Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine最新文献_第5页

Padmabhushan Sri. Vaidhyabhushanam K. Raghavan Thirumulpad - an exemplary physician and guru Padmabhushan斯里兰卡。Vaidhyabhushanam K. Raghavan Thirumulpad——一位杰出的医生和古鲁。

IF 1.9 Q3 INTEGRATIVE & COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2025.101217

Nikhila Sankar M , Jyotsna Govindan , Aswin T. Das

引用次数: 0

A rheological study of human cranial cavity in shirodhara procedure using finite element method 用有限元法研究shirodhara手术中人类颅腔的流变学

IF 1.9 Q3 INTEGRATIVE & COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2025.101263

K. Sivaselvi , E. Abhishek , M. Abhijith , V. Gautham , P.V. Anandaraman Sharma

Background

Shirodhara is a classical Ayurvedic therapy involving the continuous pouring of medicated liquids on the forehead to treat stress, insomnia, migraines, and neurological disorders. However, its underlying biomechanical mechanisms remain poorly understood.

Objective

To simulate and analyze the biomechanical response of cranial tissues during Shirodhara using water, cow milk, and sesame oil, investigate the rheological behavior of the human cranial vault and assess their relative therapeutic efficacy.

Methods

A forehead-skull model is developed in ANSYS Workbench to simulate fluid impact under controlled flow conditions. Key parameters such as velocity distribution, pressure gradient, total deformation, shear stress, and von Mises stress are evaluated for each fluid.

Results

Sesame oil exhibits the highest velocity (1.13 m/s), pressure gradient (up to 587 Pa), and shear stress due to its greater viscosity and density. This resulted in more pronounced micro-stresses and tissue deformations compared to milk and water.

Conclusion

Sesame oil demonstrated the most effective mechanical interaction with the cranial structure during Shirodhara, which correlates with its well-documented benefits in anxiety reduction, improved sleep, and nervous system regulation.

shirodhara是一种经典的阿育吠陀疗法，包括在额头上连续倾倒药液来治疗压力、失眠、偏头痛和神经系统疾病。然而，其潜在的生物力学机制仍然知之甚少。目的模拟和分析水、牛奶和香油在Shirodhara过程中颅脑组织的生物力学反应，探讨人颅穹的流变学行为，评价其相对治疗效果。方法在ANSYS Workbench中建立额骨-颅骨模型，模拟受控流动条件下的流体冲击。对每种流体的速度分布、压力梯度、总变形、剪切应力和von Mises应力等关键参数进行了评估。结果由于其较大的粘度和密度，芝麻油表现出最高的速度（1.13 m/s）、压力梯度（高达587 Pa）和剪切应力。与牛奶和水相比，这导致了更明显的微应力和组织变形。结论芝麻油在Shirodhara过程中与颅骨结构的机械相互作用最为有效，这与芝麻油在减少焦虑、改善睡眠和调节神经系统方面的益处有关。

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引用次数: 0

Remission in ulcerative colitis with standalone Ayurveda intervention: A Case Report 单独阿育吠陀干预缓解溃疡性结肠炎：1例报告。

IF 1.9 Q3 INTEGRATIVE & COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2025.101227

Sanjeev Rastogi , Krishna Gopal Sharma

Ulcerative Colitis (UC) is an autoimmune disorder presents with bloody diarrhea. This responds well to conventional medicine including steroids but recurrences are frequent once the treatment is stopped. Present report is about a case of UC having frequent recurrence of symptoms with ongoing conventional medicine, having treated with Ayurveda interventions to the extent of remission like state followed up for over 1 year. The case proposes that Ayurveda interventions in refractory cases of UC can be of value to provide long term remission and sustained clinical relief.

The patient treated here was a young girl having blood mixed loose stools 10–15 times a day and ongoing weight loss. With conventional treatment, there were partial responses followed by the recurrences once the treatment stopped. Endoscopic finding were suggestive of multiple ulcers in the colon and rectum. On the basis of clinical and endoscopic findings, the patient was diagnosed for UC. Considering it as aam-raktaj pravahika, Ayurveda interventions were individualized for the patient. Following the Ayurveda treatment for about 1 year, patient reported reduced frequency of stool with blood along with weight gain. Endoscopic observation after one year reveled no ulcers in the colon and rectum.

