Pub Date : 2009-10-20DOI: 10.4314/INDILINGA.V2I1.46979
M. Mosimege
Indigenous games are an integral component of indigenous knowledge systems. These and other games in general are usually viewed from the narrow perspective of play, enjoyment and recreation. Even though these are important, there is more to games than just the three aesthetic aspects. Analysis of games reveals complexities that are not usually considered. Some of the revelations that come from analysis of indigenous games are: The history and origins of the games; socio-cultural developments and contributions to societal and national activities; mathematical concepts associated with the games; possibilities and implications for general classroom - related curriculum development; clarification of misconceptions and myths related to the different game; etc. This article explores research methods that may be used when indigenous games are investigated and when mathematics is taught in the classroom. It reflects upon and draws most of the examples from a study that was conducted on indigenous games in the Limpopo and North West Provinces of South Africa. It also suggests how these research methods may be used to explore mathematical concepts, principles and processes that are associated with various indigenous knowledge systems activities.
{"title":"Research methods in indigenous mathematical knowledge : an example of a research model based on indigenous games","authors":"M. Mosimege","doi":"10.4314/INDILINGA.V2I1.46979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/INDILINGA.V2I1.46979","url":null,"abstract":"Indigenous games are an integral component of indigenous knowledge systems. These and other \u0000games in general are usually viewed from the narrow perspective of play, enjoyment and recreation. \u0000Even though these are important, there is more to games than just the three aesthetic aspects. Analysis \u0000of games reveals complexities that are not usually considered. Some of the revelations that come from \u0000analysis of indigenous games are: The history and origins of the games; socio-cultural developments \u0000and contributions to societal and national activities; mathematical concepts associated with the \u0000games; possibilities and implications for general classroom - related curriculum development; \u0000clarification of misconceptions and myths related to the different game; etc. This article explores \u0000research methods that may be used when indigenous games are investigated and when mathematics \u0000is taught in the classroom. It reflects upon and draws most of the examples from a study that was \u0000conducted on indigenous games in the Limpopo and North West Provinces of South Africa. It also \u0000suggests how these research methods may be used to explore mathematical concepts, principles and \u0000processes that are associated with various indigenous knowledge systems activities.","PeriodicalId":151323,"journal":{"name":"Indilinga: African Journal of Indigenous Knowledge Systems","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127895456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-10-20DOI: 10.4314/INDILINGA.V2I1.46980
M. Kazemi, M. Shahvali, K. Zarafshani
This paper illuminates the practice of indigenous soil conservation among Mamasani farmers in Fars province in Iran. Bos’s decision making model was used as a conceptual framework for the study. A qualitative paradigm was used as research methodology. Qualitative techniques were: Mind Mapping, RRA, semi-structured interviews, indepth and focus group interviews. A new decision making model which was rich in subjective views flexibility and high level of interactivity among farmers and researchers was developed.
{"title":"A theoretical and empirical model for soil conservation using indigenous knowledge","authors":"M. Kazemi, M. Shahvali, K. Zarafshani","doi":"10.4314/INDILINGA.V2I1.46980","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/INDILINGA.V2I1.46980","url":null,"abstract":"This paper illuminates the practice of indigenous soil conservation among Mamasani farmers in Fars province in Iran. Bos’s decision making model was used as a conceptual framework for the study. A qualitative paradigm was used as research methodology. Qualitative techniques were: Mind Mapping, RRA, semi-structured interviews, indepth and focus group interviews. A new decision making model which was rich in subjective views flexibility and high level of interactivity among farmers and researchers was developed.","PeriodicalId":151323,"journal":{"name":"Indilinga: African Journal of Indigenous Knowledge Systems","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128481971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-10-20DOI: 10.4314/INDILINGA.V2I1.46989
A. Banjo, O. Lawal, O. A. Owolana, O. Olubanjo, J. Ashidi, G. Dedeke, D. A. Soewu, S. Owa, O. A. Sobowale
The research was carried out to study the socio-economic characteristic of the Remos of Ogan State of Ngeria; to determine their relationship with insects which they regard as edible, which they use for rituals and which they use for medicinal purposes. Two hundred and eighty-five questionnaires were administered. The data collected was analysed by using frequency counts and percentages. Common edible insects were found to include termites (Macrotermes bellicossus), cricket (Brachytrypes sp) and (Analeptes trifaciata). The insects used for rituals and medicinal purposes include the butterfly used for making love portion; Cryptothelia rongeoti used as a defense against any evil; Brachytrypes sp, Lycosa sp and Apis melifera used for good fortune. The honey bee (Apis melifera) is used to prevent dizziness, while the sting of Ant is used for healing wound, curing of impotence in males and is also used as a cure for “thunderbolt”. The study found that in this community insects are valuable for both food and medicinal purposes. It recommends that more work on medicinal and nutritional value of these insects be undertaken.
