动力是显而易见的。我们邀请了三位女性志愿者参与这项研究，因为我们对探索她们学习串珠的过程很感兴趣。我们使用了一种自然的、解释性的定性案例研究方法来赋予每个女性的经历以意义。数据收集方法包括半结构化访谈和视觉数据(产品照片)。为研究收集的定性数据使用持续的归纳分析过程进行分析。研究结果表明，他们制作头饰的经验从基本的历史-社会-文化经验转变为基本的社会-文化-经济经验。非常重要的是，女性之间以一种随意、自由和昂扬的方式进行了强烈的社会学习。关键词:串词，社会学习，历史-社会-文化，社会-文化-经济印迪林加Vol. 6 (2) 2007 pp. 87-101
{"title":"An Exploration Of The Durban Beachfront Isizulu Women Beadmakers' Experience Of Learning Beading","authors":"A. James, S. Bansilal","doi":"10.4314/INDILINGA.V6I2.26419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/INDILINGA.V6I2.26419","url":null,"abstract":"The Durban beachfront is enriched by the presence of the isiZulu Women beadmakers. Their colourful array of beaded items (products) are skillfully made by them and then sold to locals and tourists. What is interesting is the social dynamics of sharing and learning the skill and knowledge of beading that is evident among these women. We asked three women to be volunteers in this research as we were interested in exploring their processes of learning beading. We used a naturalistic, interpretive qualitataive case study approach to give meaning to the experiences that each women had. The data collection methods included semi-structured interviews and visual data (photographs of the products). The qualitative data collected for the research was analysed using an ongoing\u0000process of inductive analysis. The findings reveal that their experience of making beaded\u0000items moved from an essential historico-socio-cultural one to an essential socio-culturoeconomic one. What was very significant was the intense social learning that took place among the women, in a casual, free and high spirited manner. Sharing and learning was so necessary and acceptable Keywords : Beading, social learning, historico-socio-cultural, socio-culturoeconomic Indilinga Vol. 6 (2) 2007 pp. 87-101","PeriodicalId":151323,"journal":{"name":"Indilinga: African Journal of Indigenous Knowledge Systems","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116127218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-05-15DOI: 10.4314/INDILINGA.V6I2.26424
L. Nyaumwe, Q. Mkabela
This paper is an attempt to re-examine a culturally located social schema of ubuntuism. Ubuntuism is a moral philosophy of traditional African societies. To put the paper into perspective, first, a conceptual analysis of ubuntu is presented. This analysis provides understanding of the concept in ways that facilitate readers to develop an appreciation of the moral philosophy that bound together traditional African communities. The purpose for re-examining the concept of ubuntuism is presented so as to stimulate awareness of how and why traditional African communities maintained high moral standards rather than advocating a return to the past African living style. Romanticism of ubuntuism in the general practice of cultural values is presented next, drawing examples from successful areas where cooperative activities were conducted. Later, the bad effects of the influence of westernization are presented showing that the values initially perceived as modernization later turned to be a weapon that promoted the perpetuation of individualism, greedy, and erosion of some traditional African cultural values leading to moral decadence in some citizens. Blending of modernization and ubuntuism is later presented with the hope that the blending may reduce the social evils such as crime, corruption, and treatment of the HIV/Aids scourge that are prevalent in some African countries with a united front. Resuscitating ubuntuism in the young generation is presented towards the end of the paper through promotion of cooperation among students learning subjects using local contexts. The conclusion of the paper focuses on some challenges that future discourse on ubuntuism could focus on and the implications of the paper to African educators on the continent. Keywords : Ubuntuism, moral philosophy, individualism. Indilinga Vol. 6 (2) 2007 pp. 152-163
{"title":"Revisiting The Traditional African Cultural Framework Of Ubuntuism: A Theoretical Perspective","authors":"L. Nyaumwe, Q. Mkabela","doi":"10.4314/INDILINGA.V6I2.26424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/INDILINGA.V6I2.26424","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is an attempt to re-examine a culturally located social schema of ubuntuism. Ubuntuism is a moral philosophy of traditional African societies. To put the paper into perspective, first, a conceptual analysis of ubuntu is presented. This analysis provides\u0000understanding of the concept in ways that facilitate readers to develop an appreciation of\u0000the moral philosophy that bound together traditional African communities. The purpose for\u0000re-examining the concept of ubuntuism is presented so as to stimulate awareness of how\u0000and why traditional African communities maintained high moral standards rather than\u0000advocating a return to the past African living style. Romanticism of ubuntuism in the general practice of cultural values is presented next, drawing examples from successful areas where cooperative activities were conducted. Later, the bad effects of the influence of westernization are presented showing that the values initially perceived as modernization\u0000later turned to be a weapon that promoted the perpetuation of individualism, greedy,\u0000and erosion of some traditional African cultural values leading to moral decadence in\u0000some citizens. Blending of modernization and ubuntuism is later presented with the hope\u0000that the blending may reduce the social evils such as crime, corruption, and treatment of\u0000the HIV/Aids scourge that are prevalent in some African countries with a united front.\u0000Resuscitating ubuntuism in the young generation is presented towards the end of the\u0000paper through promotion of cooperation among students learning subjects using local\u0000contexts. The conclusion of the paper focuses on some challenges that future discourse\u0000on ubuntuism could focus on and the implications of the paper to African educators on the\u0000continent. Keywords : Ubuntuism, moral philosophy, individualism. Indilinga Vol. 6 (2) 2007 pp. 152-163","PeriodicalId":151323,"journal":{"name":"Indilinga: African Journal of Indigenous Knowledge Systems","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121743865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-05-15DOI: 10.4314/INDILINGA.V6I2.26426