This report suggests that in cases of refractory UC, it is worth trying other therapeutic options like Ayurveda as these may provide additional relief and reduced frequency of relapses. Based upon such observations, more systematic clinical trials are required to be planned to evaluate these therapeutic options in cases of UC.

溃疡性结肠炎（UC）是一种以带血腹泻为表现的自身免疫性疾病。这对包括类固醇在内的常规药物反应良好，但一旦停止治疗，复发是常见的。本文报告1例UC患者在持续常规药物治疗后症状频繁复发，经阿育吠陀干预治疗至缓解状态，随访1年以上。该病例表明，阿育吠陀干预难治性UC病例可以提供长期缓解和持续的临床缓解的价值。这里治疗的病人是一个年轻的女孩，每天有10-15次血混合稀便，体重持续下降。在常规治疗中，有部分反应，一旦停止治疗就会复发。内窥镜检查提示结肠和直肠多发溃疡。根据临床和内镜检查结果，诊断为UC。考虑到它是am-raktaj pravahika，阿育吠陀的干预措施是针对患者个性化的。阿育吠陀治疗约1年后，患者报告大便带血次数减少，体重增加。内镜下观察一年后未发现结肠和直肠溃疡。该报告表明，对于难治性UC，值得尝试其他治疗方案，如阿育吠陀，因为这些可能提供额外的缓解和减少复发的频率。基于这些观察结果，需要计划更系统的临床试验来评估UC病例中的这些治疗方案。

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引用次数: 0

Ayurvedic management of uterine fibroids with a cervical Polyp - A case report 阿育吠陀治疗子宫肌瘤伴宫颈息肉1例报告

IF 1.9 Q3 INTEGRATIVE & COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2025.101221

Vidyasagar Panchal , Malashree Panchal , Deepa , Veena

Uterine fibroids are of major concern in women's life, which are the most common causes of conditions like Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB), Dysmenorrhea that can negatively affect their life. The increased global incidence of Hysterectomies due to uterine fibroids and Polyps in society is of major concern. Even though polyps are generally not advised for hysterectomy, but when it is associated with unresponsive AUB/Malignant changes may require hysterectomy. Ayurveda can manage these clinical conditions in a very cost-effective way without any surgical intervention.

In this report, we are presenting the case of a women in her mid-forties with complaints of abnormal uterine bleeding, pain in the abdomen, and back pain. USG scan had revealed two fibroids of size 1.6cm each in the fundus of the uterus, and a cervical polyp of 3∗2.4 cm and PID For which she had been advised to undergo Hysterectomy. Here an effort has been made to treat the condition with the available Ayurvedic management and to avoid surgery. The patient was treated with Ayurvedic medications, and Uttarabasti was carried out once every cycle. After 3 months of treatment, the patient was free of all the symptoms and the follow-up scan revealed the absence of all the above impressions. The patient has not reported any negative feedback regarding her condition or treatment methods. This article intends to bring confidence in young Ayurvedic practitioners, that Ayurveda can manage such solid benign uterine growths with non-surgical methods.

子宫肌瘤是女性生活中的主要问题，它是导致子宫异常出血（AUB）、痛经等疾病的最常见原因，这些疾病会对她们的生活产生负面影响。由于子宫肌瘤和息肉引起的子宫切除术在全球的发病率越来越高，这是社会关注的主要问题。尽管息肉通常不建议切除子宫，但当它伴有无反应的AUB/恶性变化时，可能需要切除子宫。阿育吠陀可以在不需要任何手术干预的情况下以一种非常经济有效的方式管理这些临床状况。在本报告中，我们提出的情况下，妇女在她的45岁中期的投诉异常子宫出血，腹部疼痛，背部疼痛。USG扫描显示子宫底有两个1.6cm大小的肌瘤，一个3 * 2.4 cm的宫颈息肉和PID，因此她被建议进行子宫切除术。在这里，人们努力用现有的阿育吠陀治疗方法来治疗这种疾病，避免手术。患者接受阿育吠陀药物治疗，每周期进行一次Uttarabasti。治疗3个月后，患者所有症状消失，随访扫描显示上述所有印象均不存在。患者未报告任何关于其病情或治疗方法的负面反馈。本文旨在为年轻的阿育吠陀从业者带来信心，阿育吠陀可以用非手术方法治疗这种固体良性子宫生长。