{"title":"An ethno-zoological survey of insects and their allies among the remos (Ogun State) South Western Nigeria","authors":"A. Banjo, O. Lawal, O. A. Owolana, O. Olubanjo, J. Ashidi, G. Dedeke, D. A. Soewu, S. Owa, O. A. Sobowale","doi":"10.4314/INDILINGA.V2I1.46989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/INDILINGA.V2I1.46989","url":null,"abstract":"The research was carried out to study the socio-economic characteristic of the Remos of Ogan State of Ngeria; to determine their relationship with insects which they regard as edible, which they use for rituals and which they use for medicinal purposes. Two hundred and eighty-five questionnaires were administered. The data collected was analysed by using frequency counts and percentages. Common edible insects were found to include termites (Macrotermes bellicossus), cricket (Brachytrypes sp) and (Analeptes trifaciata). The insects used for rituals and medicinal purposes include the butterfly used for making love portion; Cryptothelia rongeoti used as a defense against any evil; Brachytrypes sp, Lycosa sp and Apis melifera used for good fortune. The honey bee (Apis melifera) is used to prevent dizziness, while the sting of Ant is used for healing wound, curing of impotence in males and is also used as a cure for “thunderbolt”. The study found that in this community insects are valuable for both food and medicinal purposes. It recommends that more work on medicinal and nutritional value of these insects be undertaken.","PeriodicalId":151323,"journal":{"name":"Indilinga: African Journal of Indigenous Knowledge Systems","volume":"83 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115840196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-10-20DOI: 10.4314/INDILINGA.V2I1.46978
Z. Ombe
Changes in the global environment and rapid land use fostered by changing national political economic policies are the main factors impacting the context within which traditional knowledge in resource management is used. Traditional management practices are deeply embedded in local culture and spirituality; therefore, gender and spatial ecological diversity are key issues for investigation. This article explores traditional environmental management practices in Lower Changane, Southern Mozambique from an historical dynamic perspective. The article draws on qualitative research methods including literature review, and detailed fieldwork conducted between 1998 to 2000. The field work involved direct observation, Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) and informal interviews. The research found that many traditional environmental management practices are of relevant ecological importance, but have often been overlooked by developmental strategies. The research recommends that the study and documentation of traditional environmental management should inform sound environmental education.
{"title":"Indigenous Land Use Management in Lower Changane Chibuto: Sacred and Profane Desacralisation and Recovery","authors":"Z. Ombe","doi":"10.4314/INDILINGA.V2I1.46978","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/INDILINGA.V2I1.46978","url":null,"abstract":"Changes in the global environment and rapid land use fostered by changing national political economic policies are the main factors impacting the context within which traditional knowledge in resource management is used. Traditional management practices are deeply embedded in local culture and spirituality; therefore, gender and spatial ecological diversity are key issues for investigation. This article explores traditional environmental management practices in Lower Changane, Southern Mozambique from an historical dynamic perspective. The article draws on qualitative research methods including literature review, and detailed fieldwork conducted between 1998 to 2000. The field work involved direct observation, Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) and informal interviews. The research found that many traditional environmental management practices are of relevant ecological importance, but have often been overlooked by developmental strategies. The research recommends that the study and documentation of traditional environmental management should inform sound environmental education.","PeriodicalId":151323,"journal":{"name":"Indilinga: African Journal of Indigenous Knowledge Systems","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124679128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-10-20DOI: 10.4314/INDILINGA.V4I2.46957
Magoro, M. Masoga
The paper presents the results of a research project undertaken in the Magatle community, Capricorn district, Limpopo province during 2003 / 2004, which explored local farmers' perceptions and understanding of indigenous farming, and the way in which their knowledge can be protected. The main aim of the study was to identify key aspects of IK and protection in such a way that they can be used to guide farmer-based research and training activities. The ultimate objective is to promote the use of IK to conserve agricultural resources and intensify production in Magatle and Madisha Leolo villages. The study adopted a systems approach, and qualitative data were collected. Although farming activities may seem to be determined solely by the physical properties of fields, the findings indicate that the farming practices are shaped by historical processes and local cultural values, and that the management strategies adopted by farmers are influenced by a broad range of factors. Understanding the reasoning behind indigenous farming strategies practised by farmers requires an open mind in recognizing and taking into account certain subjective and cultural factors.