P. Higgs, B. V. Wyk
There are historical, institutional and cultural differences that influence teaching and learning in South African universities. There are also different beliefs about how relevance and responsiveness are constituted, and about the pedagogical principles that should apply in transferring knowledge (Council on Higher Education 2004: 101). In recognition of these differences, we argue in this article that an African educational discourse can make a significant contribution to teaching and learning in South African universities. Keywords : Transformation, teaching and learning, philosophical perspective. Indilinga Vol. 6 (2) 2007 pp. 177-187
{"title":"The transformation of university teaching and learning: an African philosophical perspective","authors":"P. Higgs, B. V. Wyk","doi":"10.4314/INDILINGA.V6I2.26426","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/INDILINGA.V6I2.26426","url":null,"abstract":"There are historical, institutional and cultural differences that influence teaching and learning in South African universities. There are also different beliefs about how relevance and responsiveness are constituted, and about the pedagogical principles that should apply in transferring knowledge (Council on Higher Education 2004: 101). In recognition of these differences, we argue in this article that an African educational discourse can make a significant contribution to teaching and learning in South African universities. Keywords : Transformation, teaching and learning, philosophical perspective. Indilinga Vol. 6 (2) 2007 pp. 177-187","PeriodicalId":151323,"journal":{"name":"Indilinga: African Journal of Indigenous Knowledge Systems","volume":"137 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127344816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-05-15DOI: 10.4314/INDILINGA.V6I1.26414
Busuyi Mekusi
Man, who inhabits the world of the living, has put in place various measures to guarantee a rewarding, stable, virile and blissful existence even as he interacts with the other elements that characterize his being. In spite of the conscious, concerted efforts man makes, unfolding realities portend, often times, various levels of negativity in form of failure, disappointment, diseases, death, and other life-taking devices. As a result, man has also devised different methods of depilator and consolation. One of these is the philosophic deployment of proverbs to either play-down a highly horrific situation or take a walk out of it. The emphasis in this paper is how proverbs are used in the Yoruba socio-cultural societies to therapeutically achieve stability, in all spheres, in a woe-ridden world, using relevant indexes. The investigation done in this paper is predicated on the sociological school of criticism which sees literature as a reflection of the society. However, submissions made in this paper could smack of those obtainable in other cultures.
{"title":"World and woe : a sociological reading of proverbs as an enduring therapy among the Yorubas","authors":"Busuyi Mekusi","doi":"10.4314/INDILINGA.V6I1.26414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/INDILINGA.V6I1.26414","url":null,"abstract":"Man, who inhabits the world of the living, has put in place various measures to guarantee a rewarding, stable, virile and blissful existence even as he interacts with the other elements that characterize his being. In spite of the conscious, concerted efforts man makes, unfolding realities portend, often times, various levels of negativity in form of failure, disappointment, diseases, death, and other life-taking devices. As a result, man has also devised different methods of depilator and consolation. One of these is the philosophic deployment of proverbs to either play-down a highly horrific situation or take a walk out of it. The emphasis in this paper is how proverbs are used in the Yoruba socio-cultural societies to therapeutically achieve stability, in all spheres, in a woe-ridden world, using relevant indexes. The investigation done in this paper is predicated on the sociological school of criticism which sees literature as a reflection of the society. However, submissions made in this paper could smack of those obtainable in other cultures.","PeriodicalId":151323,"journal":{"name":"Indilinga: African Journal of Indigenous Knowledge Systems","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123129050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-05-15DOI: 10.4314/INDILINGA.V6I1.26416
T. Sibanda, D. Mtetwa, A. M. Zobolo
The interface between Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS), cultural practices and mathematics is currently generating a great deal of interest among mathematics education researchers and practitioners alike. This article uses mathematical lenses to examine the cultural practice of dhava (cooperative work) among the Shangani people of southern Zimbabwe. The authors show how mathematics can be used to describe, understand and inform cultural phenomena while at the same time cultural practices can act as inspirational sources for the generation and examination of some mathematical skills and concepts. It is proposed here that such situations can actually be played out in the mathematics classroom to the benefit and enjoyment of the learner. In particular, the authors' claim that doing so can lead to increased appreciation by the learners of their own culture and self-identity, and of mathematics as a discipline as well.