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引用次数: 0

Exploring the interaction hotspots of p-glycoprotein with herbal bioactives: In silico insights for integrative Ayurvedic therapeutics 探索p-糖蛋白与草药生物活性的相互作用热点：阿育吠陀综合治疗的计算机洞察。

IF 1.9 Q3 INTEGRATIVE & COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2025.101238

Chandana Roy, Pratiti Ghosh

Background

The human multidrug resistant efflux transporter p-glycoprotein plays a crucial role in the pharmacokinetics of xenobiotics, mediating their elimination from systemic circulation. Its overexpression contributes to multidrug resistance, posing challenges to effective therapeutic interventions.

Objectives

This study integrates Ayurvedic and contemporary biomedical research to investigate hotspot residues involved in the interaction of p-glycoprotein with bioactives from medicinal herbs to enhance the understanding of its substrate recognition and transport mechanisms.

Material and methods

The 3D structure of 6C0V was docked with 789 herbal ligand molecules utilizing the CDOCKER programme in Biovia Discovery Studio (version 4.5, 2021), revealing key residues involved in binding interactions. Alanine scanning mutagenesis was performed to evaluate the functional importance of these residues by analyzing changes in binding affinity through molecular docking.

Result

The study identified residues Ser979, Glu972, Leu332, Phe336, Leu976, Thr76, Leu975, Gly737 and Phe732 as potential hotspots for binding and inhibition of ligand efflux into the extracellular compartment. Targeting these energetically important residues with herbal compounds can guide the development of small-molecule drugs that bind with high specificity and reduce off-target interactions, minimizing undesirable side effects.

Conclusion

This study provides insight into the structural basis of p-glycoprotein-herbal ligand interactions, aiding in the design of specific plant-based inhibitors for overcoming multidrug resistance in treatment of chronic diseases.

背景：人类多药耐药外排转运蛋白p-糖蛋白在外源药物的药代动力学中起着至关重要的作用，介导其从体循环中消除。它的过表达导致多药耐药，对有效的治疗干预提出了挑战。目的：本研究结合阿育吠陀医学和当代生物医学研究，研究p-糖蛋白与中草药生物活性相互作用的热点残基，以加深对其底物识别和转运机制的理解。材料和方法：利用Biovia Discovery Studio（版本4.5,2021）的CDOCKER程序，将6C0V的3D结构与789种草药配体分子对接，揭示了参与结合相互作用的关键残基。通过分子对接分析结合亲和力的变化，利用丙氨酸扫描诱变来评价这些残基的功能重要性。结果：研究发现Ser979、Glu972、Leu332、Phe336、Leu976、Thr76、Leu975、Gly737和Phe732等残基是结合和抑制配体外排进入细胞外室的潜在热点。用草药化合物靶向这些能量上重要的残基可以指导小分子药物的开发，这些药物具有高特异性结合，减少脱靶相互作用，最大限度地减少不良副作用。结论：本研究揭示了p-糖蛋白-草药配体相互作用的结构基础，有助于设计特异性植物抑制剂来克服慢性疾病治疗中的多药耐药。

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引用次数: 0

Ayurvedic management for Epidermolysis bullosa - A case report 阿育吠陀治疗大疱性表皮松解症1例报告。

IF 1.9 Q3 INTEGRATIVE & COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2025.101255