{"title":"Aspects of indigenous knowledge and protection in small-scale farming systems: A challenge for advancement","authors":"Magoro, M. Masoga","doi":"10.4314/INDILINGA.V4I2.46957","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/INDILINGA.V4I2.46957","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents the results of a research project undertaken in the Magatle community, \u0000Capricorn district, Limpopo province during 2003 / 2004, which explored local farmers' \u0000perceptions and understanding of indigenous farming, and the way in which their knowledge \u0000can be protected. The main aim of the study was to identify key aspects of IK and \u0000protection in such a way that they can be used to guide farmer-based research and \u0000training activities. The ultimate objective is to promote the use of IK to conserve agricultural \u0000resources and intensify production in Magatle and Madisha Leolo villages. The study \u0000adopted a systems approach, and qualitative data were collected. Although farming \u0000activities may seem to be determined solely by the physical properties of fields, the \u0000findings indicate that the farming practices are shaped by historical processes and local \u0000cultural values, and that the management strategies adopted by farmers are influenced by \u0000a broad range of factors. Understanding the reasoning behind indigenous farming strategies \u0000practised by farmers requires an open mind in recognizing and taking into account \u0000certain subjective and cultural factors.","PeriodicalId":151323,"journal":{"name":"Indilinga: African Journal of Indigenous Knowledge Systems","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131985174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-10-20DOI: 10.4314/INDILINGA.V4I2.46956
L. Kalinoe
The paper argues that the search for a suitable regulatory regime for expressions of indigenous culture and traditional knowledge in Papua New Guinea, and perhaps internationally, can be significantly enhanced if we separate and streamline the issues and the accompanying language, which are on the one hand a regime for the preservation of culture, and on the other, intellectual property rights (IPR). In Papua New Guinea, the National Cultural Commission should therefore be encouraged to focus its attention on the preservation of culture, but be vigilant to any dangers that IPR may pose for such preservation.
{"title":"Protection and preservation of expressions of indigenous culture - a perspective from Papua New Guinea","authors":"L. Kalinoe","doi":"10.4314/INDILINGA.V4I2.46956","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/INDILINGA.V4I2.46956","url":null,"abstract":"The paper argues that the search for a suitable regulatory regime for expressions of \u0000indigenous culture and traditional knowledge in Papua New Guinea, and perhaps internationally, \u0000can be significantly enhanced if we separate and streamline the issues and the \u0000accompanying language, which are on the one hand a regime for the preservation of \u0000culture, and on the other, intellectual property rights (IPR). In Papua New Guinea, the \u0000National Cultural Commission should therefore be encouraged to focus its attention on the \u0000preservation of culture, but be vigilant to any dangers that IPR may pose for such preservation.","PeriodicalId":151323,"journal":{"name":"Indilinga: African Journal of Indigenous Knowledge Systems","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132258680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-10-20DOI: 10.4314/INDILINGA.V2I1.47002
L. T. Ajibade
Many of the conventional geographical methods of eliciting indigenous information from farmers are often unsuitable. Therefore this article suggests that pre-testing and evaluation of the conventional methods of eliciting information need to be conducted. Attempt was made particularly to search for the appropriate method of collecting and evaluating farmers' indigenous environmental knowledge in developing countries. The article concludes that information about farmers' knowledge of their environment in developing countries can not be obtained using a 'single-method' approach. An 'integrated-data-acquisition' technique is thereby considered as the appropriate method, the choice of which will largely depend on the researchers' understanding of the people's cultural characteristics, perception and decision-making process.
{"title":"In search for methodology for the collection and evaluation of farmers' indigenous environmental knowledge","authors":"L. T. Ajibade","doi":"10.4314/INDILINGA.V2I1.47002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/INDILINGA.V2I1.47002","url":null,"abstract":"Many of the conventional geographical methods of eliciting indigenous information from farmers \u0000are often unsuitable. Therefore this article suggests that pre-testing and evaluation of the conventional \u0000methods of eliciting information need to be conducted. Attempt was made particularly to search for \u0000the appropriate method of collecting and evaluating farmers' indigenous environmental knowledge in \u0000developing countries. The article concludes that information about farmers' knowledge of their \u0000environment in developing countries can not be obtained using a 'single-method' approach. An \u0000'integrated-data-acquisition' technique is thereby considered as the appropriate method, the choice of \u0000which will largely depend on the researchers' understanding of the people's cultural characteristics, \u0000perception and decision-making process.","PeriodicalId":151323,"journal":{"name":"Indilinga: African Journal of Indigenous Knowledge Systems","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116593760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-10-20DOI: 10.4314/INDILINGA.V2I1.46981
L. T. Ajibade, O. O. Shokemi
Two hundred (200) people of ages above forty-five (45) years and mostly males were randomly selected and interviewed across Asa Local Government Area of Kwara State, to elicit information on their indigenous methods of weather forecast. The study observed that over 95% of the respondents know much about weather forecast. They identified five weather systems, which they are capable of forecasting using accumulated experiences. These include rainfall, thunderstorm, windstorm, harmattan and sunshine. The occurrence of some of these as observed, can also be modified (induced or prevented). Whereas, indigenous weather forecasting is appreciated for its role in agricultural development, their modifications are however, discouraged for their possible effects on natural processes. To sum up, indigenous methods are seen as complimentary rather than contradiction to western-based methods. Consequently, the study recommends that outcomes of indigenous knowledge-based researches should be utilised and integrated in development processes.