{"title":"Mathematical ideas in some cooperative work activities of the Shangani people of southern Zimbabwe","authors":"T. Sibanda, D. Mtetwa, A. M. Zobolo","doi":"10.4314/INDILINGA.V6I1.26416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/INDILINGA.V6I1.26416","url":null,"abstract":"The interface between Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS), cultural practices and mathematics is currently generating a great deal of interest among mathematics education researchers and practitioners alike. This article uses mathematical lenses to examine the cultural practice of dhava (cooperative work) among the Shangani people of southern Zimbabwe. The authors show how mathematics can be used to describe, understand and inform cultural phenomena while at the same time cultural practices can act as inspirational sources for the generation and examination of some mathematical skills and concepts. It is proposed here that such situations can actually be played out in the mathematics classroom to the benefit and enjoyment of the learner. In particular, the authors' claim that doing so can lead to increased appreciation by the learners of their own culture and self-identity, and of mathematics as a discipline as well.","PeriodicalId":151323,"journal":{"name":"Indilinga: African Journal of Indigenous Knowledge Systems","volume":"178 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127934668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-05-15DOI: 10.4314/INDILINGA.V6I2.26425
S. Edwards, M. Hlongwane, J. Thwala
This article examines some African, Indian and Chinese patterns of energy healing in order to explicate common forms. All accept, as a given, the existence of a universal energy to which everyone has access. All extol a form of healing energy and some form of conscious breathwork, with relative emphases on ancestors, meditation and movement in African, Indian and Chinese patterns respectively. Illness is viewed as a disruption or stagnation of energy patterns which need continual channeling, mobilisation, balancing and harmonisation for optimal health. Keywords : Energy healing. Indilinga Vol. 6 (2) 2007 pp. 164-176
{"title":"African, Indian and Chinese patterns of energy healing","authors":"S. Edwards, M. Hlongwane, J. Thwala","doi":"10.4314/INDILINGA.V6I2.26425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/INDILINGA.V6I2.26425","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines some African, Indian and Chinese patterns of energy healing in order to explicate common forms. All accept, as a given, the existence of a universal\u0000energy to which everyone has access. All extol a form of healing energy and some form of\u0000conscious breathwork, with relative emphases on ancestors, meditation and movement in\u0000African, Indian and Chinese patterns respectively. Illness is viewed as a disruption or\u0000stagnation of energy patterns which need continual channeling, mobilisation, balancing\u0000and harmonisation for optimal health. Keywords : Energy healing. Indilinga Vol. 6 (2) 2007 pp. 164-176","PeriodicalId":151323,"journal":{"name":"Indilinga: African Journal of Indigenous Knowledge Systems","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129210478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-03-16DOI: 10.4314/INDILINGA.V5I1.26398
Patrick E Iroegbu
Educating healers of the indigenous health care category has long been mixed with confusing options in the collaborative processes and strategies. This article examines the mobilization of healers in Nigeria with educational package of a university which contrasts the originality and professionalism of indigenous knowledge and competency. It argues that helping healers to come to terms with scientific jargons may be good, but fashioning them in the way of western system of plant science and pharmacopeia that is unaligned with their cultural root will endanger them rather than produce results. The paper suggests that caution is necessary and calls for a positive bridge between sources of empowerment in a way that would assist the practitioners in their endogenous expert roles. Keywords : Herbal resources, healers, health care, Nigeria-centrism. Indilinga Vol. 5 (1) 2006: pp. 32-50
{"title":"Harvesting knowledge of herbal resources and development of practitioners in Nigeria","authors":"Patrick E Iroegbu","doi":"10.4314/INDILINGA.V5I1.26398","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/INDILINGA.V5I1.26398","url":null,"abstract":"Educating healers of the indigenous health care category has long been mixed with confusing options in the collaborative processes and strategies. This article examines the mobilization of healers in Nigeria with educational package of a university which contrasts the originality and professionalism of indigenous knowledge and competency. It argues that helping healers to come to terms with scientific jargons may be good, but fashioning them in the way of western system of plant science and pharmacopeia that is unaligned with their cultural root will endanger them rather than produce results. The paper suggests that caution is necessary and calls for a positive bridge between sources of empowerment in a way that would assist the practitioners in their endogenous expert roles. Keywords : Herbal resources, healers, health care, Nigeria-centrism. Indilinga Vol. 5 (1) 2006: pp. 32-50","PeriodicalId":151323,"journal":{"name":"Indilinga: African Journal of Indigenous Knowledge Systems","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122532939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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