K.M. Pratap Shankar , Midhuna Mohan K

Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is an inherited or auto-immunity-mediated, heterogeneous group of rare genetic dermatoses characterized by fragile skin and mucosae with blister formation induced by minimal trauma. Junctional Epidermolysis Bullosa (JEB) is an autosomal recessive inherited subtype of EB with higher chances of malnutrition and nail involvement. Considering the key factors such as genetic disposition, chronicity, pathology, involvement of deeper tissues, and complexities, EB may be considered as Kustha (spectrum of diseases of the integumentary system) from an Ayurvedic perspective. A 34-year-old male patient diagnosed with JEB presented with a history of persistent non-healing ulcers, recurrent blisters, and bullae, usually occurring after minor trauma since the age of three months. The ulcers, scars, and lesions were widespread, covering approximately two-thirds of the body. After a thorough understanding of the Ayurvedic pathology of the disease, Shamana (pacifying therapy) and Shodhana (purificatory therapy) procedures were administered. Later, raktamoshana (Blood-letting through venesection and jalaukavacharana) was also employed. During the treatment and follow-up period, the episodes of new blister formations drastically reduced, and the ulcer formed from occasional blisters healed quickly without crusting. There was a considerable reduction in wound surface area. The patient's personal and social interactions improved. Quality of Life assessed through the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) showed improvement. The present case of JEB was effectively managed using various Ayurvedic treatment modalities. Understanding the Ayurvedic pathology and tailoring treatment strategies can yield better results in chronic, debilitating autoimmune dermatological conditions such as EB.

大疱性表皮松解症（EB）是一种遗传性或自身免疫介导的异质性罕见遗传性皮肤病，其特征是皮肤和粘膜脆弱，轻微创伤引起水疱形成。结性大疱性表皮松解症（JEB）是一种常染色体隐性遗传的EB亚型，有较高的营养不良和累及指甲的机会。考虑到遗传倾向、慢性、病理、深层组织的参与和复杂性等关键因素，从阿育吠陀的角度来看，EB可能被认为是Kustha（肠道系统疾病谱系）。确诊为JEB的34岁男性患者，自3个月以来常出现持续不愈合的溃疡、复发性水疱和大疱病史。溃疡、疤痕和病变分布广泛，覆盖了大约三分之二的身体。在彻底了解了阿育吠陀的疾病病理后，进行了Shamana（安抚疗法）和Shodhana（净化疗法）程序。后来，raktamoshana（通过静脉切开和jalaukavacharana放血）也被采用。在治疗和随访期间，新水疱形成的发作急剧减少，偶尔水疱形成的溃疡迅速愈合，无结痂。创面面积有相当大的减少。病人的个人和社会交往得到改善。通过皮肤生活质量指数（DLQI）评估的生活质量显示出改善。使用各种阿育吠陀治疗方式有效地管理了本病例的JEB。了解阿育吠陀的病理和量身定制的治疗策略可以产生更好的效果，慢性，衰弱的自身免疫性皮肤病，如EB。

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引用次数: 0

The life you never imagined—lived : Life profile of Prof. Dr. Subhash Ranade 你从未想象过的生活：苏巴什·拉纳德教授的生平简介

IF 1.9 Q3 INTEGRATIVE & COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine

Pub Date : 2025-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2025.101229

Ankita Abhijeet Shirkande , Abhijeet Sarjerao Shirkande , Gunvant Yeola

引用次数: 0

Standalone Ayurvedic management of carcinoma of vocal cord - a case report 独立阿育吠陀治疗声带癌1例报告。

IF 1.9 Q3 INTEGRATIVE & COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine

Pub Date : 2025-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2025.101204

Anshul Narula, Sharad Porte, Anita Sharma

Laryngeal cancer is the most common malignant tumor among head and neck cancers in the world. Half of laryngeal cancers involve the vocal folds. Ayurvedic science being comprehensive, may not have described contemporary diseases as we read in modern texts. However, many contemporary diseases can be evaluated well by applying Ayurvedic diagnostic and therapeutic tools such as Nidana Panchaka, Agni (digestive fire) assessment, Dosha (body humors), Dhatu (body tissues), and Mala (excretory products), Srotas (body channels).