{"title":"Indigenous approach to weather forecasting in Asa L.G.A, Kwara State, Nigeria","authors":"L. T. Ajibade, O. O. Shokemi","doi":"10.4314/INDILINGA.V2I1.46981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/INDILINGA.V2I1.46981","url":null,"abstract":"Two hundred (200) people of ages above forty-five (45) years and mostly males were randomly selected and interviewed across Asa Local Government Area of Kwara State, to elicit information on their indigenous methods of weather forecast. The study observed that over 95% of the respondents know much about weather forecast. They identified five weather systems, which they are capable of forecasting using accumulated experiences. These include rainfall, thunderstorm, windstorm, harmattan and sunshine. The occurrence of some of these as observed, can also be modified (induced or prevented). Whereas, indigenous weather forecasting is appreciated for its role in agricultural development, their modifications are however, discouraged for their possible effects on natural processes. To sum up, indigenous methods are seen as complimentary rather than contradiction to western-based methods. Consequently, the study recommends that outcomes of indigenous knowledge-based researches should be utilised and integrated in development processes.","PeriodicalId":151323,"journal":{"name":"Indilinga: African Journal of Indigenous Knowledge Systems","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121974353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-10-20DOI: 10.4314/INDILINGA.V4I2.46958
D. Miah, M. Noman, M. Shin, D. Chung
The paper reports a study that provided important information from farmers of the floodplain area of Bangladesh for setting research and development priorities with respect to indigenous and exotic fodder trees. Indigenous knowledge of fodder trees from the floodplain area may be an important tool in planning nutrition for livestock management, particularly for setting priorities in times of crisis. Policy-makers, livestock professionals and foresters could use this knowledge to develop the livestock resources of Bangladesh.
{"title":"Availability and traditional practice with respect to fodder trees and shrubs in the floodplain areas of Bangladesh","authors":"D. Miah, M. Noman, M. Shin, D. Chung","doi":"10.4314/INDILINGA.V4I2.46958","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/INDILINGA.V4I2.46958","url":null,"abstract":"The paper reports a study that provided important information from farmers of the floodplain \u0000area of Bangladesh for setting research and development priorities with respect to \u0000indigenous and exotic fodder trees. Indigenous knowledge of fodder trees from the \u0000floodplain area may be an important tool in planning nutrition for livestock management, \u0000particularly for setting priorities in times of crisis. Policy-makers, livestock professionals \u0000and foresters could use this knowledge to develop the livestock resources of Bangladesh.","PeriodicalId":151323,"journal":{"name":"Indilinga: African Journal of Indigenous Knowledge Systems","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128197446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-10-20DOI: 10.4314/INDILINGA.V2I1.46999
S. Lillejord, Gunn Elisabeth Søreide
Conversation is an ancient and profoundly human way of constructing knowledge about the world in which we live. The qualitative research interview is drawing on this everyday activity, adjusting it to fit a research objective. In anthropology and sociology the qualitative research interview has, for several decades, been used as a means of obtaining in-depth knowledge about people’s life-world. Not only has more light been shed on how people interpret and explain their personal experiences, we also have learned more about qualitative approaches and how qualitative data could be interpreted and presented for a community of researchers. In this article, we show how one of the characteristic traits of the qualitative interview, the narrative, makes it especially well suited for an inductive understanding of cultures and in the pursuit of indigenous knowledge. The intention behind this approach is to bring us beyond generalisations and question stereotypes in the discourse about native and indigenous peoples.
{"title":"\"Tell me your story\": Using narratives from interviews to understand indigenous knowledge","authors":"S. Lillejord, Gunn Elisabeth Søreide","doi":"10.4314/INDILINGA.V2I1.46999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/INDILINGA.V2I1.46999","url":null,"abstract":"Conversation is an ancient and profoundly human way of constructing knowledge about the world in which we live. The qualitative research interview is drawing on this everyday activity, adjusting it to fit a research objective. In anthropology and sociology the qualitative research interview has, for several decades, been used as a means of obtaining in-depth knowledge about people’s life-world. Not only has more light been shed on how people interpret and explain their personal experiences, we also have learned more about qualitative approaches and how qualitative data could be interpreted and presented for a community of researchers. In this article, we show how one of the characteristic traits of the qualitative interview, the narrative, makes it especially well suited for an inductive understanding of cultures and in the pursuit of indigenous knowledge. The intention behind this approach is to bring us beyond generalisations and question stereotypes in the discourse about native and indigenous peoples.","PeriodicalId":151323,"journal":{"name":"Indilinga: African Journal of Indigenous Knowledge Systems","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121137646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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