Here a case study of a 72 year old patient with chief complaint of hoarseness of voice and having biopsy confirmed as squamous cell carcinoma of left vocal cord is treated.

The patient was treated with Ayurvedic medications like Rakta prasadaka hima, kwatha prepared from Kanchnar bark, Yashtimadhu churana and Gomutra, combination of drugs which included jaharmohra pishti, Kahrva pishti, Tapyadi lauh, Vaikrant bhasma, Swarna bhasma, Heerak bhasma given with Drakshavaleh, Tab cytocruel AT, Kanthsudharak vati.

The size of nodule in CECT neck and GRBAS score (for hoarseness of voice) declined significantly after treatment and the voice of patient was improved.

Thus a case of carcinoma of left vocal cord treated successfully only with Ayurvedic treatment without any conventional therapy and with no side effects.

喉癌是世界上头颈部肿瘤中最常见的恶性肿瘤。一半的喉癌涉及声带。阿育吠陀科学是全面的，可能不像我们在现代文本中读到的那样描述当代疾病。然而，许多当代疾病可以通过应用阿育吠陀的诊断和治疗工具，如Nidana Panchaka、Agni（消化火）评估、Dosha（身体体液）、Dhatu（身体组织）和Mala（排泄产物）、Srotas（身体通道）等，得到很好的评估。这里有一个72岁的病人，主诉为声音嘶哑，活检证实为左声带鳞状细胞癌。患者接受了阿育吠陀药物治疗，如Rakta prasadaka hima，从Kanchnar树皮，Yashtimadhu churana和Gomutra制备的kwatha，药物组合包括jaharmohra pishti， Kahrva pishti, Tapyadi lauh, Vaikrant bhasma, Swarna bhasma， Heerak bhasma与Drakshavaleh， Tab cytocruel AT, Kanthsudharak vati。治疗后CECT颈部结节大小及GRBAS评分（嗓音沙哑评分）均明显下降，患者嗓音得到改善。因此，一例左声带癌仅用阿育吠陀治疗成功，没有任何常规治疗，无副作用。

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引用次数: 0

Case series on the effect of ayurvedic medications in the management of symptoms of vulvovaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women 阿育吠陀药物在绝经后妇女外阴阴道萎缩症状管理中的作用的病例系列。

IF 1.9 Q3 INTEGRATIVE & COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine

Pub Date : 2025-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2025.101197

Emy S. Surendran, Praveen Balakrishnan, Lisha S. Raj

This case series investigates the effectiveness of Ayurvedic treatments in managing genital symptoms of Vulvovaginal Atrophy (VVA) in postmenopausal women. VVA, characterized by genital, sexual, and urinary symptoms due to reduced estrogen levels, significantly impacts the quality of life in this demographic. The study focuses on three cases of postmenopausal women presenting with common VVA symptoms such as vaginal burning, itching, and discomfort during intercourse. Utilizing Ayurveda's holistic approach, which emphasizes restoring balance through diet, lifestyle adjustments, and herbal remedies, the treatment targeted the underlying Vata dosha predominance and dhatu kshaya (tissue depletion). Treatment included local therapies like Yoni pichu (medicated vaginal tampons) and internal medications aimed at rejuvenating and strengthening the body's tissues. The outcomes highlight the potential of Ayurvedic medicine as a complementary approach to alleviate VVA symptoms, improve sexual function, and enhance overall well-being in postmenopausal women, underscoring the need for further research in this promising area.

本病例系列调查阿育吠陀治疗在管理外阴阴道萎缩（VVA）的绝经后妇女生殖器症状的有效性。由于雌激素水平降低，VVA以生殖器、性和泌尿系统症状为特征，显著影响了这一人群的生活质量。该研究的重点是三例绝经后妇女表现出常见的VVA症状，如阴道灼烧、瘙痒和性交时的不适。利用阿育吠陀的整体方法，强调通过饮食，生活方式调整和草药疗法恢复平衡，治疗针对潜在的Vata dosha优势和dhatu kshaya（组织耗竭）。治疗包括局部治疗，如阴道卫生棉条，以及旨在恢复和加强身体组织的内部药物治疗。这些结果突出了阿育吠陀医学作为缓解VVA症状、改善性功能和增强绝经后妇女整体健康的补充方法的潜力，强调了在这一有前途的领域进行进一步研究的必要性。

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引用次数: 0

Ayurvedic management of Budd Chiari Syndrome – A case report 阿育吠陀治疗Budd Chiari综合征1例报告。

IF 1.9 Q3 INTEGRATIVE & COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine

Pub Date : 2025-10-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2025.101184

Manisha Chaudhary, Mandip Goyal, Charmi Mehta

Budd-Chiari Syndrome (BCS) is an uncommon liver disorder characterized by obstruction of hepatic venous outflow. BCS is a rare condition affecting one in a million adults. The obstruction may be thrombotic or non-thrombotic anywhere along the venous course from the hepatic venules to the junction of the inferior vena cava to the right atrium. Patient may present with abdominal pain, ascites along with hepatomegaly, jaundice, bleeding in the oesophagus, oedema in the legs, hepatic encephalopathy and liver failure. Treatment for Budd-Chiari syndrome in modern science are dissolving blood clots, improve liver function and treat complication. A 51-year-old female patient presented with complaints of pain in right side of abdomen, loss of appetite, abdominal heaviness, abdominal distension, nausea and swelling at bilateral lower leg for one month. Ultrasonography of the abdomen revealed cirrhosis of the liver, thrombosis of the right, middle, and left hepatic veins, along with features of BCS with gross ascites. She is known case of Budd-Chiari syndrome along with gross ascites. The patient was treated with Deepana (which simulates the digestion) and Pachana (enhancing digestion) Koshthashodhana (mild purgation) followed by Vardhamana pippalirasayana(administration of Pippali in a increasing dose and then tapering the dose) and Shamana chikitsa (pacifying treatment)). Pathya-apathya (wholesome diet and regimen) were advised in line with the management of Jalodara for three months. After three-months treatment there was changes in liver profile (SGPT reduced from 250 to 47, SGOT from 328 to 68, alkaline phosphate 272 to 134mg/dl). The assessment of quality of life using the Chronic Liver Disease Questionnaire (CLDQ) indicated improvement in quality of life. This suggests that Ayurvedic treatment can give symptomatic relief and help to prevent it further complication and also improve the overall quality of life.

Budd-Chiari综合征（BCS）是一种罕见的肝脏疾病，以肝静脉流出梗阻为特征。BCS是一种罕见的疾病，影响一百万分之一的成年人。从肝小静脉到下腔静脉与右心房的连接处，沿着静脉路线的任何地方，梗阻可能是血栓性或非血栓性。患者可表现为腹痛、腹水伴肝肿大、黄疸、食道出血、腿部水肿、肝性脑病和肝功能衰竭。现代科学对布-恰利综合征的治疗主要是溶血凝块、改善肝功能和治疗并发症。患者女，51岁，主诉右侧腹部疼痛、食欲不振、腹部重、腹胀、恶心、双侧小腿肿胀1个月。腹部超声示肝硬化，右、中、左肝静脉血栓形成，伴明显腹水的BCS特征。她是已知的Budd-Chiari综合征伴严重腹水的病例。患者接受Deepana（模拟消化）和Pachana（促进消化）Koshthashodhana（轻度净化）治疗，然后是Vardhamana pippalirasayana（以增加剂量的方式施用Pippali，然后逐渐减少剂量）和Shamana chikitsa（安抚治疗）。Pathya-apathya（健康饮食和养生）被建议与Jalodara的管理一致三个月。治疗3个月后，肝脏变化（SGPT从250降至47，SGOT从328降至68，碱性磷酸盐从272降至134mg/dl）。使用慢性肝病问卷（CLDQ）评估生活质量表明生活质量有所改善。这表明，阿育吠陀疗法可以缓解症状，帮助防止进一步的并发症，并提高整体生活质量。

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引用次数: 0